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The welfare of donkeys remains a compelling subject for researchers, with limited literature available on the response of the donkey cardiovascular system during strenuous exercise. The study aimed to address two primary objectives. Firstly, to assess the reliability of wearable devices in detecting heart rate (HR) and ECG readings. Secondly, to determine HR, locomotor and cardiac troponin 1 (cTnI) levels in donkeys during exercise. A total of seven donkeys were outfitted with two systems for ECG measurements, namely Equimetre and the Standard base apex, to enable a comparison between the two. Additionally, fifteen apparently healthy donkeys equipped with Equimetre were divided into two groups: the race group (R), consisting of donkeys trained for racing, and the non-race group (NR), comprising donkeys used for regular riding. The results indicated a level of agreement between the two devices in intervals R-R (P = < 0.0001), S-T (P = 0.0002), Q-T(P = 0.0003), P-R (P = 0.0037), segment P-R (P = 0.0023) and HR (P = < 0.0001) at rest. This suggested that Equimetre can provide a level of accepted ECG reading in donkey. No significant difference in heart response and locomotor parameters between donkey groups, although this finding needs further studies to verify it and to understand the dynamics of donkey. This study demonstrates the feasibility of Equimetre in detection HR and present initial data of heart response and locomotor in donkeys during exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research addresses the issue of the heritage preventive conservation in the perspective of energy sustainability, for contributing to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and towards the EU Green Deal. The study analyses and compares four cases associated with different microclimate thresholds as suggested by the standard EN 16893:2018 (Cases 1–3) and as derived from the outputs of three degradation models for preserving paper, wood, and canvas paintings (Case 4). Weather-based indices (degree and gram days) were calculated to estimate trends in the potential energy demand of collection facilities in three European cities belonging to different Köppen-Geiger climate zones (Cfb, Csa, and Dfb), under recent past (1981–2010) and near/far future climate scenarios (2021–2050 and 2071–2100) from two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5). The findings suggest that adapting facilities' management strategies to focus on collections preservation can facilitate the achievement of 5 out of 17 SDGs, offering a viable alternative to costly energy retrofits and encouraging the development of shared solutions for similar facilities in the same climate zone. The results can contribute to inform the revision of EN 16893 and to face major challenges such as the preservation of paper collections in southern latitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organs-on-chips are microphysiological systems that allow to replicate the key functions of human organs and accelerate the innovation in life sciences including disease modeling, drug development, and precision medicine. However, due to the lack of standards in their definition, structural design, cell source, model construction, and functional validation, a wide range of translational application of organs-on-chips remains a challenging. "Organs-on-chips: Intestine" is the first group standard on human intestine-on-a-chip in China, jointly agreed and released by the experts from the Chinese Society of Biotechnology on 29th April 2024. This standard specifies the scope, terminology, definitions, technical requirements, detection methods, and quality control in building the human intestinal model on a chip. The publication of this group standard will guide the institutional establishment, acceptance and execution of proper practical protocols and accelerate the international standardization of intestine-on-a-chip for translational applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Our objective was to explore whether a brain death determination (BDD) strategy with demonstration hospitals can accelerate the process of BDD in China. Methods: We proposed the construction standards for the BDD quality control demonstration hospitals (BDDHs). The quality and quantity of BDD cases were then analyzed. Results: A total of 107 BDDHs were established from 2013 to 2022 covering 29 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities under jurisdiction of the central government of the Chinese mainland (except Qinghai and Tibet). A total of 1,948 professional and technical personnel from these 107 BDDHs received training in BDD, 107 quality control personnel were trained in the quality control management of BDD, and 1,293 instruments for electroencephalography, short-latency somatosensory evoked potential recordings, and transcranial Doppler imaging were provided for BDD. A total of 6,735 BDD cases were submitted to the quality control center. Among the nine quality control indicators for BDD in these cases, the implementation rate, completion rate, and coincidence rate of apnea testing increased the most, reaching 99%. Conclusions: The strategy of constructing BDDHs to promote BDD is feasible and reliable. Ensuring quality and quantity is a fundamental element for the rapid and orderly popularization of BDD in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thermophysical properties of metals and alloys play an important role in high-temperature equipment: without them, it is impossible to create reliable devices and structures in aviation, space and laser engineering, and nuclear power engineering, as well as to predict the behavior of materials under extreme conditions. From the scientific standpoint, it is interesting to study the thermophysical properties of pure metals and alloys derived from them across a wide temperature range as they constitute convenient models. The study of the thermophysical properties of aluminum alloys in relation to temperature is an important scientific problem that is of great practical significance. The present article discusses the effects of gallium addition on the corrosion-electrochemical behavior, heat capacity, and changes in thermodynamic functions of the AlBe1 aluminum alloy. The addition of gallium (up to 0.5 wt%) was shown to increase the corrosion resistance of the initial alloy in NaCl electrolyte medium. In the cooling mode, the known heat capacity of a standard M00 copper specimen was used to determine the temperature dependence of heat capacity for the AlBe1 aluminum alloy doped with gallium. With rising temperature, the heat capacity, enthalpy, and entropy of alloys were shown to increase while the Gibbs energy decreased. With a higher amount of gallium, the heat capacity, enthalpy, and entropy of the AlBe1 aluminum alloy were found to increase, with the Gibbs energy decreasing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The LF & HF voltage, current and microwave metrology section of the CSIR-National Physical Laboratory plays an imperative role in the metrological investigations in the country as it follows the lawful obligations of the NPL charter of developing and maintaining national standards of HF voltage, LF voltage and current, phasor measurement unit and microwave power parameters. For over three decades, the section has been religiously dedicated to performing national obligations and delivering national calibration, testing and measuring services. Still, there is inadequate awareness, insight and perception related to the role of metrological traceability, calibration and measurement