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The trimodality approach represented by concurrent chemoradiotherapy followed by surgical resection is a highly effective, but potentially toxic therapy for locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In this review, we discuss the current status of this therapy in patients with mediastinal node-positive (N2) stage III NSCLC or superior sulcus tumor, and present an overview of the principles for optimisation of the risk/benefit. Numerous clinical questions remain, and enrolment of patients into well-designed clinical trials should be encouraged.British Journal of Cancer (2007) 96, 1498–1503. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6603751 www.bjcancer.com Published online 1 May 2007 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]