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An analysis of the effects of europium oxide (Eu2O3) on the shielding, dielectric, and structural properties of zinc lithium borate glasses was carried out. A rise in the amount of Eu2O3 in glasses from 0.0 to 1.0 mol% results in an improvement in density from 3.086 to 3.2176 g cm−3. FTIR analyses of our recently developed glasses revealed the production of functional groups and units, including bridging BO4 and non-bridging BO3. Bridging BO4 rose at low concentrations of europium oxide and returning to BO3 at high concentrations of europium oxide. The dielectric constant of all the glasses loaded with various ratios of Eu2O3 mol% sharply decreased as frequency rose in the low-frequency range. As the Eu2O3 level increased to 0.25 mol%, the dielectric constant value first decreased, suggesting an improvement in BO4 and then improved at increasing concentrations. For each glass that was examined, the indicated tan δ showed a relaxation peak at approximately 5 kHz. The lowest tan δ was found at a level of 0.25 mol% Eu2O3. The specimen of glass altered with 0.25 Eu is a desirable choice for packing materials because of its smallest tan δ and dielectric constant. The gamma-ray exposure buildup and energy absorption factors parameters of that oxide glass system in energy region of 0.015–15 MeV up to depths of penetration of 40 mfp have been calculated by using Photon Shielding and Dosimetry (PSD) software. It has been demonstrated that Zeq values vary on photon energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study used the melt-quench process to create a novel glass system with the chemical formula 65B2O3-15NaF-15ZnO-5Bi2O3- 0.25 CoO-x La2O3, where x increases by 0.2% increments between 0 and 0.6 mol%. The density was enhanced with addition of cobalt oxide CoO and increasing lanthanum oxide La2O3 content. Improvements in mass (μm) and linear attenuation coefficient (μ) are achieved by adding CoO and increasing the La2O3 concentration. HVL, TVL, and MFP are lowest in the prepared S5 glass sample (with the highest amount of CoO-La2O3). By addition of CoO and increasing La2O3 content, the values of direct optical band gap (Eopt) decreased from 3.923 eV to 3.691 eV, while Eopt fell from 3.635 eV to 3.421 eV for indirect and Urbach energy value, EU, ranged from to 0.546 eV to 0.442 eV. The produced glass samples can be employed as photovoltaic solar cells since the addition of cobalt and La3+ ions increases the refractive index values and creates a high optically dense material. Empirical relations are employed to determine the values of several optical characteristics, including molar reflectivity, transmission coefficient, refractive index, and electronic and molar polarizabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, for the first time the machine learning (ML) based refractive index (n) approach is established depends on the density (ρ) parameter of glasses for a dataset of 2000 oxide glasses to predict refractive index of B2O3-CaO-Li2O-Sb2O3 glasses. Density of the investigated glasses varied from 2.56 to 2.97 gm/cm3. The corresponding refractive index was changed from 2.540 to 2.405. The refractive index prediction based on density parameter derived from the density of glasses and constant 'K'. For all M-L techniques including gradient descent (GD), artificial neural network (ANN), and random forest regression (RFR), the density factor is used as an independent variable and the experimental refractive index as a dependent variable. The data set of 10,000 oxide glass samples was employed to forecast density using a variety of machine learning approaches. In comparison to other models, the Random forest regression (RFR) model fitted the glass data with the highest R2 value of 0.949 for refractive index prediction and 0.925 for density prediction. For both the prediction of density and refractive index, the R2 is controlled to 0.932 and 0.9223, respectively. The highest R2 values for refractive index and density prediction were gained