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The valorization of C5 sugars (xylose) from hemicellulose of agro-industrial residues to xylitol, as one of the multi-products biorefinery approach, mandates the pretreatment of biomass which releases fermentable sugars along with the generation of biological inhibitors affecting xylitol fermentation. This study was therefore evaluated to understand the inhibitory kinetics of furfural, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and acetic acid on xylitol fermentation. Xylitol fermentation was established using Pichia stipitis NCIM 3497 with xylose as a pure substrate optimized for xylitol yield and productivity of 0.48 g/g of xylose and 0.13 g/L/h, respectively. The functional relationship of yeast specific growth rate and limiting substrate (xylose) was expressed by Monod-type kinetics. The inhibition kinetics results indicated that the effect of inhibitors on xylitol fermentation was furfural > acetic acid > HMF. Furfural (500 mg/L) and acetic acid (1000 mg/L) reduced xylitol yield by 59% and 44%, respectively, with least reduction of 9.89% exhibited by HMF. The synergistic effect of 500 mg/L furfural, 500 mg/L HMF and 1000 mg/L acetic acid showed the highest reduction in xylitol yield of 67.6% as compared to the control. Kinetic studies predicted that the maximum concentration of furfural, HMF and acetic acid which inhibited P. stipitis growth was 884 mg/L, 3258 mg/L and 2922 mg/L, respectively, whereas xylitol production was completely inhibited at 1069 mg/L furfural, 3498 mg/L HMF and 3714 mg/L acetic acid. Furfural and acetic acid were found to be a competitive inhibitor, while uncompetitive inhibition was observed with HMF indicating negligible effect on xylitol fermentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

North Tropical Atlantic Sea Surface Temperature (i.e., NTA SST) anomalies emerge as a key-driver of the whole El Niño Southern Oscillation–Indian Summer Monsoon (ENSO–ISM) system. However, as the underlying physical mechanisms are not yet well understood, this study made an attempt to have deeper insights on the role of the NTA SST variability on the ISM, ENSO and their mutual relationships. The evidences from observations and a Pi-Control coupled simulation demonstrate the pronounced biennial nature of the NTA–ENSO–ISM system and suggest the precursory role of the NTA SSTs in this biennial ENSO–ISM system. As the cause-and-effect relationships are difficult to disentangle, ensembles of short coupled sensitivity experiments are conducted by imposing observed warm (cold) SST anomalies over NTA. These 1-year simulations start from various January initial conditions corresponding to strong El Niño (La Niña) events as identified from Pi-Control and subsequently impose warm (cold) SST anomalies over the NTA region after the El Niño (La Niña) peak in January. The sensitivity experiments support the hypothesis of a key role of NTA SSTs in the reversal of the ENSO conditions through their capacitor effect. They further illustrate the nonlinear characteristics of this system as cold NTA SST perturbations are more influential than warm NTA SSTs. This non-linearity brings up new perspectives on the NTA–ENSO–ISM system, as it is further reflected in the asymmetric response in the simulated ENSO–ISM, with the cold NTA perturbations initiated from the La Niña conditions showing a stronger anomalous ISM response during boreal summer, which is in contrast with the feeble ISM response in the warm NTA perturbations experiment using the El Niño initial conditions. This non-linearity of NTA–ENSO–ISM has larger implications in a global warming scenario, as the climate variability over NTA region is projected to intensify in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insulin therapy is indispensable for achieving glycemic control in all patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and many patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Insulin injections are associated with negative connotations in patients owing to administration discomfort and adverse effects such as hypoglycemia and weight gain. Insulin administered orally can overcome these limitations by providing a convenient and effective mode of delivery with a potentially lower risk of hypoglycemia. Oral insulin mimics the physiologic process of insulin secretion, absorption into the portal circulation, and subsequent peripheral delivery, unlike the subcutaneous route that results in peripheral hyperinsulinemia. Insulin tregopil (IN-105), a new generation human recombinant insulin, methoxy (polyethylene glycol) hexanoyl human recombinant insulin, is developed by Biocon as an ultra-fast onset short-acting oral insulin analog. This recombinant oral insulin is a single short-chain amphiphilic oligomer modified with the covalent attachment of methoxy-triethylene-glycol-propionyl moiety at Lys-β29-amino group of the B-chain via an amide linkage. Sodium caprate, an excipient in the insulin tregopil formulation, is a permeation enhancer that increases its absorption through the gastrointestinal tract. Also, meal composition has been shown to non-significantly affect its absorption. Several global randomized, controlled clinical trials have been conducted in type 1 and type 2 diabetes patients towards the clinical development