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The present study was performed to utilize the microalgae biomass as a potential source for fatty acids and to evaluate its bioactivity through an antioxidant assays for the microalga Nannochloropsis sp. The alga comprises maximum saturated fatty acids (52.23 ± 0.481%), followed by polyunsaturated fatty acids (25.49 ± 0.043%) and monounsaturated fatty acids (22.28 ± 0.643%), respectively. Proximate composition and the active functional group Nannochloropsis sp. were analyzed by standard biochemical methods and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis. Antioxidant potential of the methanolic extract was evaluated by total antioxidant activity, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide radical scavenging, and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays. In all these assays, activity was expressed in concentration dependent manner and maximum activity was recorded at higher concentration of 250 µg/ml. This study concludes that Nannochloropsis sp. possessed the potential antioxidant properties and fatty acid profile. So, this alga can be used as a natural antioxidant to prevent the oxidative stress and various industrial applications like aqua feed formulation, biofuel production, and biomedicine in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, the prevalence and pollution of pharmaceutical drugs in aquatic environments have been steadily increasing. This study sought to evaluate the effects of 14 days of exposure to environmental-relevant doses (ibuprofen 0.5, 5, and 50 µg/L, and carbamazepine 0.005, 1, and 10 µg/L) of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ibuprofen and carbamazepine in the freshwater fish Oreochromis mossambicus. The results showed a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in O. mossambicus superoxide dismutase, catalase, biotransformation enzymes, glutathione-s-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, oxidative stress lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyl activity, cellular damage metallothionine, reduced glutathione, immunological activities, and respiratory burst activity. Consequently, the acquired data revealed that O. mossambicus treated with ibuprofen and carbamazepine shows more significant alterations in metabolic depression, biochemical parameters, and oxidative stress. In addition, increased neurotoxic effects were observed in ibuprofen and carbamazepine treated O. mossambicus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalence of infectious diseases in the aquaculture industry and a limited number of safe and effective oral vaccines has imposed a challenge not only for fish immunity but also a threat to human health. The availability of fish oral vaccines has expanded recently, but little is known about how well they work and how they affect the immune system. The unsatisfactory efficacy of existing oral vaccinations is partly attributable to the antigen degradation in the adverse gastrointestinal environment of fishes, the highly tolerogenic gut environment, and inferior vaccine formulation. To overcome such challenges in designing: an easier, cost-efficient, and effective vaccination method, several encapsulation methods are being adopted to safeguard antigens from the intestinal atmosphere for their immunogenic functions. Oral vaccination is easily degraded by gastric acids and enzymes before reaching the immunological site; however, this issue can be solved by encapsulating antigens in poly-biodegradable nanoparticles, transgenic designed bacteria, plant systems, and live feeds. To enhance the immunological impact, each antigen delivery method operates at a different level. Utilizing nanotechnology, it has been possible to regulate vaccination parameters, target particular cells, and lower the antigen dosage with potent nanomaterials such as chitosan, poly D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) as vaccine carriers. Live feeds such as Artemia salina can be utilized as bio-carrier, owing to their appropriate size and non-filter feed system, through a process called bio-encapsulation. It ensures the protection of antigens over the fish intestine and ensures complete uptake by immune cells in the hindgut for increased immune response. This review comprises recent advances in oral vaccination in aquaculture in terms of an encapsulation approach that can aid in future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polypropylene microplastics are the leading contaminant in aquatic environments, although research on their toxicity remains scarce. The proposed research focuses on the harmful consequences of acute exposure to polypropylene microplastics in Daphnia similis. This work converts widely available polypropylene bags into microplastics using xylene. FTIR findings demonstrated the lack of xylene residue in the produced polypropylene microplastic particles, which were spherical and ranged in size from 11.86 to 44.62 µm (FE-SEM). The results indicate that acute exposure to polypropylene microplastics causes immobility in D. similis. Ingestion of microplastics enhances the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), as shown by biochemical