when the tanh activation function was used in an artificial neural network (ANN) with varied activation functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Borosilicate glass doped with lead oxide (75-x)B2O3-5SiO2-10 Li2CO3-10ZnO-xPbO, where x = 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 mol%, was created using the melt quenching technique. As the PbO level rises from 5 to 25%, the samples’ density grows from 2.6584 to 4.1435 g/cm3, while their molar volume values decline from 29.4981 to 26.339 cm3. UV–visible measurements revealed a reduction in the optical energy gap, an improvement in optical absorption, and an optical redshift toward higher wavelengths. While the direct optical band gap (EOBG) ranged between 5.32 and 3.01 eV, the corresponding indirect optical band gap (EOBG) fell from 4.82 to 3.13 eV. There was an increase in the Urbach energy (EU) from 0.257 for P-5 to 0.293 eV for P-25. Plotting the dielectric constant (ε1, ε2), extinction coefficient (k), and refractive index (n) as a function of wavelength reveals that they all rise as the PbO content in the glass structure increases. The current research also focuses on examining how PbO affects the glass system’s ability to protect from gamma rays using the computer programs Phy-X/PSD and XCOM. At gamma ray energy of 0.5 MeV, the recorded data showed an enhancement in the linear attenuation coefficient of the manufactured composites from 0.2338 to 0.4143 cm−1. Furthermore, the half-value thickness values of the produced composites decrease from 2.965 to 1.673 cm, respectively, due to the additional PbO content of (5–25) mol%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a melt quenching procedure, bario-borate sodium glasses with varying concentrations of manganese ions (60B2O3-20NaF-(20-x)BaO-XMnO, where X = 0 (Mn-0.0) − 0.5 (Mn-0.5%mol%) were created. The impact of manganese ions on the structural, physical, radiation shielding, and dielectric properties of the Mn-X samples was examined. X-ray diffraction measurements confirmed that Mn-X samples were in an amorphous state. The measured density (ρ) slightly decreased upon the addition of MnO. In the low-frequency interval, the dielectric constant (ε′) declined significantly as the frequency increased. As the MnO content rose to 0.2 mol%, the ε′ value was clearly decreased, but, at higher concentrations, it increased. The glass specimen that had been modified by 0.2 MnO had the lowest dielectric constant, making it a suitable option for packing materials. The tan δ of the examined glasses displayed relaxation peaks. The ability of the prepared glasses as γ-ray shields was investigated using Phy-X/PSD software. The linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) of the proposed Mn-X glasses followed the order: Mn-0.0LAC > Mn-0.1LAC > Mn-0.2LAC > Mn-0.3LAC > Mn-0.4LAC > Mn-0.5LAC. The observed LAC trend can be explained by the glasses being less dense as the MnO component rises. The half-value layer (HVL) followed the trend: Mn-0.0HVL < Mn-0.1HVL < Mn-0.2HVL < Mn-0.3HVL < Mn-0.4HVL < Mn-0.5HVL. The tenth-value layer (TVL) has the same trend as the HVL. The effective atomic number (Zeff) and effective electron density (Neff) for all the proposed Mn-X glasses have the same trend. The Mn-0.0 glasses are located at the mid-point or at a suitable point among the commercial concrete materials as γ-ray shields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the role of TiO2 on the physica, and optical properties as well as the γ-ray protection features of a set of six glass samples with the chemical formula (65-X)B2O3–15BaO–5Bi2O3–15ZnO–XTiO2, where X = 0–10 mol% in the step of 2% have been investigated. The density (ρ) increased gradually from 3.70 to 3.93 g/cm3 and the molar volume (Vm) reduced from 27.71 to 26.72 cm3/mol as the TiO2 content increased from 0 to 10 mol%. By the inclusion of TiO2 in the glass networks, some absorption bands in the ultraviolet and visible regions are formed. Values of the indirect optical band gaps (Eg) were 2.550, 2.510, 