capabilities (CMCs) to the clients, academia, industries and government laboratories. Hence there is a dire need to educate and provide the required information to the end users. Keeping this in mind, this paper provides necessary details of the facilities, technologies and CMCs of the section to the common masses. The International Bureau of Weights and Measures (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) and Asia Pacific Metrology Programme key/supplementary comparisons are also described in the paper, which has helped the group improve and attain greater heights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article considers issues related to measuring the wave impedance and complex reflection and transmission coefficients of devices operating at super high frequencies in coaxial waveguides. It is important to measure these parameters in the design and manufacture of communication and data transmission systems, as well as radar and radio navigation systems. In order to ensure measurement uniformity, reproduction, and dissemination of the units of wave impedance and complex reflection and transmission coefficients to measuring instruments with 1 mm coaxial connectors within the frequency range of 0.01–67 GHz, GET 75-2023 State primary standard of the unit of wave impedance in coaxial waveguides was approved. The system comprises means of reproducing the unit of wave impedance and complex reflection coefficients, as well as a comparator and transfer standards in a coaxial path having a cross-section of 1.0/0.434 mm with a 1 mm connector. Expressions for calculating the parameters of coaxial waveguides with bimetallic conductors are refined. The technical characteristics and results of metrological studies of GET 75-2023 are given. The study results confirmed the high accuracy of GET 75-2023, whose metrological characteristics are comparable with those of national metrological institutes in other countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is an endourological method applied as the standard or tubeless method for kidney stone treatment. In a retrospective cohort study, 88 surgery units involving 75 children up to 18 years old with kidney stones who underwent the surgery for 8 years in Shahid Beheshti and Boo-ali hospitals in Hamadan with one of the two methods of standard or tubeless PCNL were evaluated and compared considering the success rate of operation, hemoglobin, hematocrit drop, need for medications, need for blood transfusion, duration of surgery, and the length of hospital stay. Among the 88 units studied, 47 cases were operated with the standard PCNL and 41 cases by tubeless method. In children operated by standard and tubeless PCNL, the complete success rate of operation was 87.2% and 100% (P = 0.006), the need for blood transfusion was 2.1% and 0% (P = 1.00), the need for opioids was 27.7% and 14.6% (P = 0.134), the decrease in hemoglobin was − 1.82 ± 0.94 and -1.30 ± 0.98 mg/dl (P = 0.024), the decrease in hematocrit was − 5.40 ± 2.66 and -3.52 ± 3.11 mg/dL (P = 0.003), the mean surgery duration was 109.30 ± 53.27 and 101.46 ± 31.92 min (P = 0.414), the duration of postoperative hospitalization was 3.38 ± 1.76 and 2.46 ± 1.27 days (P = 0.007), and the frequency of fever was 23.4% and 7.3% (P = 0.04), respectively. The success rate of kidney stone surgery in children with the tubeless PCNL is higher than the standard method, and its complications are lower. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To assess the safety and efficacy of super-mini PCNL (SMP, 14 Fr) when compared to standard PCNL (sPCNL, 24–30 Fr) in the management of renal calculi of size ranging from 1.5 to 3 cm. Methods: From February 2021 to January 2022, a total of 100 patients were randomized to either SMP group or sPCNL group in a 1:1 ratio (50 in each group) using computer-generated simple randomization. Demographic data, stone characteristics, operative times, perioperative complications, blood transfusions, postoperative drop in haemoglobin, postoperative pain, duration of hospital stay and stone-free rates were compared between the two groups. Results: Mean stone volume (2.41 cm2 vs 2.61 cm2) and stone-free rates (98% vs 94%, p = 0.14) were similar in both the SMP and sPCNL groups, respectively. The SMP group had significantly longer mean operative times (51.62 ± 10.17 min vs 35.6 ± 6.8 min, p = 0.03). Intraoperative calyceal injury (1/50 vs 7/50, p = 0.42) and mean postoperative drop in haemoglobin (0.8 ± 0.7 g/dl vs 1.2 ± 0.81, p = 0.21) were lower in the SMP group, but not statistically significant. SMP group showed significantly lower mean postoperative pain VAS scores (5.4 ± 0.7 vs 5.9 ± 0.9, p = 0.03) and mean duration of hospital stay (28.38 ± 3.6 h vs 39.84 ± 3.7 h, p = 0.0001). Complications up to Clavien grade 2 were comparable, with grade ≥ 3 complications higher in the standard group, but not statistically significant. Conclusion: Super-mini PCNL is equally effective as standard PCNL in treating renal calculi up to 3 cm, with significantly reduced postoperative pain and duration of hospital stay and lower risk of Clavien grade ≥ 3 complications, although with higher operative times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The automation of the engineering procedure of calibrating instrumentation by introducing digital technology of computer vision into the production process is assessed. Optimization of the production process by means of digital technology of computer vision eliminates the adverse effect of some errors and, by reducing the time spent on certification, diminishes the impact of high-temperature processes on measuring equipment. An operational characteristic of calibration is developed taking into account subjective errors, such as the interpolation and parallax errors, which occur if testing is carried out by an operator. The determined dependence is compared with the plot based on the calibration indicators in introducing computer vision technology into the production process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A methodology is proposed for high-precision local measurement of the group velocity of longitudinal waves in solid samples with millimeter thickness. Achievement of the required accuracy involves laser thermo-optical excitation of submicrosecond ultrasonic video pulses and ultrawideband piezoelectric recording of acoustic signals reflected from the test sample. Plane-parallel samples made of duralumin, quartz, and steel with a thickness of 2–6 mm are studied. To achieve the required accuracy in measuring the group velocity of ultrasound, the signal shape is mathematically processed with compensation for diffraction of the ultrasonic beam as it propagates through the sample. The possibility of ensuring the uncertainty in measuring the group velocity of ultrasound in the 1–15 MHz frequency range at a level of 0.1% in samples with millimeter thickness is demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes the history of the development of capillary method for measuring viscosity measurements and considers the tasks of automation and improvement of this method. A comparative analysis of the currently-relevant vibrational, rotational, and capillary methods of measuring the viscosity of a liquid and the corresponding measuring instruments is also presented. Furthermore, the State verification schedule for the viscosity-measuring instruments, capillary method of measuring viscosity, and glass capillary viscometers used in this scheme are briefly described. The reasons why the capillary method is used in many countries as the predominant high-precision method for measuring the