of insulin tregopil. The formulation shows post-prandial glucose control that is more effective than placebo throughout the meal period; however, compared with an active comparator insulin aspart, the post-prandial control is more effective mainly in the early post-meal period. It shows a good safety profile with a lower incidence of clinically significant hypoglycemia. This review covers the overall clinical development of insulin tregopil establishing it as an ultra-fast onset, short-acting oral insulin analog for optimizing post-prandial glucose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polypropylene (PP) is one of the most widely used commodity plastic materials worldwide in terms of the production and its consumption. At commercial scale, PP is produced in various grades like homopolymer and copolymer (random and impact) by the polymerization of propylene and mixture of propylene-ethylene monomers using Ziegler–Natta catalysts and alkyl aluminum as co-catalysts. The present study deals with the colored lump formation of polypropylene random copolymer (PPCP) during storage at large scale and its probable route cause analysis for the lump formation. The lump samples were collected and characterized using FTIR, TGA, DSC and molecular weight determination and compared with pure PPCP. FTIR data show all the signature peaks of PPCP with additional > C=O stretching near 1720 cm−1 in colored lump sample, TG analysis revealed degradation of PPCP polymer and formation of volatile organic compounds in the temperature range 200–250 °C, the DSC analysis of the colored lump and pure PPCP showed that the melting peak was broader for colored lump of PPCP (i.e., PPCP_Y) which is an indicative that polymer molecules were having different chain length and the molecular weight analysis showed that the colored sample was having very low molecular weight with some bimodal character as compared to pure polymer. Based on these data and observations, the possible reason for the colored lump formation was also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long-term multi-decadal scale variability of South Asian Summer Monsoon (SASM) is known to be associated with the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) with positive phase associated with above-normal rainfall and vice-versa over SASM region. Analysis of the 120-year historical record suggests that the relationship between the AMO and the SASM has weakened in recent decades. Two possible reasons emerge from the analyses of observational datasets and model experiments. Enhanced Indian Ocean warming and weakened North Atlantic Subtropical High (NASH) are the prime factors weakening AMO-SASM association in the recent decades. Indian Ocean warming co-occurred during the recent AMO warm phase weakens the meridional temperature gradient, weakening the regional Hadley cell, large-scale monsoon circulation and precipitation. The suppressed convection triggers a Rossby wave which manifests as a cyclonic circulation over west central Asia weakening the Tibetan anticyclone. In addition, weakening of NASH weakens the Circum-Global Teleconnection (CGT) connecting AMO to the SASM, leading to weakening of AMO-SASM association. Projected warming of the Indian Ocean and Atlantic demands better understanding of the AMO-SASM teleconnection and their projected changes for assessing future changes in SASM in a warming world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) is recognised as an important driver of interannual climate variability over different regions of the globe, including the regional monsoon systems. In particular, positive (negative) phases of IOD tend to be associated with above-normal (below-normal) monsoon rainfall over the Indian subcontinent. Realistic simulation of the IOD and Indian summer monsoon connection, however, remains a challenge in many of the state-of-the-art climate models. This study presents an analysis of IOD and its links to the Indian monsoon based on the historical simulations from the IITM Earth System Model (IITM-ESM) and other models that participated in the 6th phase of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). Our findings indicate that the IITM-ESM provides not only a fairly realistic simulation of the ocean–atmosphere coupled interactions and the Bjerknes feedback processes associated with IOD events but also better captures the summer monsoon precipitation response over the Indian subcontinent during IOD events, as compared to several CMIP6 models. The physical mechanisms contributing to the improved simulation of IOD and its monsoon connection in the IITM-ESM are evaluated in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intension of current inquiry is to highlight the impact of magnetohydrodynamic Casson fluid flow across a convective surface with cross diffusion, chemical reaction, non-linear radiative heat are accounted. Convection and diffusive boundary conditions are deemed. The governing flow equations for the flow fields are converted into non-dimensional form by using appropriate similarity variables. These ODEs are solved by fourth order Runge–Kutta and Shooting method. The outcomes are bestowed with plots and table for the influence of diverse flow variables on the flow fields. We observed that depreciate temperature and appreciate concentration