2.470, 2.370, 2.270, and 2.180 eV for Ti-0.0, Ti-2.0, Ti-4.0, Ti-6.0, Ti-8.0, and Ti-10.0 glasses, respectively. The linear refractive index (n0) calculated values varied from 2.515 to 2.631. The linear-attenuation coefficient ( μ) followed the order: Ti-0.0 < Ti-2.0 < Ti-4.0 < Ti-6.0 < Ti-8.0 < Ti-10.0. The sample coded as Ti-10.0 glass sample (highest content of TiO2) has the lowest half (HVL) and tenth (TVL) value layer. Within the investigated energy range of within the range: 51.590–19.480, 50.676–19.722, 50.696–19.833, 50.271–20.012, 49.860–20.193, and 49.460–20.376 for the prepared samples Ti-0.0, Ti-2.0, Ti-4.0, Ti-6.0, Ti-8.0, and Ti-10.0 glasses, respectively. Results confirmed that the suggested titanium bismo-borate glasses can be used in the optical field and as alternative materials for radiation shielding applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The melt-quenching method was used to manufacture newly synthesized glasses with a nominal composition of 60B2O3 – 20CaO – 15ZnO – 5Li2O – xEu2O3: 0 (Eu-0.0) ≤ x ≤ 0.5 (Eu-0.5) mol%. The structural, physical, FTIR, UV–visible spectra, and mechanical properties of the synthesized Eu-x glasses are examined. XRD results verified the amorphous condition of proposed glasses. The density (ρ) of the prepared glasses increased from 3.231 to 3.338 g cm−3, but in contrast, the molar volume (VM) decreased from 20.643 to 20.506 cm3 mol−1 with increasing Eu3+ ions. FTIR spectroscopy illustrated absorbance peaks appear around 393 and 464 nm, which indicates the presence of electronic states in the wide band gap of glass matrix. These peaks are attributed to the 5L6 and 5D2 electronic states of Eu3+ ions. UV–visible measurements showed an improvement in optical absorbance and a decrease in optical energy gap. The Eu3+ ions mol% doping into the proposed glasses results in generating photoluminescence glasses, which is attributed to the 5D0 → 7F1, 5D0 → 7F2, 5D0 → 7F3, and 5D0 → 7F4 electronic transitions of Eu3+ ions. Thus, the emission spectra due to the 393 nm excitation results in the appearance of emission peaks at 593 (orange), 617 (strong red), 653 (red), and 698 (red) nm. The Poisson's ratio (σ) of Eu-x glasses is decreased from 0.3927 to 0.3903 as the molar fraction of Eu3+ ions is increased from 0.0 to 0.5 mol%. The thermodynamic properties of the glassy network are hidden in the Gibbs free energy (G) which started at 33.56 and ended at 33.72 kJ.cm−3 at low and high Eu3+ ions content mol%. Furthermore, all elastic moduli increased linearly with molar increment of Eu3+ ions in the molecular structure of the proposed glassy network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present article, samples of erbium (Er)-doped bismo-borate glasses have been fabricated with general chemical compositions: 70B2O3–10CaO–10Li2O−(10-x)Bi2O3− xEr2O3: 0 (Er-0.0) ≤ x ≤ 1 (Er-1.0) mol% using the conventional melt-quench process. The impact of Er3+ ions on the structure and optical (linear and nonlinear) characteristics of Er-0.0/Er-1.0 glass blocks have been investigated. XRD measurements showed the lack in crystallinity of the prepared samples. In the range of UV-Vis measurements, there are absorption bands attributed to the electronic transitions (4f−4f) of Er3+ ions. The absorption bands seen at wavelengths of approximately 366, 379, 409, 452, 490, 523, 545, 653, 797, and 978 nm are associated with electronic transitions from the ground state, 4I15/2, to several excited states, namely 4G9/2, 2G11/2, 2H9/2, 4F5/2, 4F7/2, 2H11/2, 4S3/2, 4F9/2, 4I9/2, and 4I11/2, respectively. The optical band gap (Eg) values ranged from 2.61 to 3.11 eV for Er0.0 to Er1.0 glass samples, respectively. Values of linear refractive index (n0) ranged from 2.498 to 2.374. Values of the nonlinear refractive index varied from 7.76 to 4.99, while the third order non-linear optical susceptibility (χ(3)) values ranged from 5.14 to 3.14 for Er0.0 to Er1.0 glasses, respectively. Therefore, the suggested glasses can be used in several optical applications such as