studies. Due to the production of free radicals in D. similis, the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and a non-antioxidant enzyme of reduced glutathione (GSH) and also oxidative stress effects in lipid (lipid peroxidation — LPO), protein (carbonyl protein — CP) were increased. Additionally, the amount of the neurotransmitter enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was decreased. These findings indicate that the accumulation of polypropylene microplastics in the bodies of filter-feeding organisms should aggravate toxicity in the freshwater environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel antibacterial immunostimulant using Platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) and lectin from Metapenaeus dobsoni (Md-Lec) was developed. The Md-Lec and PtNPs (Pt-lec) hybrid formed through non-covalent interaction exhibits antimicrobial activity against fish specific pathogens by affecting membrane integrity and producing excess reactive oxygen species. The therapeutic efficacy of Pt-lec was demonstrated through rescuing Aeromonas hydrophila infected Nile Tilapia. Pt-lec prevents the infection spreading and reduces the bacterial bioburden in less than 12 h, and as a result of this the fish were restored to normalcy. To assess immunostimulation, we studied the expression of three different immune related genes, namely LEC, Myd88 and COX-2 in the gills, liver, spleen and kidney of fish under various experimental conditions. Our results showed that Pt-lec treatment appeared to be better when compared to lectin alone in enhancing the expression of Myd88 and COX-2, but LEC was not as expected. These results suggest that Pt-lec has the ability to protect Nile Tilapia against bacterial infection by restricting bacterial bioburden through their direct effects on the bacterial membrane and indirectly through their effects on host immune-related gene expression. This hybrid could have potential "green" application in fish farming in rescuing infected animals when compared to widely and unregulated antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Listeria monocytogenes have the ability to form biofilms, which aid in the contamination of food and the evasion of antimicrobials. Consumption of L. monocytogenes laden food can promote mild to severe infection in humans and cause serious health issues. Therefore, biofilm development by L. monocytogenes is considered to be a major concern for both healthcare and food safety. This study attempted to target chorismate synthase, an essential protein predicted to be involved in the biofilm pathway. Nigella sativa is renowned for its applications in folk medicine; hence, bioactive ingredients reported were used for molecular docking studies. In the absence of a three-dimensional structure of chorismate synthase from L. monocytogenes, a homology model was generated using the Modeller program. A model with the highest DOPE score was chosen and validated. The reliable model was subjected to docking studies with 30 ligands from N. sativa. From this approach, α-longipinene was unveiled as the best hit. Further in vitro studies demonstrated the antibiofilm potential of α-longipinene against L. monocytogenes. Overall, the study reveals lead molecules from N. sativa as promising antibiofilm agents against L. monocytogenes. Hence, extended investigation with lead molecules will provide sustainable strategies to prevent biofilm-mediated problems due to L. monocytogenes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two of the main challenges in medicine are the fight against antibiotic resistance and cancer, and nowadays, nanomaterials are being postulated as potential alternatives to traditional treatments. Particularly, metal oxide nanoparticles could be an attractive option to replace conventional drugs, which generally present undesirable side effects. Besides, the green synthesis of the NPs provides several advantages, including less contamination. Hence, the present study described a sustainable and simple synthesis of zinc oxide NPs using almond gum Prunus dulcis (Alg-ZnONPs) as the capping agent. The Alg-ZnONPs showed significantly efficient antibacterial and antibiofilm activities against Staphylococcus aureus and Proteus vulgaris. The MIC values of Alg-ZnONPs were 3.25 µg/ml against S. aureus and 2.12 µg/ml against P. vulgaris, which confirm their significant antibacterial activity. Furthermore, the antibiofilm activity against both bacteria was evaluated, disclosing the inhibition of the biofilm growth at 100 μg/ml. Additionally, in vitro anti-colon cancer activity of the Alg-ZnONPs was assessed on a human colon cancer cell line (HT-29), resulting in a significant reduction of the cell proliferation in 24 h, with an IC50 of 30.69 µg/ml. The present work validates a straightforward and green synthesis of ZnONPs and unravels their potential for developing new antibiofilm agents and anti-colon cancer therapeutics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, aquaculture and environment plays a noteworthy role in rewarding the massive stipulate in all industries. Environmental damage and disease domination are seen as essential issues in the region. In addition