viscosity of liquids are also discussed. A detailed derivation of the equation for calculating the kinematic viscosity of the liquid under study is presented. Herein, an information-measuring system is proposed for measuring the kinematic viscosity of the liquid under study for further development of the capillary method. The operating principle of this system is described, and the implementation strategies are formulated. The accuracy of viscosity measurements of liquid media via the capillary method can be increased by automating measurements and installing certain types of detectors. The results of the analysis are relevant to ensuring the uniformity of viscosity measurements in the Russian Federation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Host Reproduction Number (HRN) is a measure of the number of adult fruit flies that can emerge from one kilogram of fruit. HRN is a useful tool in surveillance, management and trade. I reviewed the literature for Queensland fruit fly (Qfly) and found data on 297 hosts. There were 81 Qfly hosts with HRN data and 216 Qfly hosts with no HRN data. The HRN will help to inform and triage hosts for target surveillance and management programs. Additionally, HRN will inform disinfestation activities pertaining to incursion response management, risk mitigation and trade options. There is a need for scientists to report HRN in a consistent manner so that Qfly management programs and trade protocols might be optimised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The search for new types of resistors that could potentially be used for long–term storage of electrical resistance values with the highest attainable accuracy has always been an urgent task of metrology. In this paper, we have studied the problem of choosing a resistor for transmitting and storing a unit of electrical resistance when creating an Ω standard based on the quantum Hall effect in the time interval between reproductions of a unit. The choice of C5–60 resistors, which were not originally intended for use as standards of higher levels of the electrical resistance verification circuit, is substantiated. In 1990–2022 detailed experimental studies, including studies of long–term stability, of C5–60 type resistors have been carried out. Some of the investigated resistors are included in the State secondary standard of electrical resistance unit in the range of values from 0.1 Ω to 13 kΩ based on the quantum Hall effect. Comparisons of the investigated resistors with resistance measures traditionally used to create standards for the unit of electrical resistance are carried out. It has been established that C5–60 resistors have a low temperature coefficient of resistance, they are easy to stabilize using a thermostat without a temperature–controlled oil bath. The long–term stability of the C5–60 resistors turned out to be uniquely high and allows these resistors to be used as discharge standards for storing a unit of electrical resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fire detection and fire alarm systems (FDAS) have the function of warning people swiftly of the hazards of a fire and thus permitting rapid rescue, protecting material assets (particularly where unattended), ensuring operational processes, and preventing fires from spreading, i.e. ensuring early and effective firefighting. In attaining these objectives, installed FDAS contribute substantially to fire protection. In this context, automatic fire detectors have the function of detecting fires early, swiftly and reliably. Fire detectors are sensor systems and form part of a wider safety system. They are exposed to numerous environmental conditions specific to their use and, like other socio-technical systems, undergo natural ageing processes which limit their service lifespan. Owing to the numerous risks that arise when a fire detector fails or its function is impaired, the continuous serviceability of a FDAS must be ensured. This requires controlled replacement of fire detectors. In some countries, this is ensured by standards. This paper explains the need for controlled replacement of fire detectors and the associated causes and effects, with reference to the example of Germany and the provisions of DIN 14675-1. The paper explains, in terms of practical relevance and with reference to examples, the basic concept of preventing possible failure of a technical safety system in order to assure its protective function in the event of a hazard occurring, together with the range of essential causes and effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Audit is a recognised tool for evaluating the performance and improving the quality of health services. In Ireland and the UK, clear resources are available outlining audit elements. This study was undertaken to evaluate paediatric audits published from 2007 to 2020 to determine the adherence level to the definition of audit and to assess the quality of audit standards. Design: PUBMED, MEDLINE and CINAHL databases were searched to identify relevant articles published in the English language. Each was reviewed to assess whether the following criteria were met: (1) a paediatric healthcare topic was described, (2) practice was reviewed, (3) the standard was specified, (4) an intervention was made and data collection was repeated to assess improvement. The quality of the standard for each true audit was graded utilising the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine Levels of Evidence. Results: Of 1230 published paediatric healthcare articles reviewed, 144 (11.4%) fulfilled the full criteria of an audit. Sixty-three (43.8%) true audits used the highest quality of evidence (level 1a and 1b), predominantly international or national guidelines. Fifty-six (38.9%) audits used the lowest quality of evidence (level 5), predominantly expert opinion. Conclusions: There is a mismatch between the common usage of the term audit, and the definition, despite its incorporation into training curricula and institutional support. Many articles published as audits do not adhere to the definition of audit. There are variable levels of evidence supporting the standards utilised in published true audits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ways of reducing the error of measurement methods of frequency deviation and expanding the measurement ranges of frequency deviation are considered. The possibilities of reducing the error of the electronic counting frequency meter method using digital signal processing algorithms are investigated. Digital signal processing algorithms are implemented in software developed by the authors on a modern spectrum analyzer. The algorithm for digital signal processing with the spectrum analyzer is described. Using a mathematical model embedded in the calculation algorithm of the developed software, the measurement error of frequency deviation is estimated. The possibility of using the electronic counting frequency meter method with the help of digital signal processing algorithms of the spectrum analyzer has been experimentally investigated. We consider the error sources in the classical method of the electronic counting frequency meter and possible ways of their elimination. Comparisons of the proposed implementation of the electronic counting frequency meter method with the classical method, which is implemented in the State Primary Standard of the unit of frequency deviation GET 166-2020, are carried out. The proposed implementation of the method has expanded the measurement range of frequency deviation towards small values in comparison with the classical method of electronic counting frequency meter. Limitations