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Perovskite solar cells with an inverted architecture provide a key pathway for commercializing this emerging photovoltaic technology because of the better power conversion efficiency and operational stability compared with the normal device structure. Specifically, power conversion efficiencies of the inverted perovskite solar cells have exceeded 25% owing to the development of improved self-assembled molecules1–5 and passivation strategies6–8. However, poor wettability and agglomeration of self-assembled molecules9–12 cause interfacial losses, impeding further improvement in the power conversion efficiency and stability. Here we report a molecular hybrid at the buried interface in inverted perovskite solar cells that co-assembled the popular self-assembled molecule [4-(3,6-dimethyl-9H-carbazol-9-yl)butyl]phosphonic acid (Me-4PACz) with the multiple aromatic carboxylic acid 4,4′,4″-nitrilotribenzoic acid (NA) to improve the heterojunction interface. The molecular hybrid of Me-4PACz with NA could substantially improve the interfacial characteristics. The resulting inverted perovskite solar cells demonstrated a record certified steady-state efficiency of 26.54%. Crucially, this strategy aligns seamlessly with large-scale manufacturing, achieving one of the highest certified power conversion efficiencies for inverted mini-modules at 22.74% (aperture area 11.1 cm2). Our device also maintained 96.1% of its initial power conversion efficiency after more than 2,400 h of 1-sun operation in ambient air.High efficiency in perovskite solar cells is achieved by using a molecular hybrid of a self-assembled monolayer with nitrilotribenzoic acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aims to explore the real-time navigation with guide template using an augmented reality head-mounted device (ARHMD) for pedicle screw placement. Methods: The spatial coordinate relationships between augmented reality images and real objects were established through the custom-made guide template, and the registration and tracking were completed using an ARHMD. The feasibility and accuracy of this method were verified by pedicle screw placement in 2 lumbar models. According to the Gertzbein–Robbins grading scale, the accuracy of pedicle screw placement was assessed. The navigation errors were estimated by measuring the deviation values of entry point and trajectory angle. Results: A total of 20 pedicle K-wires were placed into L1–L5 in 2 lumbar models, which were successfully completed, with an average time of 11.5 min per model and 69 s per screw. The overall K-wires placement accuracy was 100% (20 screws). The navigation error was 2.77 ± 0.82 mm for the deviation value of entry point, and 3.03° ± 0.94° for the deviation value of trajectory angle. Conclusions: The application of an ARHMD combined with guide template for pedicle screw placement is a promising navigation approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at the problem that the trajectory tracking error of flexible lower limb exoskeleton robot is too large under the condition of external disturbance and parameters uncertainty, a composite position control method based on second-order sliding mode control was proposed. Firstly, the flexible lower limb exoskeleton robot is modeled by Lagrange function. Secondly, considering that the system is affected not only by matched disturbance but also by unmatched disturbance, two finite time state observers are used to observe and compensate the two disturbances in real time. The super-twisting method is employed in the position control section to ensure that the trajectory tracking error of the knee joint converges to zero in finite time. Finally, the Lyapunov function proves the stability of the suggested control technique. The experimental findings reveal that the suggested control approach has a better trajectory tracking effect and resilience than classic PD control and sliding mode control, indicating its superiority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) demonstrated normal left ventricular function (ejection fraction: 68%), a quadricuspid aortic valve with mild to moderate regurgitation (Fig. It is often associated with aortic valve regurgitation, whereas aortic valve stenosis and proximal aortic dilatation are unusual [[5]]. [Extracted from the article]

In this study, the subpopulations of coelomocytes of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus were identified with differential-interference microscope and flow cytometry (FCM). The immunostimulatory potential of crude lentinan (cLNT) from shiitake mushrooms ( Lentinus edodes) on A. japonicus was then investigated both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, the coelomocytes of A. japonicus were incubated with different concentrations of cLNT (0, 2.5, 7.5, 22.5 mg/L) for 1 h, and immuno assays were performed. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that phagocytic activity and viability of coelomocytes increased significantly with cLNT treatment. Biochemical analysis showed a significant increase in peroxidase and alkaline phosphatase activity in coelomocytes. In vivo, the immunostimulatory effect of cLNT on coelomocytes was investigated with FCM by feeding A. japonicus with cLNT-supplemented or control diet for 24 days. The phagocytic activity of coelomocytes in cLNT treatment group was significantly increased at 4, 8 and 12 days of feeding. The viability of coelomocytes was increased after 8 days of feeding. At 4, 8, 12 and 18 days of feeding, the number of small-sized and low granularity coelomocytes was reduced, while the number of large-sized and high granularity coelomocytes was increased compared to control diet. Collectively, our in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that cLNT derived from L. edodes clearly reveals immunostimulating effects on A. japonicus by increasing the viability and phagocytic activity of coelomocytes, and these findings suggest that dietary supplementation of cLNT might further improve the commercial production of sea cucumbers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]