to these, nanotechnology as a fresh and imaginative instruments were extremely feasible in aquaculture and environmental applications. Next-generation biological applications of these nanomaterials might lead to an explosion in the bio industries. In order to utilizing the nanoparticles of biogenic expansion, selenium has plays major role in the biological progresses. Selenium (Se) is a multifunctional trace element. The present review analytically intends to the potential biological applications of biosynthesized selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs). Synthesis of SeNPs physical, chemical and biological methods has been used. Physical and chemical methods of SeNPs have high cost, non ecofriendly, highly time consuming. Therefore, there is a growing concern to develop eco friendly and sustainable methods for biosynthesis. Biosynthesis method has ecofriendly, low cost, nontoxic and zero contamination. Biosynthesis of selenium nanoparticles by plant extracts, bacteria, protein, biopolymers, seaweed extracts, fungi and yeasts have used for capping or stabilizing agents. Therefore this review represented original evidence for antibacterial, antifungal, antibiofilm, antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, antimosquito larvicidal and aquaculture applications of prospective biogenic SeNPs were provided in turn in this regard of literatures. Bio synthesis of SeNPs and it is used for many applications like medical, environmental and aquaculture applications. In this review study, the importance of selenium nanoparticles as a competitive element for sustainable aquaculture and environmental applications is also examined in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aquaculture-based foods have enriched nutritional and medicinal value to meet the needs of the global population. Recently, improper maintenance of aquatic organisms in aquaculture sector led to the outbreak of infectious diseases by pathogens. Treatment of disease by conventional methods (chemical) causes adverse effects to culturing organisms, the environment, and even to consumers. As an alternative to conventional methods, a variety of medicinal plant compounds like curcumin, quercetin, silymarin, Ajoene, and caffeic acid were used for disease control since they enhance the non-specific immunity. Phytotherapy-based techniques/compounds were preferred by aqua industry to develop resistance against a variety of aquatic pathogens in culture organisms since they are inexpensive and eco-friendly. Recent advances in nanotechnology pave the way to incorporate various medicinal plant-based nanoformulations to control aquatic microbial pathogens. Therefore, this review expresses in detail the versatile uses of phytotherapies and their based nanoformulation as a promising tool for disease management in aquaculture. Highlights: • Aquaculture and their food was highly nutritive, market value. During culture practices easily affected by pathogens leads to loss of social—economic value. • Using of chemicals causes adverse effects in culturing organisms, consumer producer and environment. • In this review explains about using of herbs and their consequences in aquaculture industry and their beneficial effects such as increase production rate, stress relief agent, Aphrodisiac activity, Anti- pathogenic activity and also act as immunostimulants. • Using of herbal based medicine in aquaculture industry safe to environment, farmer, consumer level. Hence to farming "ORGANIC AQUACULTURE" [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) have gained attention in biomedicine due to their broad spectrum of applications, such as targeted drug delivery, their use as antibacterial agents or in cancer treatments. In particular, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have become one of the most popular metal oxide NPs in biomedical applications. The present study describes for the first time the biogenic synthesis of rod shaped ZnO NPs using C. annuum L. var. grossum (L.) Sendt) extract as a capping agent. The purified C. annum-based zinc oxide nanorods (Ca-ZnO NRs) were characterized by different physico-chemical techniques. UV–vis spectroscopy depicted the absorbance peak at 372 nm. The size of nanorods ranges between 70 and 80 nm as revealed by FE-TEM micrographs and the mean size was 72 nm. Ca-ZnO NRs exhibited antibacterial activity in a dose-dependent manner and a greater activity was observed against S. enterica. Ca-ZnO NRs have shown antioxidant activity (91%) at 100 μg ml−1 when compared to the standard (ascorbic acid) (98%). A significant inhibition of bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein denaturation evidenced their anti-inflammatory property. Further, Ca-ZnO NRs showed hemolysis of red blood cells (RBC) (~ 3%) (up to 3 μg ml−1) which is much lesser than permissible limit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, phytochemical analysis, synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles (NG-ZnO NPs) from neem gum as a capping agent. GC–MS analysis confirms the phytochemical oxadiazol-2yl-benzothiazole-(21.5%) on the synthesized ZnO nanoparticles. Various sophisticated analytical instrumentations characterized the