and prospects of application of the investigated method in reference means of measuring frequency deviation based on analog-to-digital converters are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comprehensive research has been carried out to develop a method for obtaining particle size standards based on aqueous suspensions of polystyrene latex spheres. For the synthesis of suspensions, a method of seeded emulsion polymerization of styrene under excess amount of dispersion medium is proposed. The equipment from the State Primary Standard of Units of Dispersed Parameters of Aerosols, Suspensions and Powder Materials (GET 163-2020) was used in the work. The particle size distribution of the suspension samples synthesized during the study was analyzed by the methods of dynamic light scattering and laser diffraction. The metrological characteristics of synthesized suspensions have been studied. It was established that depending on the methods of emulsion polymerization and micro-emulsification of styrene, monodisperse microspheres of polystyrene latex of various diameters can be obtained. The effect of the amount of introduced surfactant on the process of quasi-spontaneous micro-emulsification of the monomer during seeded polymerization was studied. Based on the study results, aqueous suspensions of monodisperse polystyrene latex spheres with a median particle diameter of 0.31 and 0.54 μm were proposed as particle size standards. The study results can be used to obtain monodisperse particles larger than 1 μm by seeded polymerization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2021, the State primary standard of the power spectral density unit of noise radio emission in the frequency range of 0.002 to 178.3 GHz GET 21-2021 was approved. Low-temperature noise generators were included in GET 21-2021 as primary standard measures. The designed and manufactured primary standard measures were studied, namely two coaxial low-temperature noise generators in the frequency ranges of 0.002–4.0 GHz and 4.0–12.05 GHz and three waveguide low-temperature noise generators in the frequency ranges of 12.05–17.44 GHz, 17.44–25.86 GHz, and 25.86–37.5 GHz. Equivalent noise temperatures of primary standard measures were investigated and calculated. The reproducible value of the equivalent noise temperature for coaxial low-temperature noise generators was 77.5–84.82 K, and 78.4–80.53 K for waveguide low-temperature noise generators. Comparators, namely noise signal receivers covering five frequency ranges (two coaxial paths: 0.002–4.0 GHz and 4.0–12.05 GHz; three waveguide lines: 12.5–17.44 GHz; 17.44–25.86 GHz, and 25.86–37.5 GHz) were developed and manufactured. The dynamic range of measurements was increased, and the error in transmitting a unit of the power spectral density of noise radio emission was reduced. The total error in reproducing the power spectral density unit of noise radio emission was 0.24–0.30 K, the expanded uncertainty of transferring the power spectral density unit of noise radio emission to secondary standards and working standards of the first echelon was 0.4–0.8 K, and the measurement error of the power spectral density of noise radio emission decreased by a factor of 1.5. The uncertainties in the transfer of a unit of the power spectral density of noise radio emission from primary standard measures to secondary standards and working standards of the first echelon were comparatively analyzed. The results of this work are applicable in the radio industry for noise parameter measurements. The sensitivity values of instruments and devices whose operation depends on the level of noise electromagnetic oscillations, such as measuring noise generators, are controlled by measures of the power spectral density of noise radio emission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper describes the methodology for the automation of regulatory profiles forming software certification. It has been noted that currently, the practical evaluation for software certification at the stage of regulatory profile formation is largely a manual analysis of large volumes of normative and project documentation submitted by texts in natural language that leads to a certain subjectivity of expert assessments and reduces their completeness and reliability. The degree of automation of the procedure for the formation of a regulatory profile is analyzed. The structure of the regulatory profile, the types of regulatory profiles, as well as options for its formation are given. The typical errors that can occur when automating the procedure of regulatory profiles formation are discussed. It is substantiated that it is advisable to use the ontological environment to automate the procedure for forming a regulatory profile. A model of the compositional structure of a standard text is presented. The use of a semantic integrity kernel for the user request reflecting the relationship between subject and predicate lexical units is proposed. The results of this study can be used in the development of an intelligent decision-making dialogue system for an auditor of the certification center to improve the efficiency of the auditor's work by automating the routine process, as well as reducing the risk of making the wrong decision due to insufficient qualification of the person making the decision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main element of the reference field-forming system of the State Primary Standard of the unit of electric field strength in the frequency range from 0 to 20 kHz under GET 158-2020 is a reference converter consisting of a shielded capacitor with flat round plates and additional electrodes connected to an AC or DC voltage source. Due to the approval of the standard in the specified composition and the change in the power supply scheme of the reference field-forming system from asymmetric to symmetric, the maximum value of the intensity reproduced by the standard has been increased from 2000 to 4000 V/m and the accuracy of its reproduction and transmission has been increased. For the case of a symmetric power supply, it was necessary to derive a measurement equation linking the reproducible value and the input parameters of the reference converter (voltage, geometric dimensions). The derivation of the measurement equation of a reference converter excited by a symmetric voltage is presented, obtained as a result of solving an electrostatic problem with symmetric boundary conditions for the potential of the electrodes. Optimal values of the voltages applied to the additional electrodes are found in order to obtain maximum uniformity of the electric field in the region of the center of the converter. It is shown that the nonuniformity of the field for a specific implementation of a shielded capacitor is no greater than 0.1%. The results obtained can be used in the field of the metrology of constant and variable electric fields in the development of reference sources of electric field and working standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article analyzes existing methods for verifying hopper scales, including the conventional method using weights and such alternative methods as substitution and element-by-element verification methods. The disadvantages of existing methods are identified, as well as the difficulties related to the application of the considered methods. The main problem associated with the verification of heavy-duty scales is the need to handle a large number of weights (loading, unloading, storage, transportation, etc.). In most cases, it is impossible to verify hopper scales using existing methods. In this connection, the