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Purpose and objectives: Phantom limb pain (PLP) is a major cause of physical limitation and disability accounting for about 85% of amputated patients. Mirror therapy is used as a therapeutic modality for patients with phantom limb pain. Primary objective was to study the incidence of PLP at 6 months following below-knee amputation between the mirror therapy group and control group. Methods: Patients posted for below-knee amputation surgery were randomized into two groups. Patients allocated to group M received mirror therapy in post-operative period. Two sessions of therapy were given per day for 7 days and each session lasted for 20 min. Patients who developed pain from the missing portion of the amputated limb were considered to have PLP. All patients were followed up for six months and the time of occurrence of PLP and intensity of the pain were recorded among other demographic factors. Results: A total of 120 patients completed the study after recruitment. The demographic parameters were comparable between the two groups. Overall incidence of phantom limb pain was significantly higher in the control group (Group C) when compared to the mirror therapy (Group M) group [Group M = 7 (11.7%) vs Group C = 17 (28.3%); p = 0.022]. Intensity of PLP measured on the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) was significantly lower at 3 months in Group M compared to Group C among patients who developed PLP [NRS − median (Inter quartile range): Group M 5 (4,5) vs Group C 6 (5,6); p 0.001]. Conclusion: Mirror therapy reduced the incidence of phantom limb pain when administered pre-emptively in patients undergoing amputation surgeries. The severity of the pain was also found to be lower at 3 months in patients who received pre-emptive mirror therapy. Trial Registration: This prospective study was registered in the clinical trial registry of India. Trial Registration number: CTRI/2020/07/026488. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the treatment protocol for patients who have experienced a cardiac arrest and have regained spontaneous circulation. It emphasizes that the type of heart rhythm should not be labeled, as this can lead to the administration of medications that may cause recurrent cardiac arrest. Instead, the focus should be on treating hypotension with intravenous fluids or vasopressor/inotropic therapy. The article also highlights the importance of identifying and treating the underlying causes of cardiac arrest to prevent recurrence. Overall, the article provides guidance on post-cardiac arrest care and emphasizes the need for individualized treatment based on the patient's condition. [Extracted from the article]