opto-electronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four glasses of cadmium lead-borate glasses with nominal compositions of (75-X)B2O3–XPbO–5Na2O–10CdO–10ZnO: X = 5 (BPNCZPb-5), 10 (BPNCZPb-10), 15 (BPNCZPb-15), and 20 (BPNCZPb-20) mol% were fabricated using the well-known melt quenching route.The role of B2O3/PbO substitution on the physical properties and γ-ray shielding factors have been evaluated via MCNP simulation code and PhX software in the γ-energy range of 0.015: 15 MeV. The density (ρ) and molar volume (Vm) of the examined glasses grows systematically from 4.82 to 5.664 g/cm3 and from 18.88 to 22.02 cm3/mol as the PbO content increases from 5 to 20 mol% in the glass network. The oxygen molar volume (OMV) increased following the observation of an opposing the oxygen packing density (OPD) trend. The obtained values of simulated linear-absorption coefficient (µ) were in decent agreement with the values calculated by PhX software with a maximum relative differences, φ = of 4.497%. The simulated µ values drop from 127.981 to 0.130 cm−1 for BPNCZPb-5, from 189.241 to 0.158 cm−1 for BPNCZPb-10, from 243.308 to 0.180 cm−1 for BPNCZPb-15, and from 299.755 to 0.206 cm−1 for BPNCZPb-20 at photon energy range from 0.015: 15 MeV. At 0.5, 5, and 10 MeV, the µ of the BPNCZPb-X glasses have higher values than those of concretes. The BPNCZPb-20 glass sample possessed the lowest half- (HVL) and tenth- (TVL) value layers. The radiation protection efficiency (RPE) values reduced from ≈ 100.000% at 0.015 for all BPNCZPb-X glass samples to 6.305% (BPNCZPb-5), 7.587% (BPNCZPb-10), 8.626% (BPNCZPb-15), and 9.777% (BPNCZPb-20), respectively at gamma-ray energy 15 MeV. Results confirm that the suggested samples can be applied as alternative materials for radiation safety applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of nickel-oxide (NiO) addition on the structural, optical, physical properties, and dielectric spectroscopy of lead-borated glass blocks of the chemical form: (70-x)B2O3-25Na2O-5PbO-xNiO: x = 0 (Ni-0.0)-2.5 (Ni-2.5) molar percentage was tested experimentally using various methods. X-ray diffraction measurements confirmed the amorphous character of prepared Ni-glasses. Density increased gradually from 2.5981 to 2.7568 g cm−3, whereas molar-volume declined from 29.0131 to 28.0202 cm3 mol−1 as Ni2+ ions-contenting samples improved from 0.0 to 2.5 mol% in glasses network. In the absorption UV-region, optical-gap energy changed between 2.94 and 2.48 eV. In absorption within Vis-region, the intensity of the absorbed band enhanced gradually with red-shift in their positions as Ni2+ ions content increased. In the absorption NIR-region, an increase in the IR absorption bands was observed and confirmed the enhanced heat-absorption capacity of the investigated glasses as their NiO content increased. Dielectric spectroscopy at frequencies ranging from 50 Hz to 5 MHz of (70-x)B2O3-25Na2O-5PbO-xNiO: x = 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 mol% glasses are carried out to determine the impact of nickel doping on dielectric spectroscopy items. Nickel doping gradually increased the dielectric constant. At high frequencies, the transport rate among nearby conductive sites is increased while the shifting length of the charges is greatly reduced which leads to higher conductivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present report, glass samples with high density were prepared as 10BaO-75B2O3-15PbO-xFe2O3, where x varied from 0.0 to 0.5 with 0.1 mol% increments via the conventional quenched-melted process. The linear and nonlinear opto-physical properties and the associated gamma-ray attenuation parameters have been examined. Density slightly increased from ρ = 5.09154 g/cm3 to ρ = 5.092731 g/cm3. Tauc’s indirect optical gap (Eoptical) values changed between 2.82 and 2.36 eV. The values of the linear index of refraction (nlinear) varied between 2.43 ± 0.05 for Fe-0.0 glass sample and 2.57 ± 0.05 for Fe-0.5 glass sample. Metallization-based criterion (i.e., M) parameter was