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The origin of major volatiles nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and sulfur in planets is critical for understanding planetary accretion, differentiation, and habitability. However, the detailed process for the origin of Earth's major volatiles remains unresolved. Nitrogen shows large isotopic fractionations among geochemical and cosmochemical reservoirs, which could be used to place tight constraints on Earth's volatile accretion process. Here we experimentally determine N-partitioning and -isotopic fractionation between planetary cores and silicate mantles. We show that the core/mantle N-isotopic fractionation factors, ranging from −4‰ to +10‰, are strongly controlled by oxygen fugacity, and the core/mantle N-partitioning is a multi-function of oxygen fugacity, temperature, pressure, and compositions of the core and mantle. After applying N-partitioning and -isotopic fractionation in a planetary accretion and core–mantle differentiation model, we find that the N-budget and -isotopic composition of Earth's crust plus atmosphere, silicate mantle, and the mantle source of oceanic island basalts are best explained by Earth's early accretion of enstatite chondrite-like impactors, followed by accretion of increasingly oxidized impactors and minimal CI chondrite-like materials before and during the Moon-forming giant impact. Such a heterogeneous accretion process can also explain the carbon–hydrogen–sulfur budget in the bulk silicate Earth. The Earth may thus have acquired its major volatile inventory heterogeneously during the main accretion phase. How and when Earth acquired its major volatiles N-C-H-S remains unclear. Here the authors show that Earth may have acquired its major volatiles from both reduced and oxidized impactors before and during the Moon-forming giant impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In polymer solar cells (PSCs), twisted polymer donors usually have low photovoltaic efficiencies due to their poor photoactive layer morphologies. Herein, we successfully improved twisted polymer (PBDT-3T) photovoltaic efficiency by employing C=O groups (PBDT-3TCO) to enhance intermolecular interactions. The maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of PBDT-3T is only 1.05%, while the PCE of PBDT-3TCO reaches 11.77% in non-fullerene (NF) PSCs. Both polymers-based PSCs show very similar open-circuit voltages but remarkable differences in their short-circuit currents and fill factors. The single crystals of both functionalized terthiophenes with methyl substituents demonstrate that the terthiophene with C=O units changes molecular pattern by forming intra/inter molecular S⋯O and O⋯H interactions but its molecular planarity does not significantly improve. Our comparative studies show that PBDT-3TCO with C=O units possesses a strong aggregation property and optimal photoactive layer morphology in NF PSCs. This study provides important insight into the design of high-performance twisted polymer donors for NF PSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heronian mean (HM) is a useful aggregation operator which can deal with the interrelations of the aggregated arguments, and the neutrosophic uncertain linguistic set is a good tool to express the incomplete, indeterminate, and inconsistent information. In this paper, we combine the HM and the neutrosophic uncertain linguistic set and propose some HM operators based on neutrosophic uncertain linguistic numbers. Firstly, we introduce some definition and properties of uncertain linguistic numbers, the single-valued neutrosophic set, and some HM operators including the generalized weighted Heronian mean operator, the improved generalized weighted Heronian mean operator, and the improved generalized geometric weighted Heronian mean operator. Then, we propose the single-valued neutrosophic uncertain linguistic set by combining the uncertain linguistic numbers and the single-valued neutrosophic set. Further, the neutrosophic uncertain linguistic number improved generalized weighted Heronian mean operator and the neutrosophic uncertain linguistic number improved generalized geometric weighted Heronian mean operator are developed, and the properties of them are analyzed. Furthermore, we develop the decision making methods for multi-attribute group decision making problems with neutrosophic uncertain linguistic information and give the detailed decision steps. At last, an illustrate example is given to show the process and the effectiveness of the decision-making method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Neutrosophic set and Hesitant set are the important and effective tools to describe the uncertain information. In this paper, we combine the interval neutrosophic sets and interval-valued hesitant fuzzy sets, and propose the concept of the interval neutrosophic hesitant fuzzy set (INHFS) in order to use the advantages of them. Then, we present the operations and comparison method of INHFS, and develop some new aggregation operators for the interval neutrosophic hesitant fuzzy information, including interval neutrosophic hesitant fuzzy generalized weighted operator, interval neutrosophic hesitant fuzzy generalized ordered weighted operator, and interval neutrosophic hesitant fuzzy generalized hybrid weighted operator, and discuss some properties. Furthermore, we propose the decision-making method for multiple attribute group decision making with interval neutrosophic hesitant fuzzy information, and give the detail decision steps. Finally, we give an illustrate example to show the process of decision making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]