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The current study aims to test the reciprocal model assuming that spousal rejection and relationship satisfaction are reciprocally associated over time in Pakistani married adults. For testing the reciprocal model, and three competing models (stability model, casual model, reverse model) over time, longitudinal cross-legged design is used in which self-report spousal rejection and relationship satisfaction measures have been administered on the 183 adults (n men = 78, n women = 105) across two-time points with the time lag of one year. Longitudinal path analysis provides strong support for the reciprocal model suggesting that spousal rejection at time 1 strongly predicts a decrease in relationship satisfaction at time 2 (normal causal path incorporated in the reciprocal model) whereas relationship satisfaction at time 1 predicts a decline in spousal rejection at time 2 (reverse cross-lagged path incorporated in the reciprocal model). The reciprocal model provides support for the conventional interpersonal research findings with a longitudinal dataset that spousal rejection negatively predicts relationship satisfaction over time. Further, the reciprocal model delineates that relationship satisfaction serves as a framework predicting the decrease in spousal rejection in the face of increased relationship satisfaction over time. The findings of the study provide insight to the marital/interpersonal counselors and clinicians that intervention must be focused on treating the spousal rejection and relationship satisfaction simultaneously than the conventional practices of targeting spousal rejection within the intimate relationship functioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study proposed and tested a model of organizational socialization that specified that organizational socialization might lead to more frequent organizational citizenship behaviors through knowledge sharing and role clarity in a purposive sample of new employees (with current job experience ≤6 months, N = 300) of various banks, hospitals, and universities of Sargodha, Rawalpindi, and Islamabad cities. Organizational Socialization Scale (Haueter et al., 2003), Knowledge Sharing Scale (Hsu, 2008), Role Clarity Scale (Rizzo et al., 1970), and Organizational Citizenship Behavior Scale (Lee & Allen, 2002) were used to measure the focal constructs. Path analysis revealed that besides the direct effect of organizational socialization on the OCB, knowledge sharing and role clarity serially mediated between socialization and OCB. Moreover, both knowledge sharing and role clarity had positive direct effects on OCB. Implications of the research and recommendations for further research have been reflected upon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a fundamental value in the Islamic belief system, tawakkul is defined as the belief in the sufficiency of God that involves positive efforts to achieve one's goals while accepting the outcomes unconditionally. The present research intended to develop a psychometrically sound measure of tawakkul and it comprised two studies. In study I, an initial item pool of 60 items was developed based on the content analyses of Quranic verses with the root word 'w–k–l' and the findings of two focus group discussions with psychologists, Islamic scholars, and common Muslim adults. This item pool was reviewed by a committee of experts resulting in a 40-item initial draft of the Tawakkul Scale, which was administered on a purposive sample of (N = 300) Pakistani Muslim adults. The findings of the exploratory factor analysis revealed a four-factor structure (loadings ranged from.56 to.96) of the Tawakkul Scale that cumulatively explained 76.67% variance. The factors included belief in the sufficiency of God (11 items), unconditional acceptance of God's will (6 items), efforts (4 items), and annihilation of one's own will (3 items). All factors were moderately related to each other with good values of Cronbach's alpha (α ≥.83). Study II replicated the factorial structure of the Tawakkul Scale through confirmatory factor analysis and established its construct validity in an independent sample of (N = 350) Pakistani Muslim adults. Tawakkul had a positive relationship with secure attachment to God and a negative relationship with insecure attachment to God that affirmed its construct validity. Overall, the findings indicated that the Tawakkul Scale is a psychometrically sound measure that needs to be further studied in Muslim populations across the globe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Treating the elder people in an inhumane way is termed as elder abuse. Caregiver Abuse Screen (CASE) is a measure of elder abuse that needed to be translated in the Urdu language for its validation for the Pakistani population owing to its brevity and sound psychometric properties. For Urdu translation, the standard back-translation procedure was adopted. In a purposive dyadic sample of primary caregivers (N = 500; men = 128 and women = 372) of older adults (men = 263 and women = 237) from Lahore and Sargodha districts, the CFA of Urdu Caregiver Abuse Screen (UCASE) revealed a single factor solution with 8 indicators, which demonstrated configural, metric, and scalar invariance as well as comparable latent mean scores across both genders. The caregivers' UCASE score had a significant positive relationship with depression and a non-significant relationship with the accommodation scores of the older adults, which provided evidence for the convergent and discriminant validities, respectively. Evidence of the concurrent validity was established as the caregivers who acknowledged to be abusive/neglectful scored significantly higher on UCASE as compared to the caregivers who reported not to be abusive/neglectful. Furthermore, the caregivers of the ill older adults scored significantly higher on UCASE as compared to the caregivers of healthy older adults. These pieces of evidence suggest that the UCASE is a reliable and valid screening tool for the caregiver abuse for both men and women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study assumed that perceived ex-partner rejection is likely to associate with increased symptoms of psychological distress among remarried women who had been previously divorced. Additionally, emotional intelligence may act as moderator between ex-partner rejection and psychological distress, and length of time between divorce and remarriage may play a role in the amount of psychological distress, a woman experiences. In this regard, 99 remarried women, who have been previously divorced, were recruited using purposive sampling technique. Separate hierarchical regressions revealed that perceived ex-spousal rejection significantly and positively predicted psychological distress, however, EI did not moderate between ex-partner rejection and psychological distress. Results further demonstrated no significant difference in level of psychological distress between group of women who remarried within 2 years of divorce, and those who remarried after 2 years of divorce. Implications for relationship researchers and mental health professionals are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]