found to decrease from 0.381 to 0.344 as the contents of Fe2O3 were increased from 0.1 to 0.5 mol%. Values of the nonlinear refractive index (n2) varied from 5.72 × 10–11 to 9.93 × 10–11, whereas values of nonlinear susceptibility (χ(3)) varied from 4.05 × 10–12 esu to 6.77 × 10–12 esu. Applying the Phy-X/PSD program, values of mass- and linear-attenuation-coefficient (MAC (g/cm2) and LAC (cm−1)) remains consistent in the studied energy range (0.015 < E < 15 MeV). The Fe2O3-free glass sample was found to possess minimum energy-buildup-factors. Thus, the fabricated Fe-based glass blocks have the practical potential applications in opto-based and γ-ray radiation attenuation applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the effects of intratetrahedral and intertetrahedral distances and angles, as well as tetrahedral volume, on the radiation shielding properties of α-quartz under high-pressure conditions. The study aims to understand the structural modifications necessary to enhance α-quartz's ability to attenuate radiation in high-pressure scenarios. Seven different crystalline forms of silicon dioxide glass blocks with varying densities at different applied pressures are synthesized and analyzed. The linear mass attenuation coefficients (LAC) for different crystal forms are calculated within the energy range of 0.015 to 15.0 MeV. The results demonstrate a clear dependence of LAC values on incident photon energies and external pressure exemplified at E = 500 keV they read as follows: (LAC (cm−1), P (GPa)): (0.001, 0.193), (2.0, 0.203), (5.1, 0.223), (8., 0.235), (9.5, 0.240), (12.5, 0.250), (15.3, 0.235). Higher-density structures exhibit better LAC values, while lower-density structures have lower LAC values. Changes in crystal density and unit cell parameters under pressure affect the LAC values, with a maximum value observed at a pressure of 12.5 GPa. The study also explores the dependence of LAC values on intratetrahedral and intertetrahedral distances (e.g. 1.610 Å < dSi-O < 1.627 Å, 2.613 Å < dO-O < 2.501 Å) and angles (109.1° < θ < 104.4°), revealing how variations in these parameters can tune the radiation absorption properties of α-quartz. The findings align with previous research studies and provide insights into the structural modifications necessary for enhanced radiation shielding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Six specimens of iron (II)-doped borate glasses with the following chemical formula: 75B2O3–15PbO–10BaO3–xFe2O3: x = 0.0–0.5 mol% with an incremental step of 0.1 were produced using the traditional melt quench method. The effects of iron ion doping on mechanical, dielectric properties, and radiation protection effectiveness (RPE) of the prepared samples were investigated. The oxygen-packing density (OPD) and molar volume (OMV) increased as iron (II) content increased in the glasses network. Therefore, the created non-bridging oxygen (NBO) increased. Elastic parameters of the investigated samples enhanced as a function of Fe2O3 content. As the molar percentage of Fe2O3 increased from 0 to 5.0 mol%, Poisson's glasses ratio fluctuates between 0.365 and 0.3700. As the energy of the incoming photon increases, the RPE tends to fall below 100% in low-energy regions. The sample with the code Fe2O3-0.5 exhibits the smallest value (R = 0.156498 cm−1) and the largest molar fraction (Fe2O3 = 0.5 mol%), as well as the maximum molar volume and Vickers hardness. Dielectric spectroscopy of manufactured glasses is investigated at various frequencies ranging from 50 Hz to 5 MHz at room temperature to explore chemical alterations caused by iron doping on dielectric spectroscopy components like the dielectric constant ( ε ′ ) and tangent loss (tan δ). Results showed that the dielectric constant drastically declines with a rise in the frequency domains up to 700 Hz for all glasses doped with varying amounts of iron and appears almost constant at higher frequencies for all glasses. The inclusion of iron increased the amount of (NBO) elements in the inside molecular framework