with the upsurge in Sorret number, whereas a negative impact is perceived with Dufour number. A decrement in Nusselt number and an enhancement in Sherwood number are observed for the intensification of non-linear radiative parameter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pivotal aim of this research is to address the boundary layer analysis of two-dimensional unsteady hybrid nanofluid flow over a flat/slendering stretching surface. Thermal radiation and magnetohydrodynamic analysis are featured in this work. The transformed nonlinear ordinary differential equations are resolved using Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg technique. Then, a complete discussion of the influences of the flow regime on several thermofluidic parameters is presented. The significant outcome of the current investigation is that the increment in magnetic field and nanoparticle volume fraction parameters declines the skin friction. Furthermore, it is shown that when the radiation and the nanoparticle volume fraction are improved, the heat transfer rate triggers considerable evolution. The obtained results of this model closely match with those available in the literature as a limiting situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper scrutinizes the magnetohydrodynamic-free convection flow along higher part of the paraboloid of revolution by curbing the assets of Brownian moment and thermophoresis. The governing equations leading to boundary restrictions of the model are compressed into ODEs by employing proper transformations. To resolve these equations, we operated shooting approach. The influence of all the emerging sundry flow controlled variables on convergences is contemplated graphically for the momentum, thermal and species fields. Also, wall friction, Nusselt and Sherwood numbers of relevant comprising flow factors are perceived through tables. Simultaneous results are displayed in two cases. It is found that the magnetic field signifies additional conflicting force to fluid motion and dissipation impacts to accelerate the temperature. Non-Newtonian flow is highly influenced by Brownian moment when compared to Newtonian flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chlorella vulgaris is known for its protein, growth factor, and nutritional constituents. Chlorella vulgaris was cultivated in a 1000-L outdoor open raceway pond with a maximum volumetric productivity of 130 mg L-1 day-1. The harvested biomass was dried through different methods, viz., sun drying (30 °C), oven drying (60 °C), lyophilization (−110 °C), drum drying (120 °C), and spray drying (100–150 °C). The effect of the drying method on proximate composition, pigments (chlorophyll, carotenoids), bioactive compounds (total phenolic content, flavonoid content), vitamin B12, antioxidant properties (ferric reducing antioxidant power, DPPH, and total antioxidant activity), and the color quality of C. vulgaris biomass was evaluated. Surface characterization by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and functional group characterization through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were also performed. The biomass dried through lyophilization and sun drying retained maximum bioactive compounds and antioxidant activities. In contrast, drum drying resulted in a loss of nutrients, viz., protein (up to 44%), lipid (up to 41%), vitamin B12 (up to 40%), total phenolic content (> 50%), total flavonoid content (> 50%), and antioxidant activity (> 50%). Oven drying led to a loss of 30% in total flavonoid content and 17% in ferric reducing antioxidant power. SEM showed the destruction of cell wall integrity in the drum-dried sample and porous structure in the spray-dried sample. This study suggests that drying methods affect the nutrients and bioactive compounds of C. vulgaris biomass, and therefore a drying method should be selected carefully depending on the end use of the biomass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multilevel inverters play an important role in extracting the power from renewable energy resources and delivering the output voltage with high quality to the load. This paper proposes a new single-stage switched capacitor nine-level inverter, which comprises an improved T-type inverter, auxiliary switch, and switched cell unit. The proposed topology effectively reduces the DC-link capacitor voltage and exhibits superior performance over recently switched-capacitor inverter topologies in terms of the number of power components and blocking voltage of the switches. A level-shifted multilevel pulse width modulation scheme with a modified triangular carrier wave is implemented to produce a high-quality stepped output voltage waveform with low switching frequency. The proposed nine-level inverter's effectiveness, driven by the recommended modulation technique, is experimentally verified under varying load conditions. The power loss and efficiency for the proposed nine-level inverter are thoroughly discussed with different loads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is growing evidence of the influence of northern hemisphere (NH) anthropogenic aerosols (AA) on the observed regional climate change over Asia in the recent few decades. While the radiative effects of AA can regionally offset the greenhouse gas (GHG) forcing, their