problem of metrological support of hopper scales was set and solved. A force method for verifying hopper scales was developed and described. The force method relies on comparing weights to be verified with the 1st-grade force standard using a comparator. As the comparator, the study used a weight- or force-measuring load cells. The article presents the ways and means of implementing the proposed method for verifying hopper scales, as well as the test results that prove the possibility of its application and verification of hopper scales by means of force standards. The force method was used to develop a procedure for verifying VB KONUS scales with the use of a TVS force comparator. The developed method enables a significant reduction in labor intensity, time, and cost of verification. This is particularly relevant in the production of various materials for which accurate weighing of components is critical. The implementation of the force method in verification can significantly improve the assurance of large mass measurements made using scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract—The paper considers a concept for designing the precision gyroscopic rate tables with digital control systems and inertial sensors as modern mechatronic control systems. Based on these systems, calibration algorithms for state primary standards of angular velocities can be elaborated. The designs of subordinate standards also containing inertial sensors and digital control systems can be developed based on the designs of the primary standards. These designs include the solutions earlier proposed by the authors and the new ones developed using the proposed algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The possibility of creating a calibrator of the parameters of signals with digital modulation, based on a signal generator of arbitrary form, was studied. A method has been developed for reproducing calibration signals with a specified value of the error vector magnitude (EVM) by the addition of normalized noise. A special case of the method, where amplitude and phase modulations area used as normalized noise, was examined. There has been experimental confirmation of the possibility of transmitting the units of amplitude depth and phase deviation, respectively, from the National Primary Standard of the unit of frequency deviation, GET 166-2020, and the National Primary Standard of the unit of amplitude depth of high-frequency oscillations, GET 180-2010, to a calibrator of signal parameters with digital modulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A conceptual approach to the traceability of measurements of the energy (power) of laser beams during calibration of means of measurement to standards is formulated, algorithms for solving traceability problems are developed, and technical implementations of these solutions are presented. It is shown that the use of a measurement attenuator is an integral part of the scheme for constructing a standard that provides traceability of measurements of the energy (power) of laser beams. The operation of the standard is examined for sequential, stepwise, and parallel structural schemes which ensure traceability to the State secondary standard for the unit of pulsed laser radiation GVE 2.1.ZZA.0095.2017 and the State primary standard for the unit of average laser radiation power GET 28-2016. Features of the construction of measurement dividers for the calibration of means of measurement of low and high levels of energy (power) are determined. Algorithms for comprehensive calibration of means of measurement which have an advantage over element-by-element calibration are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper describes the design and control system of a reference adiabatic calorimeter, which is part of the State Primary Standard for the unit of the specific thermal capacity of solids (GET 60-2019). The components of the equipment, as well as the control algorithms that provide the required measurement accuracy, are considered in detail. The digital control system maintains a specific temperature difference with an error of less than 0.06°C in the dynamic mode and less than 0.001°C in the static mode, allowing the calorimeter to operate in an adiabatic mode in the range of 30°C–600°C. A predictive proportional-integral-derivative controller is used for control, with the parameters generated using a mathematical model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents an overview and brief results of the development of a special program for calculating the hardenability band depending on the steel chemical composition. This program is used by engineering and technical specialists of "BSW — management company of "BMC" holding." The program development included several stages of work and was implemented on a "simple-to-complex" basis. The programming language used was C#, and the interface was based on Windows Forms. The design environment was Microsoft Visual Studio 2013 Professional. The program database was created using the design environment provided by the program for deploying and developing databases, i.e., Microsoft SQL Server 2008. The development period was from 2016 to 2021, the active development duration was from 2016 to 2019, and there was one developer. Currently, only data from new steel standards with a requirement for hardenability band are entered into the program. The data are kept up to date. From 2018 to 2021, another version of the program was developed with almost the same functions only in the Microsoft Visual Basic design environment built into the Excel program, which has an open software code. This version is used in the plant for daily work. Consequently, using company's own resources, a software module was developed, which includes several variants of theoretical calculations and a database that includes the information from various technical standards. The program enables the generation of all kinds of reports and a block for data analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results of supplementary comparisons of the national standards of the harmonic coefficient unit of the Russian Federation (VNIIFTRI) and the Republic of Belarus (BelGIM). A mass-produced harmonic coefficient meter was used as a reference carrier. The differences between the harmonic coefficient unit reproduced by national standards and the reference values do not exceed the extended uncertainty for all measured harmonic coefficient values at all frequencies. Thus, the measurement and calibration capabilities of the laboratories participating in the comparisons have been confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the necessity of improving the State primary special standard of the unit of pulsed electric voltage with a pulse duration from 4·10–11 to 1·10–5 s (GET 182-2010) on the basis of an electro-optical stroboscopic measuring apparatus. Proposed approaches for ensuring the uniformity of pulse measurements are aimed at developing a new system of measurements of pulse signal parameters traceable to ISO units and independent reproduction of reference ultra-wideband electrical pulses. The main challenges to be overcome in further research aimed at creating a domestic (Russian-made) electro-optical stroboscopic measuring apparatus are formulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research work is aimed at providing the metrological service of production and operation of the measuring instruments of alternating current. Approximately a quarter of 200 countries of the world have the calibration and measurement capabilities declared in the KCDB database of International