of glass, which significantly increased the dielectric constant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The attenuation of γ-rays in α-quartz homeotypes is influenced by various factors, including unit cell parameters, intertetrahedral bridging angle, and chemical composition. This study aims to investigate the correlation between these crystal parameters and the attenuation properties of γ-rays in α-quartz homeotypes. Thirteen different crystalline forms of α-quartz homeotypes with varying densities were chosen and analyzed for their shielding properties. Their mass attenuation coefficients (MAC) and linear attenuation coefficients (LAC) were calculated for a range of photons energies using XCOM online software. The results revealed distinct dependencies of MAC and LAC values on incident photon energies and α-quartz homeotypes. They follows the following sequential order in the low and high energy domains:MACGaAsO4 < MACGaO4 > MACBAsO4 > MACAlAsO4 > MACGaPO4 > MACAl0.33Ga0.67PO4 > MACFePO4 > MACPON > MACSi0.56P0.44O1.56N0.44 > MACAlPO4 > MACSiO2 > MACBPO4 > MACBeF2. The GaAsO4 homeotype exhibited the highest MAC values at low incoming photon energies, while the BeF2 compound displayed the least MAC values. The LAC values also demonstrated variations among the homeotypes, with GeO2 (with a = 4.9845 Å, c = 5.6477 Å, ρ = 4.2700 g/cm3, APF = 0.408) exhibiting the highest values. The influence of the intertetrahedral bridging angle and tilt angle on LAC values was investigated, indicating that an increase in the intertetrahedral bridging angle (or a decrease in the tilt angle) led to a decrease in LAC. This study provides valuable insights into the structural-radiation absorption properties of α-quartz homeotypes and their potential applications in radiation shielding, paving the way for the development of novel materials with optimized radiation shielding efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper-doped borate zinc sodium fluoride glasses with the chemical formula 70B2O3-10ZnO-(20 − x)NaF-xCuO: x = 0.0 (BZNC0.0)−1.0 (BZNC1.0) mol.% were fabricated via the rapid cooling technique. Physical and linear optical characteristics and photon, electron, proton, and alpha particle attenuation capacities were explored. The glass densities (i.e., ρ) were improved from 2.932 g/cm3 to 2.975 g/cm3 and the molar volume (Vm) decreased from 22.261 cm3/mol to 22.062 cm3/mol for BZNC0.0 to BZNC1.0 glasses. The direct ( E OBG Direct ) and indirect ( E OBG Indirect ) optical band gap decreased with increasing Cu2+ ions in the glassy networks. The direct optical band gap ( E OBG Direct ) decreased from 3.85 eV to 3.28 eV, whereas the indirect optical band gap ( E OBG Indirect ) varied between 3.29 eV and 3.02 eV. The Urbach energy (EU) was enhanced from 0.084 eV to 0.131 eV. The extinction coefficient (k), refractive index (n), surface energy loss function (SELF), and volume energy loss function (VELF) were improved as the molar ratio of Cu2+ increased in the glass structural backbone. The mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) and linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) were enhanced as Cu2+ ions increased. The results of the induced effective atomic number (Zeff) of various interactions confirmed that (Zeff)photon > (Zeff)beta > (Zeff)proton > (Zeff)alpha. Thus, the proposed glasses may be utilized in several opto-radiation shield applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the synthesis, physical, vibrational, optical, and dielectric characteristics of bismuth-borate barium glasses doped with chromium, with the aim of exploring their potential for use in optical applications. The chemical formula of the proposed glasses was (70-x)B2O3 − 10Bi2O3 − 20BaO − xCrO3: x = 0 (BBBCr0.0) − 0.5 (BBBCr0.5) mol%. The structure nature was examined. The physical features, FTIR spectroscopy, and linear/nonlinear optical properties have been investigated. Based on the XRD measurements, the prepared glasses were amorphous in nature. The density (ρ) of the