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In this paper, we develop the extended Weibull family of distributions to a bivariate class using the Farlie–Gumbel–Morgenstern copula. This is called the bivariate Farlie–Gumbel–Morgenstern extended Weibull family, and some of its properties are investigated. Some special cases of this family and their correlation coefficient are found. Also, the maximum correlation coefficient of most special cases is investigated. We study the concomitants of generalized order statistics from this new class of Morgenstern bivariate distribution and obtain some relevant relations for single and product moments of concomitants. Some well-known information measures such as the Shannon entropy and extropy for concomitants are derived. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, our aim was to evaluate the role of lymphovascular invasion (LVI) in the prognosis of patients with early stage breast cancer. The medical records of more than 7000 patients who suffered from invasive breast cancer and had undergone surgical treatment since December 1994 till December 2019, retrospectively. Patient's history, physical examination and the clinicopathological features, histopathology characteristics, immunohistochemical findings, adjuvant systemic therapy, recurrence rate, metastasis-free survival (MFS), disease-free survival (DFS), and overall survival (OS) were reviewed. A total of 5425 eligible patients were categorized into two groups based on the presence of LVI; 3031 (55.9%) patients had no LVI (group 1) and LVI was present in 2394 (44.1%) patients (group 2), then divided into LN-positive and -negative groups. Presence of LVI was significantly associated with patient age ≤ 40 years (p = 0.048), high histological grade (grades II and III, p < 0.001), tumor size between 2–5 cm and > 5 cm (p < 0.001), number of involved LN ≥ 4 (p < 0.001), and negative ER (p = 0.042) tumors. Five-year OS, MFS, and DFS were 93%, 88.9%, and 76.1% and 85.2%, 84.7%, and 73.6 in groups 1 and 2, respectively (P < 0.001). On multivariate analysis, LVI was an independent prognostic factor for DFS in all patients. Furthermore, histological grade II, histological grade III, and a higher number of involved LNs (≥ 4) were independent predictors in all patients. Thus, the presence of LVI can be considered as an independent prognostic factor for patients with operable breast cancer, irrespective of the LN status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CAR-T cell therapy, as a novel immunotherapy approach, has indicated successful results in the treatment of hematological malignancies; however, distinct results have been achieved regarding solid tumors. Tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment has been identified as the most critical barrier in CAR-T cell therapy of solid tumors. Developing novel strategies to augment the safety and efficacy of CAR-T cells could be useful to overcome the solid tumor hurdles. Similar to other cancer treatments, CAR-T cell therapy can cause some side effects, which can disturb the healthy tissues. In the current review, we will discuss the practical breakthroughs in CAR-T cell therapy using the multi-targeted and programmable CARs instead of conventional types. These superior types of CAR-T cells have been developed to increase the function and safety of T cells in a controllable manner, which would diminish the incidence of relevant side effects. Moreover, we will describe the capability of these powerful CARs in targeting multiple tumor antigens, redirecting the CAR-T cells to specific target cells, incrementing the safety of CARs, and other advantages that lead to promising outcomes in cancer CAR-T cell therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under homeostasis states, proliferation, differentiation and function of immune cells are efficiently regulated to not only support the protection against pathogens, but also to prevent the autoimmune attack against self-tissues. It is now authenticated that immune cell activation is engaged with intense alterations in cellular metabolism. Accumulating body of data indicated that alterations in the metabolism of immune cells have a tight association with the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Aerobic glycolysis is a major element in activation and differentiation of T cells. It has been established that aerobic glycolysis plays an essential role in the various pathophysiological aspects of several autoimmune diseases. A new emerging field of the specialty "Immunometabolism" has been developed and holds promise to explore new therapeutic targets. With consideration of common profile of metabolic perturbation in autoimmune diseases, targeting of these metabolic dysregulation heralds a beginning of a new chapter in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. In this review, we set out to discuss how glycolysis pathway can affect autoreactive T-cell differentiation/functions and also describe the latest findings associated with glucose metabolism and autoimmune diseases. Finally, we introduce new therapeutic approaches that could potentially alter metabolic perturbation and correct the Th17/Treg imbalance in autoimmune diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of generalized order statistics (gos) has been introduced as a unified models of ordered random variables. In this paper, we find some properties on concomitants of gos in Morgenstern type bivariate Rayleigh distribution (MTBRD). Recurrence relations between moments of concomitants are also obtained. Some properties of joint distributions for concomitants of gos are presented. Finally, we have derived the best linear unbiased estimator based on concomitants of record values for a parameter involved in MTBRD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we introduce the Morgenstern type bivariate-generalized exponential distribution. This distribution is an extension of Morgenstern type bivariate exponential distribution (MTBED), and the marginal distributions are generalized exponential distribution. We study some properties of this bivariate distribution. Also, some distributional properties of concomitants of order statistics as well as record values for the MTBED are studied. Recurrence relations between moments of concomitants are also obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present paper Shannon's entropy for concomitants of generalized order statistics in FGM family is obtained. Application of this result is given for order statistics, record values, k-record values, and progressive type II censored order statistics. Also, we show that the Kullback-Leibler distance among the concomitants of generalized order statistics is distribution- free. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]