Bureau of Weights and Measures. It means that there is no adequate metrological service for some reference devices nowadays, and their metrological characteristics are not confirmed. Creating a high-precision standard of alternating current could be the solution to the mentioned problem. The theoretical investigations, comparisons with foreign analogs, and analysis of the methods of the measurement and reproduction of alternating current were carried out in the work. A functional diagram of the standard was developed to disseminate an alternating current unit. A mathematical model for disseminating the AC/DC current transfer difference was derived. A measurement model for high-precision reproduction of alternating current was also presented. The contributions of influent quantities to the total uncertainty of measurements were evaluated. The presented results can be used as a reference point in the creation of the main element of the metrological service in the field of AC measurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses supplementary comparison results of initial national standards of the impulse electrical voltage, which resulted in confirmation of the accuracy of the measurement uncertainty estimates and the measuring and calibration capabilities of the participating laboratories. Comparisons were performed as part of the COOMET (project No. 710/RU-a/16) at the initiative of national metrological institutes, namely the Russian Metrological Institute of Technical Physics and Radio Engineering (Russia) and the Belarusian State Institute of Metrology (Republic of Belarus). The comparison involved the state's primary special standard unit of impulse electrical voltage (GET 182-2010, VNIIFTRI) and the national standard of the impulse electrical voltage unit (BelGIM, Belarus). The TMG030010SN11-M1 step pulse generator from the GET 182-2010 was used as a transportable standard carrier. Instantaneous impulse voltage values that were reproduced by means of the standard carrier were measured by national standards; VNIIFTRI was the pilot laboratory for the comparisons. The measurement procedure of instantaneous values of the impulse voltage included measurements on the GET 182-2010, measurements on the BelGIM standard, and measurements on the GET 182-2010 again. The processing of comparison results by the χ2(i) criterion showed that the χ2(i) criterion values (calculated in accordance with the measurement results) do not exceed the critical value χ2, which objectively confirms the correctness of the measurement uncertainty estimates declared by the compared participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author proposes a set of possible documents that an organization must develop and demonstrate during the certification of its information privacy management system to comply with the international ISO/IEC 27701 standard 2019 "Security techniques. Extension to ISO/IEC 27001 and 27002 for privacy information management. Requirements and guidelines." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the standardization efforts of China's news and publishing industries over the past three decades, and describes the progress and changes in these industries in standard formulation and revision, establishment of organizations for standardization, and contribution to international standardization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The German Patients' Rights Act requires that alternative procedures also be presented for every medical information. For vaccination education, this means providing detailed information on vaccination recommendations other than those of the Standing Committee on Vaccination (STIKO). In practice, this can only be achieved with the help of educational materials that is unlikely to be produced in the required quality by the existing authorities. The necessary institution, which has to be independent of government agencies, should be created in the interest of self-determination education, which is particularly necessary for preventive measures such as vaccinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In government, industry and academia, there is a convergence of three trends: (1) the belief that responsible exploration and mining should increase across Europe, (2) industry should follow and 'Europeanise' international good practices and (3) a social licence to operate exists not only between a community and a company but also between society and industry. There are two examples in Europe where these trends are converging—Finland and Spain have both adopted the Canadian Toward Sustainable Mining (TSM) program, but the method of implementation is very different. As a result of Talvivaara, Finland took a network governance approach incorporating trust-building measures from the beginning by bringing diverse stakeholders together to create the Finnish Network for Sustainable Mining. Spain chose to integrate the TSM into their national standards, a more traditional and hierarchical approach but one that also relies on a trustworthy entity with clear longevity. Although implementation is in the early stages in both countries, and therefore this paper provides insights only on preliminary outcomes, results indicate that the network approach may not be better at achieving societal SLO suggesting that other factors such as narrative, dialoguing directly with society, implementing trust-building measures in a timely fashion and proven longevity may have more influence than early trust-building measures between network participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is well known that information technology (IT) can play a pivotal role in enhancing healthcare quality and patient safety. The use of computational science to enhance the capabilities of hospital information systems helps deliver enhanced healthcare quality. "Smart healthcare" has become a popular term, reflecting the level of IT involvement in healthcare services. However, each hospital has a different level of IT development, and no clear definition of smart healthcare exists. In this study, we aimed to develop and validate a survey standard to evaluate the level of IT involvement in hospitals. The quality improvement task force of the Joint Commission of Taiwan (QITF-JCT) conducted a systematic literature review to identify the key elements of major healthcare IT functions. The modified Delphi technique was used to review the importance and appropriateness of these elements through an expert panel, and the JCT Smart Healthcare Standard version 1.0 (JCT-SHS 1.0) was drafted. A total of 40 healthcare quality improvement campaign (HQIC) application projects in 2018 were selected for evaluating nine key dimensions of hospital functions: security, digitization, automation, interconnection, connectivity, interoperability, mobility, computation, and artificial intelligence. The standard can be used smart hospital evaluation and executed by two experts by on-site evaluation and rating as three-level scale (norm, excellent, and innovative). The internal consistency and inter-rater reliability were investigated using Cronbach's α and kappa statistics, respectively. This standard was evaluated by using 40 HQIC application projects. The Cronbach's α values were in the range of 0.74–0.92, indicating the good internal consistency of the JCT-SHS 1.0 among the nine IT dimensions. The kappa correlation coefficients were 0.68 for security (p = 0.027), 0.47 for digitization (p = 0.042), 0.21 for automation (p = 0.048), 0.82 for interconnection (p = 0.014), 0.35 for connectivity (p = 0.036), 0.28 for interoperability (p = 0.042), 0.71 for mobility (p = 0.016), 