combined impacts on the South Asian monsoon (SAM) are not adequately understood. The present study examines the individual and combined effects of GHG and AA forcing on the SAM precipitation response, based on numerical experiments conducted using the IITM Earth System Model version2 (IITM-ESMv2). We performed the following three sets of 50-year simulations based on the CMIP6 forcing (a) AER: where the atmospheric CO2 concentration is fixed to the pre-industrial level (i.e., year 1850) and AA levels correspond to the year 2005 (b) GHG: CO2 concentration corresponds to the year 2005 and AA levels correspond to the year 1850 (c) COMB: Both CO2 concentration and AA levels correspond to the year 2005. The three experiments are compared against the pre-industrial control (PICTL) run of the IITM-ESMv2. An intensification of SAM precipitation is noted in GHG relative to PICTL, whereas AER exhibits a decrease of SAM precipitation and weakening of monsoon circulation in response to the AA forcing. The results show that absorption of shortwave radiation above the atmospheric boundary layer over the Asian region creates surface radiation deficit and stabilizes the lower troposphere, leading to a slowdown of monsoonal winds, reduced evaporation over the Indian Ocean and decreased moisture convergence over South and Southeast Asia. A striking finding from our analysis is the reinforced suppression of SAM precipitation and organized monsoon convection in COMB, which results from an enhanced inter-hemispheric asymmetry in radiative forcing under the combined influence of the elevated CO2 and AA forcing. Furthermore, both the AER and COMB experiments reveal a widespread suppression of large-scale organized monsoon convective activity on sub-seasonal time-scales over South and Southeast Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Animal’s well-being, growth, and production are modulated by environmental conditions, and managemental practices and can be deleteriously affected by global warming phenomenon. In the recent years, unprecedented climatic fluctuations like sustained higher temperatures and humidity, heat waves, and solar flares have led to economic losses in $ billions to both milk and meat industry. It is estimated that by 2050, the US dairy industry alone will borne more than $1.7 billion loss. As human dependency on animal products like milk, meat, and eggs for nutrition is exponentially rising, there is urgency for maximum production. The high yielding animals are already under tremendous metabolic pressure making them more susceptible to adverse climatic conditions. When exposed to heat stress, livestock display a variety of behavioral and physiological acclimatization as essential survival strategies, but at the cost of decreased milk, meat, or egg production. Most of the studies have explored the heat stress in animals and its effect on different milk productions in a specific region or country. A clear understanding of the impact of global warming on dairy enterprise is yet to be comprehended. So this exploratory study will analyze impact of global warming on current milk production trends, economics, and future perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 3D MHD nonlinear radiative hybrid nanofluid flow across an irregular dimension sheet with slip effect is studied numerically. The hybrid nanofluid consists of copper oxide (CuO) and magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles embedded in methanol or methyl alcohol (MA). The governing PDEs' are altered as ODEs' using similarities and numerical solutions are attained using shooting scheme. The role of corporal factors on the transport phenomenon is analyzed and reflected by plots and numerical interpretations. Simultaneous solutions presented for CuO-MA nanofluid and CuO-MgO/MA hybrid nanofluid. Results ascertain that the temperature and flow boundary layer thicknesses are not unique for the hybrid nanofluid and nanofluid. The heat transfer enactment of CuO-MA nanofluid is high when equated to CuO-MgO/MA hybrid nanofluid. This concludes that the CuO-MgO combination works as a good insulator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the flow and heat transfer characteristics of an electrically conducting Casson fluid past an exponentially stretching curved surface with convective boundary condition. The fluid motion is assumed to be laminar and time dependent. The effects of temperature-dependent thermal conductivity, Joule heating, thermal radiation, and variable heat source/sink are deemed. Suitable transformations are considered to transform the governing partial differential equations as ordinary ones and then solved by the numerical procedures like shooting and Runge–Kutta method. Graphs are outlined to describe the influence of various dimensionless parameters on the fields of velocity and temperature and observe that there is an enhancement in the field of temperature with the radiation, temperature-dependent thermal conductivity, and irregular heat parameters. Also, the Casson parameter has a tendency to suppress the distribution of momentum but an inverse development is noticed for the curvature parameter. Attained outcomes are also compared with the existing literature in the limiting case, and good agreement is perceived. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The movement of the ferrous nanoparticles is random in the base fluid, and it will be homogeneous under the enforced magnetic field. This phenomenon shows a significant impact on the energy transmission process. In view of this, we inspected the stream and energy transport in magnetohydrodynamic dissipative ferro and hybrid ferrofluids by considering an uneven heat rise/fall and radiation effects. We studied the Fe3O4 (magnetic oxide) and CoFe2O4 (cobalt iron oxide) ferrous particles embedded in H2O-EG (ethylene glycol) (50–50%) mixture. The flow model is converted as ODEs with suitable similarities and resolved them using the 4th order Runge-Kutta scheme. The influence of related constraints on transport phenomena examined through graphical illustrations. Simultaneous solutions explored for both ferro and hybrid ferrofluid cases. It is found that the magnetic oxide and cobalt iron oxide suspended in H2O-EG (ethylene glycol) (50–50%) mixture effectively reduces the heat transfer rate under specific conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Observational records and climate model projections reveal a considerable decline in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). Changes in the AMOC can have a significant impact on the global climate. Sustained warming due to increased greenhouse gas emissions is projected to weaken the AMOC, which in turn can lead to changes in the location of Inter-tropical convergence zone (ITCZ), oceanic and atmospheric large-scale circulation, tropical precipitation and regional monsoons. Using proxy records, observations and CMIP6 simulations of IITM Earth System Model (IITM-ESM), we investigate the changes in the AMOC and associated changes in the large-scale circulation and precipitation patterns over the South Asian monsoon region. Transient CO2 simulation and additional model sensitivity experiments with realistic surface heat and freshwater perturbation anomalies under the experimental protocol of Flux Anomaly Forcing Model Intercomparison Project (FAFMIP) performed with IITM-ESM reveal a decline in the strength of AMOC. The weakening of AMOC is associated with enhanced heat and freshwater forcing in the North Atlantic resulting in the reduction of northward oceanic heat transport and an enhanced northward atmospheric heat transport. Changes in AMOC lead to weakening of large-scale north–south temperature gradient and regional land-sea thermal gradient, which in turn weaken the regional Hadley circulation and, monsoon circulation over the South Asian region. Both the FAFMIP and transient CO2 experiments reveal consistent results of weakening South Asian Monsoon circulation with a decline of AMOC, while precipitation exhibits contrasting responses as precipitation changes are dominated by the thermodynamic response. The suite of observational and numerical analysis provides a mechanistic hypothesis for the weakening of South Asian monsoon circulation concomitant with a weakening of AMOC in a warming climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we analyzed heat transfer characteristics of a steady two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic shear thickening Casson fluid across a vertical stretching sheet in the presence of variable heat source/sink. The impact of thermal radiation and velocity slip is also considered. With the suitable similarity transformations, the governing partial differential equations and the corresponding boundary conditions are transferred into ordinary ones and then solved numerically by using shooting and fourth-order Runge–Kutta methods. Simultaneous solutions are presented for the case of suction and injection. The effect of diverse non-dimensional parameters on distributions of velocity, temperature along with skin friction coefficient and the local Nusselt number is analyzed and presented through graphs and table for both suction and injection cases. Increase in Biot number and thermal radiation parameter supports to enhance the distribution of temperature. Escalation in the suction/injection parameter decreases both the distributions velocity and temperature in suction as well as injection cases are observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research article delivers a numerical study of an electrically conducting magnetohydrodynamic nonlinear convection flow of micropolar fluid over a slendering stretching surface. The flow is laminar and time independent. The influence of viscous dissipation, Joule heating, non-uniform heat source or sink, temperature-dependent thermal conductivity and thermal radiation is deemed. Heat-transfer characteristics are scrutinized with the aid of modified Fourier's law. We presented simultaneous solutions for a flat surface and variable thickened surface. At first, appropriate similarity transformations are considered to convert the basic partial differential equations as ordinary ones and then solved by the successive application of numerical procedures such as shooting and fourth-order Runge–Kutta method. Graphs are delineated to observe the influence of diverse nondimensional parameters on the flow fields. Along with the skin friction coefficient, couple stress coefficient and local Nusselt number are also discussed and bestowed with the support of the table. Results stipulate that the distribution of temperature increases with thermal relaxation and radiation parameters, but a contradictory outcome is spotted for Prandtl number. Also, the microrotation velocity is suppressed with an enhancement in magnetic field parameter, but an opposite trend is observed for buoyancy force. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chlorella vulgaris is used for food and feed applications due to its nutraceutical, antioxidant and anticancer properties. An airlift photobioreactor comprising transparent draft tube was used for C. vulgaris cultivation. The effect of reactor parameters like hydrodynamics (0.3–1.5 vvm), light intensity (85–400 μmol m−2 s−1), photoperiod (12–24 h) and gas-phase carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration (5–15% v/v) were evaluated on microalgae and associated bacterial growth, biochemical profile; with special emphasis on ω-3, ω-6 fatty acids, and vitamin B12. The optimal growth of C. vulgaris without CO2 supplementation was observed at 1.2 vvm, which was associated with higher algal productivity, chlorophyll, vitamin B12 content, and bacterial load along with 72% of nitrate removal. The higher light intensity (400 μmol m−2 s−1) and photoperiod (24:0) increased biomass productivity and ω-3 fatty acid content (in lipid) up to 2–3 fold. The elevated levels of gas-phase CO2 concentration (15% v/v) enhanced EPA content up to 7% and biomass productivity up to 171 mg L−1 day−1. However, the increase in CO2 concentration lowered vitamin B12 content (up to 30%) and bacterial load (2–3 log). Also, all the cultivation conditions favoured desirable ω-6/ω-3 ratio(in the range of 1–2). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ferrofluids are the colloidal suspensions of magnetic nanoparticles and base fluids. It has several medical applications like drug targeting, cell separation, magnetic resonance imaging, etc. The dispersion of more than one magnetic nanoparticle into the convectional fluid is called hybrid nanofluid. It has various technological applications like damping, dynamic sealing, heat dissipation, etc. Due to the immense applications of the ferrofluids, in this analysis, we examined the liquid film flow and heat transfer of hybrid ferrofluid in the attendance of radiation and irregular heat source/sink. We considered the magnetite (Fe3O4) and cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) nanoparticles and suspended them into water–ethylene glycol (EG) mixture (50–50%). A mathematical model is developed for the present investigation and solved numerically after applying the suitable similarity transformations. The impact of various governing non-dimensional parameters on the momentum, energy fields, and local Nusselt number of ferro- and hybrid ferrofluids is studied with the aid of graphical illustrations. It is perceived that the rate of heat transfer is higher in hybrid ferrofluid than that of ferrofluid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The knowledge of heat transfer of MHD flows across a stretched surface plays a crucial role in transportation, heat exchangers, fibre coating, magnetic drug treatment, etc. The present research article delivers a numerical examination of 2D magnetohydrodynamic nonlinear radiative flow of micropolar fluid towards a stretching surface. The fluid motion is steady and laminar. The impacts of chemical reaction, cross-diffusion and thermal and solutal Biot numbers are deemed. Combined influence of heat and mass transfer attributes is investigated. For effective heat transfer, Cattaneo–Christov heat flux term is added to the energy equation. The appropriate transmutations are adopted for rehabilitating the flow governing PDEs into dimensionless ordinary ones. Further, these ODEs are resolved by R.K.F-4 with a shooting system. The graphs are plotted to picture the flow fields for the flow regulating parameters. The friction factor, couple stress and mass and thermal transport rates are presented for the flow relevant variables. From the results, we spotted that there are an enhancement in velocity but a decrement in temperature and concentration fields with the swelling in the values of primary slip parameter. Also the temperature and concentration fields are enhanced with the boosting values of Dufour and Soret numbers, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Incorporation of Spirulina in milk as thermally dried powder has the disadvantages of non-uniform distribution with undesirable odor and flavor. Through homogenization (200 ± 10 bar), complete dispersion of fresh Spirulina biomass (7% w/w) in milk was achieved and thereafter a carotenoid enriched probiotic yogurt was developed. Confocal microscopy revealed porous Spirulina-milk protein matrix integrated with smaller fat globules in the yogurt. Spirulina led to a 29.56% increase in Lactobacillus acidophilus count, a 20% reduction in fermentation time and a total probiotic count of 1.2 × 107 CFU mL−1. The protein, total chlorophyll, total carotenoid and β-carotene content (on dry w/w basis) were 3.58 ± 0.08 g 100 g−1, 0.407 ± 0.018 mg g−1, 0.235 ± 0.016 mg g−1 and 13.28 ± 0.08 µg g−1, respectively. During storage (18 days at 6–8 °C), the L. acidophilus count reached 8.83 ± 0.11 log CFU mL−1 with 103.03% increase in the viability by day three and the yogurt retained 71.5% carotenoids. The probiotc Spirulina yogurt was found to be acceptable to consumers as evaluated by affective consumer test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