glasses slightly decreased, while the molar volume (Vm) increased with increasing CrO3 content in the glass network. The percentage fraction of BO4 (N4) gradually increased at the expense of the percentage fraction of BO3 (N3) as the chromium content increased up to 0.2 mol%. However, for concentrations of chromium over 0.2 mol%, a reverse transformation from BO4 to BO3 was detected. The optical energy bands (Eg) changed from 3.07 to 1.41 eV, whereas the linear refractive index (n0) changed from 2.38 to 2.98 for BBBCr-glasses. The metallization criterion (M) values ranged from 0.392 to 0.265, indicating that the glasses have a wide range of potential for use in various optical applications. In addition, the nonlinear refractive index (n2) values ranged from 3.26 × 10−11 to 26.35 × 10−11 (esu), while the χ(3) values varied from 5.16 × 10−12 to 33.34 × 10−12 (esu) for the BBBCr-glasses with chromium concentrations ranging from 0.0 to 0.5 mol%. The real part of permittivity has the same value with chromium doping up to 0.2 mol% and then it is highly increased for concentrations greater than 0.2 mol%. The findings of this study highlight the potential of bismuth-borate barium glasses doped with chromium as a highly versatile and adaptable material for use in a range of optical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of copper ions on the structural, mechanical, shielding and dielectric features of borate zinc-fluoride glasses was investigated. The elastic moduli of the proposed glasses increased linearly as a function of CuO mol.% content in the glassy network. Young's modulus increased from 34.390 GPa to 35.093 GPa at low and high CuO mol.%. In terms of the electron stopping power (ESP), the addition of CuO into the glass matrix had no significant influence on the ESP. In all scattering regions, it was found that the Vickers hardness (Hv) and radiation protection effectiveness values increased linearly as a function of the CuO mol.% concentration. The real component of the permittivity (ε′) of all investigated glasses loaded with varying concentrations of CuO mol.% decreased dramatically with increasing frequency during the low-frequency interval. The ε′ value decreased slightly with increasing CuO content up to 0.4 mol.% and then increased with a further increase in concentration. The recorded loss tangent (tan δ) for all the examined glasses had two relaxation peaks at 800 Hz and 100 kHz; however, copper doping increased their intensity and shifted them to a lower frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the role of insertion cobalt(II) on the physical properties, dielectric spectroscopy, and photon attenuation parameters of the prepared glasses 25NaF-10ZnO-(65-x)B2O3-xCoO-0.6Y2O3: x = 0.0 (Co-0.0) ≤ x ≤ 0.5 (Co-0.5) mol% has been investigated. The amorphous state of samples verified via the XRD measurements. The density (ρ) ∈ [2.9824, 3.0058 g.cm−3]. The molar volume (Vm) ∈ [21.868, 21.715 cm3.mol−1] as an increase of CoO from 0.0 to 0.5 mol% in the glass network. Dielectric spectroscopy of borate glass loaded with varying cobalt content was investigated throughout frequency range from 50 to 5 MHz. The recorded dielectric constant at 3 kHz was enhanced from 14.4 to 17.8 by cobalt doping. The dependency of tangent loss (tan δ) for all investigated glasses on frequency is normal behavior with dielectric relaxation which is enhanced and shifted by cobalt doping. At the photon energy (E = 0.015 MeV), the mass-attenuation-coefficient (MAC) values were 10.192, 10.246, 10.300, 10.354, and 10.408 cm2/g for the samples Co-0.0, Co-0.1, Co-0.2, Co-0.30, Co-0.4, and Co-0.5, respectively. These MAC values are corresponding to as increment of 0.216 cm2/g between the low and high CoO contents presented in the glass samples. Values of half value layer (HVL) of all proposed specimens were more significant than that of RS-360 and RS-520 commercial glasses. Results confirmed that the suggested glasses are suitable for radiation attenuation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]