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Objective/Background: The Consensus Sleep Diary (CSD) is widely used to assess subjective sleep. Psychometric evaluations and focus-groups support its validity and clinical usefulness, but further research into its validity is needed. The aim of the study was to evaluate a Swedish translation of the CSD regarding test content and response processes in patients with insomnia. Patients/Methods: In connection with translating the CSD into Swedish, we used cognitive interviewing to evaluate test content and the response process, that is, how people make decisions when responding to survey items. Cognitive interviews were conducted with 13 primary health care patients with insomnia disorder (mean age, 49 years; SD 15.5). Iterative, reparative analysis was used to investigate test content. Descriptive deductive analysis was used to investigate interview transcripts for the themes of the cognitive model: comprehension, retrieval, decision process, and judgement. Together, the themes explain the response process when responding to a patient-reported outcome measure. Results: The overall comprehension of the CSD could be affected by poor adherence to the instructions (comprehension). Patients had difficulty with recall if they did not complete the diary immediately in the morning and just before bedtime (retrieval). They could have problems deciding how to respond to certain items because they imbued sleep-related concepts with extra meaning (decision process), and had trouble finding response alternatives nuanced enough to describe their experience of sleep and tiredness (judgement). Conclusions: This study contributes knowledge on how the instrument is perceived and used by care-seeking patients with insomnia. In this context, the CSD exhibits known flaws such as memory lapses if the diary is not filled in directly in the morning. To increase the accuracy of patients' responses, therapists should support patients in reading the instructions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sleep disturbances are quite common in infancy and have negative consequences for both child and parents. While the use of strategies to settle infants to sleep and their relationship to infantile sleep problems has already been proven, modern strategies such as apps have not yet been investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate the use of electronic devices, apps, and other strategies to settle infants to sleep in two different groups: parents of infants with sleep problems and parents of infants without sleep problems. Methods: The study included 182 parents of infants aged 12 to 18 months, whereby 91 of the children suffered from sleep problems (SP) and 91 were healthy sleepers and had no sleep problem (NoSP). They filled in various questionnaires regarding infant sleep problems (Infant Sleep Questionnaire, ISQ), and strategies they use to settle their infant to sleep at bedtime and at night were assessed by the revised version of the Parental Interactive Bedtime Behavior Scale (PIBBS-R). Furthermore, sleep help-seeking behavior was evaluated. Results: Parents of children with SP used more active physical comforting, whereas parents of NoSP children encouraged the child's autonomy. Social comforting at bedtime was the most used strategy, followed by using sounds at bedtime and at night. Parents of SP infants used fewer apps at bedtime than parents with NoSP infants. The groups did not differ regarding sleep-related digital or printed media advices. However, parents of SP children used more institutional support. Conclusion: These results highlight the importance of parental sleep-related behavior. For prevention and early intervention, parents should be trained regarding sleep-related supportive behavior without suppressing the child's autonomy-related development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]