morphological and crystalline behaviour of NG-ZnO NPs. The analytical results confirm the spherical crystals of NG-ZnO NPs in size range of 60–80 nm size. The NG-ZnO NPs shown significantly efficient antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against P. aeruginosa at 100 µg/mL. Further, in vitro study on human liver cancer cell line (Hep G2) indicated significantly inhibited the cell proliferation at 100 µg/mL in 24 h. Also, NG-ZnO NPs have also shown potent mosquito larvicidal activity on C. quinquefasciatus at 100 µg/mL. Based on findings, it is recommended that neem gum capped ZnO NPs is potential nano biomedical agents to be used in new drug formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bio-molecule assisted synthesis of nanoparticles using protein templates and the self-assembly of the bio-molecules together with small peptides, denatured protein, and DNA is a new advancement. Specific interactions with nanoparticles ultimately dictate the size and crystallinity of the nanomaterials and the formation of nanoparticles using protein for structural integrity. Here, we are using protein-based synthesis method for preparing highly crystalline ZnONPs. Crustin(Cr)-capped ZnONPs were synthesized and confirmed by Ultraviolet-vis spectroscopy (UV–Vis), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman, X-ray diffraction (XRD), High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), and Zeta potential analysis. UV–Vis spectrum revealed the preliminary confirmation of the Cr-ZnONPs. By using XRD patterns, confirmed the crystalline structure of Cr-ZnONPs. In addition, TEM analysis revealed that the particle size measurements are within the 50 nm range. Further, Cr-ZnONPs tested against different Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria at 50 µg/mL. The great potential of the antibacterial and biofilm control ability of Cr-ZnONPs at 50 µg/mL was observed. Moreover, the control of thrush infective fungal Candida albicans cells and eco-toxicological analysis of Cr-ZnONPs showed that no increase in toxicity up to 100 µg/L was observed in Ceriodaphnia cornuta. Overall, Cr-ZnONPs can be used for potential photocatalytic, antibacterial, antifungal and antibiofilm applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lectins are hemagglutinating glycoproteins which act as pathogen recognition receptors that can bind to the pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Shrimp lectin (Md-Lec) is a lectin that is reported to have antimicrobial property. In this study, the CuS nanoparticles (CuS NPs) which were previously reported to have wide range of antimicrobial activity were conjugated with Md-Lec. Thus, their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against aquatic pathogens was reduced four times than that of their individual activity. Moreover, antibacterial and antibiofilm assay was performed with Md-Lec, pCuS NPs, and Md-Lec conjugated with pCuS NPs (Md-Lec-pCuS NPs) against Aeromonas hydrophila at 25, 50, and 100 μg/mL. The hydrophobicity index and EPS (extracellular polysaccharide) production of A. hydrophila were decreased after treating with Md-Lec-pCuS NPs. The non-specific immune parameters—lysozyme assay, peroxidase assay, and respiratory burst activity—were elevated considerably in the infected fishes that are treated with Md-Lec-pCuS NPs at their MIC. Further, immune gene (COX2, MyD88, and LEC) expression analysis at different time intervals was also done in the infected Etroplus suratensis that are treated with Md-Lec-pCuS NPs at 3.13 μM concentration. The results reveal that the immune gene expression was upregulated at the 6th hour of infection in the infected fish that are treated with Md-Lec-pCuS NPs (3.13 μM) and thus it can be used as a therapeutic agent which can act as an immunostimulant for the production of disease-free fishes in aquaculture industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is a well explored facts that need of biosynthesized nanomaterials has emerged for its several advantages in biomedical applications and the search for potential biosynthesized-nanomaterials is still ongoing. In this study an attempt was made to meet the requirement of potential biosynthesized-silver nanoparticles using the aqueous seed extract of N. sativa (Bc-AgNPs). X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) confirms the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticle (supports the observation of UV–Vis spectroscopy) with face centred cubic structure. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirms the capping of the active ingredients of seed extract and further the average size of 34 nm was confirmed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) confirms the purity of Bc-AgNPs. Due to the capping of the active ingredients of seed extract, the Bc-AgNPs have shown significant antibacterial activity against Gram negative bacteria and at the lower concentration of 100 µg*ml−1 it has 89% scavenging activity against free radicals. A strong anti-inflammatory (membrane stabilization) activity towards RBCs (98% at 100 µg*ml−1) was recorded when compared to the positive control (aceclofenac). In addition to the previous activities, a greater inhibition of carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes such as α-amylase, α-glucosidase and DPP-IV highlighted the antidiabetic potential of these green synthesized AgNPs. Overall, the efficient bioactivities of Bc-AgNPs advocates its future potential in biomedical products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipopolysaccharide and β-1,3-glucan-binding protein (LGBP) is a pattern recognition protein (PRP) purified from the Penaeus monodon by Blue-Sepharose, Phenyl-Sepharose followed by Sephadex G-100 chromatography. P. monodon LGBP consist of 36 and 48 kDa subunits on 10% SDS-PAGE under reducing and non-reducing conditions respectively. Purified P. monodon LGBP agglutinates the fungal pathogen Candida glabrata, due to the presence of β-glucan (βG) on its surface. This agglutination was cross checked with the in silico docking analysis of LGBP-βG and LGBP-laminarin (isomeric form βG) interaction. As part of a strategy, to determine the precise role of P. monodon LGBP (Pm-LGBP) in pattern recognition mechanism mutations were introduced by in silico approach. In crustacean LGBP, RGD motif (Arg, Gly, Asp) plays the vital role in the cell adhesion and pattern recognition mechanism. Role of Asp in RGD motif was determined through amino acid substitution, introduction of a specific mutation D134K into a central area of the sugar-binding (βG) site resulted in complete loss of pathogen recognition and binding of Pm-LGBP to βG. These results demonstrate that, the RGD motif of Asp134 is essential for sugar binding in P. monodon. To our knowledge, P. monodon D134K is the first mutant shrimp LGBP which is unable to bind with the sugar residues. This mutant could be useful in the discovery of actual function of Pm-LGBP in the recognition of homologous symbionts. Docking analysis of LGBP binding towards β-glucan (i) LGBP without mutationv (ii) LGBP with mutation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, silver nanoparticle was green synthesized using the leaf extract of Solanum nigrum (Sn-AgNPs) and bio-physically characterized by UV–Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), Zeta potential analysis and Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. The ecotoxicity of silver nanoparticle (Sn-AgNPs) were tested against both invertebrate (Ceriodaphnia cornuta and Paramecium sp.) and vertebrate aquatic animal models (Guppy fish, Poecilia reticulata) in comparison with bare silver nitrate. Sn-AgNPs were observed to be less toxic than ionic silver (silver nitrate). The ecotoxicity levels of Sn-AgNPs were found to be varied between tested organisms. Sn-AgNPs caused 100% mortality of freshwater crustacean, C. cornuta at 50 µg mL−1. At concentration below 50 µg mL−1 (10–30 µg mL−1), abnormality in the swimming behavior of C. cornuta was noticed. The ingestion and accumulation of Sn-AgNPs in the intestine of C. cornuta neonates were visualized under light and confocal laser scanning microscopic images. The ecotoxicity of Sn-AgNPs to the freshwater protozoan ciliate, Paramecium sp. showed that 30 µg mL−1 were lethal and produced 100% mortality at the same concentration. The study concludes that Sn-AgNPs was less toxic to both invertebrate and vertebrate models compared to ionic silver nitrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanotechnology is currently gaining immense attention to combat food borne bacteria, and biofilm. Diabetes is a common metabolic disease affecting majority of people. A better therapy relies on phytomediated nanoparticle synthesis. In this study, W. somnifera leaf extract-assisted ZnO NPs (Ws-ZnO NPs) was synthesized and characterized. From HR-TEM analysis, it has been found that the hexagonal wurtzite particle is 15.6 nm in size and − 12.14 mV of zeta potential. A greater antibacterial effect of Ws-ZnO NPs was noticed against E. faecalis and S. aureus at 100 µg mL−1. Also, the biofilm of E. faecalis and S. aureus was greatly inhibited at 100 µg mL−1 compared to E. coli and P. aeruginosa. The activity of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzyme was inhibited at 100 µg mL−1 demonstrating its antidiabetic potential. The larval and pupal development was delayed at 25 µg mL−1 of Ws-ZnO NPs. A complete mortality (100%) was recorded at 25 µg mL−1. Ws-ZnO NPs showed least LC50 value (9.65 µg mL−1) compared to the uncoated ZnO NPs (38.8 µg mL−1) and leaf extract (13.06 µg mL−1). Therefore, it is concluded that Ws-ZnO NPs are promising to be used as effective antimicrobials, antidiabetic and insecticides to combat storage pests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cynara scolymus leaves were used in the green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs). ZnO NPs was confirmed by the formation of a white precipitate. UV–visible spectroscopy results showed a strong absorbance peak at 371 nm. The use of SEM confirmed the spherical shape of the nanoparticles, which had an average size of 65.9 nm. The nanoparticle zinc (80.17%) and oxygen (19.83%) composition was confirmed using energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA). X-ray power diffraction (XRD) spectra confirmed the crystalline nature of the nanoparticles. We found 0.5% hemolysis following