White crystalline powder (aluminum oxide-Al2O3) and water are the products often formed after the heating of aluminum hydroxide. In this report, boundary layer flow of two different nanofluids (i.e., 36 nm Al2O3-water and 47 nm Al2O3-water) over an upper horizontal surface of a paraboloid of revolution under the influence of magnetic field is presented. The combined influence of magnetic field strength, electric current density, electric charge, electron collision time, and the mass of an electron in the flows are considered in the governing equations. Three-dimensional transport phenomenon was considered due to the influence of the Lorentz force (F→) along the z-direction as in the case of Hall currents. In this study, the dynamic viscosity and density of the nanofluids are assumed to vary with the volume fraction ϕ. The dimensional governing equations were non-dimensionalization and parametrization using similarity variables. The corresponding boundary value problem was transformed into initial value problem using the method of superposition and solved numerically using fourth-order Runge-Kutta method with shooting technique (RK4SM). Magnetic field parameter is seen to have dual effects on the cross-flow velocity profiles of both nanofluids. The maximum cross-flow velocity is attained within the fluid domain when 36 nm nanoparticles alumina is used. The cross-flow velocity gradient at the wall increases with magnetic field parameter (M) and also increases significantly with Hall parameter at larger values of M. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The novel derivatives of morpholine-clubbed 3-substituted coumarinyl acetamide and cinnamide derivatives 5a-5j and 6a-6j have been synthesized via various 2-chloro-N-phenyl acetamide and cinnamoyl chloride derivatives, respectively. The required motif has been generated through Vilsmeier-Haack reaction on 4-hydroxycoumarin annelation of morpholine followed by imine formation and subsequently condensation with various 2-chloro-N-phenylacetamide and cinnamoyl chloride to furnish the desired molecule. The synthesized molecules were characterized by various spectroscopic methods viz IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR. Their antimicrobial activities against various strains of bacteria and fungi have been evaluated, and computational studies have also been performed for all the newly synthesized analogs. Graphical Abstract: [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current study, we investigated the impact of thermophoresis and Brownian moment on the boundary layer 2D forced convection flow of a magnetohydrodynamic nanofluid along a persistently moving horizontal needle with frictional heating effect. The various pertinent parameters are taken into account in the present analysis, namely, the thermophoresis and Brownian moment, uneven heat source/sink, Joule heating and frictional heating effects. To check the variation in the boundary layer behavior, we considered two distinct nanoparticles namely AlCu (alloy with 50% alumina and 50% copper) and Cu with water as base liquid. Numerical solutions are derived for the reduced system of governing PDEs by employing the shooting process. Computational results of the flow, energy and mass transport are interpreted with the support of tables and graphical illustrations. The obtained results indicate that the increase in the needle size significantly reduces the flow and thermal fields. In particular, the velocity field of the Cu-water nanofluid is highly affected when compared with the AlCu -water nanofluid. Also, we showed that the thermophoresis and Brownian moment parameters are capable of enhancing the thermal conductivity to a great extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic Carreau fluid flow over a plane and parabolic regions in the form of buoyancy and exponential heat source effects. Soret and Dufour effects are used to examine the heat and mass transfer process. The system of ODE's is obtained by utilizing similarity transformations. The RK-based shooting process is employed to generate the numerical solutions. The impact of different parameters of interest on fluid flow, concentration and thermal fields is characterized graphically. Tabular results are presented to discuss the wall friction, reduced Nusselt and Sherwood numbers. It is seen that the flow, thermal and concentration boundary layers of the plane and parabolic flows of Carreau fluid are non-uniform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The flow and heat transfer nature of MHD dissipative flow past the upper part of a non-melting paraboloid of revolution with non-uniform heat source/sink, thermophoresis and Brownian moment effects are investigated numerically. The buoyancy induced on the flow is considered in such way that the surface is neither vertical/horizontal nor wedge/cone. The equations governing the flow are solved numerically by employing the RKF integration scheme after suitable transformations. Graphical results are obtained to discuss the behaviour of flow, temperature and concentration fields at various parameters of interest. The reduced wall