0.47 for computation (p = 0.029), and 0.34 for artificial intelligence (p = 0.033), revealing moderate inter-rater reliability. The validation data indicated that the JCT-SHS 1.0 is a consistent and reliable instrument for evaluating the levels of IT development in the hospitals. Healthcare providers, external accreditation bodies, and policymakers may use the JCT-SHS 1.0 to assess and plan their organizational and system-wise IT strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The composition, operating principle, and metrological characteristics of GET 130-2019, the State Primary Special Standard of the unit of length in the field of measurements of deviations from straightness and flatness, are described. Results of investigations of the metrological characteristics of the interference measurement system incorporated into GET 130-2019 by means of which reproduction of the unit is realized on the basis of the fundamental physical constants and the properties of matter (interference) are presented, thus eliminating any additional instrumental sources of errors (uncertainty). Transmission of the unit of length in the region of measurements of deviations from straightness and flatness in the range 0–50 μm with length of the measured surface up to 30 m is achieved with the highest accuracy attainable in Russia. Comparisons that were carried out demonstrate that the metrological characteristics of GET 130-2019 correspond to the level of precision of foreign standards in measurements of deviations from straightness on a length up to 30 m and to the measurement capabilities presented in the database of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) implemented the PDUFA V New Molecular Entity (NME) Program (the Program) in 2012 to promote greater transparency and increased communication between the FDA review team and applicants of NME New Drug Applications (NDA) and original Biologics License Applications (BLA). We reviewed 128 publicly available NME NDA and original BLA approval packages, submitted after October 2012 and approved by July 2018. Our research had a goal to educate regulatory professionals about the content and timing of communications from FDA to the Sponsor for approved drugs reviewed under the Program. This research found that communications issued within the first 74 days were consistent with the 21st Century Desk Reference Guide (DRG) targets; forecasted dates of other projected interactions included in the Filing Communication (FC) letter were often within 4 weeks of target. The content and format of the FC letter became more consistent with time, often including templated text. Approximately half the FC letters contained at least 1 filing review issue; however, not all appeared to be substantive. The FDA's preliminary comment on advisory committee meeting plans were predictive; 95% correlated with the need (or lack thereof) for an advisory committee meeting. Approximately 62% of FC letters contained actionable labeling comments, with nearly all related to editorial changes. With respect to the FC letter, this research found the DRG and relevant FDA Manual of Policies and Procedures to be reliable resources to predict the FDA's planned actions associated with the filing and review of a NME NDA or original BLA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A description of GET 28-2016, the State Primary Standard of the unit of average laser radiation power with power range 10–9–5·10–3 W is presented. The operating principle of the standard based on a photoelectric trap-detector that functions in the range 10–9–5·10–3 W is described. As a result of metrological investigations performed on GET 28-2016 in this range, the total standard uncertainty of reproduction and transmission of the unit of average power of laser radiation in this range is found to be no greater than 0.36%. A model along with the theoretical characteristics of the measuring beam splitter by means of which the range of GET 28-2016 may be expanded into the field of kilowatt levels of power are presented. GET 28-2016 now makes it possible to solve problems of metrological assurance of prospective low-level laser detection systems in both ground and aerospace fields and assure the uniformity of measurements of the radiometric parameters of low-intensity flows of laser radiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An overview of the activities of the Euro-Asian Cooperation of State Metrological Institutions (COOMET) concerning the organization of online events using videoconferencing under the COVID-19 pandemic is presented. The choice of an online platform for holding official events under the auspices of COOMET is substantiated. An assessment of the effectiveness of the official events held online is provided. The prospects of using online technology in organizing COOMET activities are outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A system of metrological support is proposed that allows testing for the purpose of type approval, verification and calibration of stands for measuring the mass, center of mass coordinates and moments of inertia. A mathematical model of a special standard has been developed, which is based on analytic principles of determining the coordinates of the center of mass and the moments of inertia of uniform bodies of revolution of regular geometric shape. A special standard consists of a set of modules and specially shaped fasteners. Each module is a reference measure of both mass, center of mass coordinates and moments of inertia and can be used both separately and in a set with other modules. A scheme for transferring units of quantities from state primary standards of mass and length to stands with the help of special standards has been developed. A method for calibrating special standards is proposed, which includes indirect measurements of the coordinates of the center of mass and moments of inertia based on the results of direct measurements of the mass and geometric dimensions of the elements of the standard modules, as well as measuring the deviations of the shape and location of the surfaces of the standard modules and static balancing of the standard. The technical requirements for special standards have been established, which minimize the methodological measurement uncertainties when reproducing units of quantities. A line of special standards has been created that have passed certification and approval by Rosstandart. Methods for checking stands with the help of special standards have been developed and approved, and the types of two stands have been approved using special standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methods and means of measurement of the characteristics of the porosity and permeability of solid substances and fabricated materials that are incorporated into GET 210-2019, the State Primary Standard of the units of specific adsorption of gases, specific surface area, specific volume, and dimension of pores, open porosity, and coefficient of gas permeability of solid substances and fabricated materials, are described. A comparison between the metrological characteristics of GET 210-2014 and GET 210-2019 is carried out. The basic means of transmission of the units of quantities that characterize the porosity and permeability of solid substances, such as calibration specimens of approved types based on the micro, meso-, and macroporosity of solid substances, are considered. The results of international comparisons are presented, measurement and calibration capacities are confirmed, and a comparison of the metrological characteristics of GET 210-2019 with the standards of other countries is performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of the metrological provision of generators of high-voltage voltage pulses with subnanosecond front rise time has been solved, as well as pulsed voltage splitters used in power engineering, aviation, and aerospace industries. As a result of the completion of the State Primary Special Standard for units of the intensities of pulsed electrical and magnetic fields with pulse front rise times in the range 0.1–10.0 ns per GET 148-2013, a mode of implementing the reproduction of the unit of high transient electric voltage with a minimum pulse front rise time of 100 ps has been implemented. The uncertainties of reconstituting the unit of high transient electric voltage, obtained by numerical modeling with the Monte Carlo method, are evaluated, as well as in accordance with the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM). Likewise, the error of reproduction of the unit according to GOST 8.381-2009, "GSI. Standards. Methods of Expression of Precision," is evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quality management was born along with the development of the production of various products. The appearance in the twentieth century of serial and mass production in mechanical engineering, metallurgy and other industries required the development of specialized tools based on statistical methods—control charts, charts, histograms, etc. Specialized methods and tools of quality management appeared—FMEA, QFD, TPM, Kaizen, etc. The quality management methodology developed—TQM, lean manufacturing, 6 sigma, quality management systems. Currently, there is a large-scale digitalization of all types of activities, including quality management. Possible ways of development of existing and creation of new means and methods of quality management using digital technologies are shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The modern production of quality products is based on advanced technologies, modern equipment, qualified personnel, and careful control of processes and products. These are necessary but not sufficient conditions. The competitiveness of an enterprise is largely determined by an effective quality management system (QMS) and the organization of production and management. The problem of combining the capabilities of all control systems of the enterprise is challenging. The existing integrated management systems require optimization, which is impossible without modern information technologies. The specific features of the integration of QMS with the related standards using machine learning methods are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Results of studies designed to improve GET 8–2011, the State Primary Standard of the units of air kerma, air kerma rate, exposure, exposure rate, and energy flux of x-radiation and gamma radiation, are described. The studies are performed in 2019 to implement the recommendations of Report No. 90, Key Data for Dosimetry of Ionizing Radiation: Standards and Applications, International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements. The following changes are introduced into the equation for reproduction of the units of quantities in GET 8–2019: in the field of x-radiation, new correction factors for free-air ionization chambers are introduced and the value of the relative standard uncertainty of the mean ionization energy is changed; in the field of gamma radiation, the values of the product of the mean ionization energy and ratio of the mass stopping powers of graphite to air in measurements with cavity ionization chambers are changed. More accurate values of the units of quantities reproduced by GET 8–2019 are obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) fires, a worldwide problem, are gaining more importance over time due to climate change and increased urbanization in WUI areas. Some jurisdictions have provided standards, codes and guidelines, which may greatly help planning, prevention and protection against wildfires. This work presents a wide systematic review of standards, codes and guidelines for the design and construction of the built environment against WUI fire hazard from North American, European, Oceanic countries, alongside with trans-national codes. The main information reviewed includes: the definition of WUI hazards, risk areas and related severity classes, the influence of land and environmental factors, the requirements for building materials, constructions, utilities, fire protection measures and road access. Some common threads among the documents reviewed have been highlighted. They include similar attempts at: (a) defining WUI risk areas and severity classes, (b) considering land factors including the defensible space (also known as ignition zones), (c) prescribing requirements for buildings and access. The main gaps highlighted in the existing standards/guidelines include lacks of detailed and widespread requirements for resources, fire protection measures, and lacks of taking into account environmental factors in detail. The main design and construction principles contained in the reviewed documents are largely based on previous research and/or good practices. Hence, the main contributions of this paper consist in: (a) systematically disseminate these guidance concepts, (b) setting a potential basis for the development of standards/guidelines in other jurisdictions lacking dedicated WUI fire design guidance, (c) highlighting gaps in existing standards/guidelines to be addressed by current and future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present information about a standard installation used for the calibration of hydrophones at frequencies of 0.1–3.0 MHz. The installation is created with an aim to extend the frequency range of the GET 55-2017 State Primary Standard to the region of high-frequency ultrasound. The necessity of development of this installation is justified. We briefly consider basic principles of its operation and the possibilities of measurements. The requirements to the characteristics of ultrasonic transducers are discussed. In the choice of standard transducers, we give priority to their time stability because, in the course of transmission of the unit with the help of a tone signal, the uniformity of the frequency characteristic of sensitivity of the transducer is not of primary importance. To reduce the influence of directivity, we use a precise four-coordinate system of positioning of the transducers, which includes the possibility of control of their mutual positions with the help of a laser beam. We also consider the problems connected with the possibility of passing to higher frequencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of studies designed to improve the State Primary Standard of the unit of specific heat capacity (GET 60-74) carried out from 2017 to 2019 are described. A complex of high-precision measurement instruments that form the new State Primary Standard of the heat capacity of solids (GET 60-2019) at the head of which is the KA-S4 high-precision calorimeter was created. A set of standard measures of specific heat capacity was created to reproduce and transmit the unit from GET 60-2019 to lower-echelon measurement instruments. The measurement chain for transmission of the unit of specific heat capacity from GET 60-2019 to lower-echelon measurement instruments was developed. The expanded uncertainty of measurements performed on the basic KA-S4 adiabatic calorimeter of the standard complex in the working temperature range of GET 60-2019 does not exceed 0.27–0.36% with conformance factor k = 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]