friction, local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are computed. It is found that the non-uniform heat source/sink parameters regulate the thermal boundary layer. Thermophoresis and Brownian moment parameters act as controlling parameters of heat and mass transfer rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pivotal objective of this paper is to look into the flow of ferrofluids past a variable thickness surface with velocity slip. Magnetite (FeO nanoparticles are embedded to the regular fluid. The occurrence of frictional heating in the flow is also taken into account. So the flow equations will be coupled and nonlinear. These are remodelled into dimensionless form with the support of suitable transmutations. The solution of the transformed equations is determined with the support of an effective Runge-Kutta (RK)-based shooting technique. Ultimately, the effects of a few flow modulating quantities on fluid motion and heat transport were explored through plots which are procured using the MATLAB tool box. Owing to the engineering applications, we also calculated the friction factor and the heat transfer coefficient for the influencing parameters. The results are presented comparatively for both regular fluid (water) and water-based ferrofluid. This study enables us to deduce that inflation in the aligned angle or surface thickness reduces the fluid velocity. The radiation and dissipation parameters are capable of providing heat energy to the flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we investigated the effects of aligned magnetic field, thermal radiation, heat generation/absorption, cross-diffusion, viscous dissipation, heat source and chemical reaction on the flow of a nanofluid past an exponentially stretching sheet in porous medium. The governing partial differential equations are transformed to set of ordinary differential equations using self-similarity transformation, which are then solved numerically using bvp4c Matlab package. Finally the effects of various non-dimensional parameters on velocity, temperature, concentration, skin friction, local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are thoroughly investigated and presented through graphs and tables. We observed that an increase in the aligned angle strengthens the applied magnetic field and decreases the velocity profiles of the flow. Soret and Dufour numbers are helpful to enhance the heat transfer rate. An increase in the heat source parameter, radiation parameter and Eckert number increases the mass transfer rate. Mixed convection parameter has tendency to enhance the friction factor along with the heat and mass transfer rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The combined influence of heat and mass transfer on the boundary layer flow of Carreau fluid across a bidirectional stretching surface has many applications such as heat exchangers, transportation, making of paper plates, fibre coating, and some metal-working procedures in engineering and industrial applications. In this paper, we present a three-dimensional (3D) numerical study on the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Carreau fluid flow driven by a stretching surface influenced by heat and mass transfer. This examination further sees the impacts of variable thermal conductivity, Joule heating, irregular heat source / sink and chemical reaction. The improved Fourier's model is considered in view of the response of heat transfer. The flow equations are transformed into dimensionless equations with suitable similarity transformations. The fourth-order Runge–Kutta-based shooting method is used to resolve the converted nonlinear coupled equations. Influences of various physical aspects on the flow fields are shown through graphs and friction factor, local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are presented in a separate table. The results predict that the fluid temperature is an escalating factor of the thermal relaxation parameter and Eckert number. Also, the rates of thermal and mass transport and the Weisenberg numbers are proportional to each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This report presents the flow and heat transfer characteristics of MHD micropolar fluid due to the stretching of a surface with second order velocity slip. The influence of nonlinear radiation and irregular heat source/sink are anticipated. Simultaneous solutions are presented for first and second-order velocity slips. The PDEs which govern the flow have been transformed as ODEs by the choice of suitable similarity transformations. The transformed nonlinear ODEs are converted into linear by shooting method then solved numerically by fourth-order Runge-Kutta method. Graphs are drowned to discern the effect of varied nondimensional parameters on the flow fields (velocity, microrotation, and temperature). Along with them the coefficients of Skin friction, couple stress, and local Nussel number are also anticipated and portrayed with the support of the table. The results unveil that the non-uniform heat source/sink and non-linear radiation parameters plays a key role in the heat transfer performance. Also, second-order slip velocity causes strengthen in the distribution of velocity but a reduction in the distribution of temperature is perceived. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]