the addition of 100 μg/ml of ZnO NPs. A MIC study found that bacteria were more susceptible to ZnO NPs relative to fungi. The ZnO NPs photocatalytic degradation activity was assessed using methyl violet and malachite green, which exhibited 94.3% degradation after 120 min of UV exposure and 89.5% degradation after 120 min of UV exposure, respectively. Using human breast cancer cell line (MCF 7) and Vero cells, we found half maximal IC50 values of 65.31 μg/μl and 957.85 μg/μl, respectively, following antiproliferative assays. Thus, green synthesized ZnO NPs were found to possess hemolytic, antimicrobial, photocatalytic, and antiproliferative activities, and as such could be used in the development of novel drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silver nanoparticles have been widely used to treat bacterial infections on wounds. Chitosan is a natural polymer having good biocompatibility and biodegradability. Chitosan have antibacterial effects and are largely used in healthcare practices to cure wounds. In this scenario, an attempt was made to biologically synthesize AgNPs using the chitosan extracted from shrimp shell waste. The synthesized Ch-AgNPs exhibited strong UV absorption spectra at 404 nm. XRD spectrum confirmed the presence of nanocrystals with an average crystallite size of 26 nm. HR-TEM images have shown spherical shaped particles with the size ranging between 10 and 50 nm. Ch-AgNPs exhibited antibacterial activity in a dose-dependent manner and greater activity was observed against P. aeruginosa. The zone of inhibition against P. aeruginosa was 10, 15 and 20 mm at 25, 50 and 100 µg mL−1, respectively. The zone of inhibition against MRSA was 8, 15 and 18 mm at 25, 50 and 100 µg mL−1 respectively. Ch-AgNPs effectively inhibited the biofilm of MRSA and P. aeruginosa at 100 µg mL−1. In addition, Ch-AgNPs coated band-aid cloth showed greater antibacterial activity compared to uncoated band-aid cloth. Furthermore, Ch-AgNPs exhibited anticoagulant activity by inhibiting the coagulation of human blood for 24 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lycopersicon esculentum leaf-extract was utilized in the synthesis of zinc-oxide nanoparticles (Le-ZnO-NPs) using zinc acetate as the precursor. The synthesized ZnO-NPs were attested by the detection of a notable absorption peak at 343 nm, appearing in UV–Vis spectra due to surface-plasmon-resonance. The XRD-spectrum recorded at 2θ values coincides with that of lattice planes. HR-TEM results revealed that Le-ZnO-NPs exhibited a crystalline structure with hexagonal wurtzite shape (10–50 nm size). The effectiveness of inhibition of the microbial biofilms of Proteus vulgaris, Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans was analyzed at a concentration of 100 µg ml−1. Moreover, Le-ZnO-NPs showed a significant range of anti-coagulant activity, in contrast to commercial anti-coagulant (heparin). Cytotoxicity studies showed that Le-ZnO-NPs (100 µg ml−1) are non-toxic to murine macrophage cells, but toxic to human cervical cancer (HeLa) cells. Indeed, a reduction in the viability of HeLa-cells and a notable variation in the apoptotic cell structure were apparent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, marine bio-products have provided a new insight on biomaterials for pharmaceutical applications. Herein, the use of adhesive protein in the fabrication of bio-inspired nanomaterials noted to the possible realization of vital biomedical applications. This study illustrates the biosynthesize ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using adhesive protein from sea anemone Stichodactyla haddoni (ShAp). ShAp-ZnO NPs were characterized via SDS-PAGE, UV–Visible, XRD, FTIR, TEM and SAED. The molecular weight of the adhesive protein was determined by SDS-PAGE to be between 36 and 42 kDa. The UV–Vis peak of ShAp-ZnO NPs was revealed at 210 nm while XRD exhibited the crystalline nature of ShAp-ZnO NPs. FTIR revealed that functional group of ShAp-ZnO NPs, which exhibited peaks at 3441.31–1073.36 cm−1. HR-TEM revealed that ShAp-ZnO NPs obtained structure were hexagonal with 10 nm diameter. The antioxidant properties of ShAp, zinc acetate, and ShAp-ZnO NPs were noted at 100 µg/mL. Further, microscopic analysis demonstrated that 50 µg/mL of ShAp, zinc acetate, and ShAp-ZnO NPs efficiently repressed the biofilm formation of both Gram(+) and Gram(−) bacteria. In addition, maximal larvicidal effects were noticed at 100 µg/mL of ShAp-ZnO NPs against the 3rd instar of Aedes aegypti. Overall, the ShAp-ZnO NPs could have entomological and pharmaceutical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial polysaccharides produced by marine species play a key role in food and cosmetic industry, as they are nontoxic and biodegradable polymers. This investigation reports the isolation of exopolysaccharide from Bacillus licheniformis Dahb1 and its biomedical applications. Bacillus licheniformis Dahb1 exopolysaccharide (Bl-EPS) was extracted using the ethanol precipitation method and structurally characterized. FTIR and 1H-NMR pointed out the presence of various functional groups and primary aromatic compounds, respectively. Bl-EPS exhibited strong antioxidant potential confirmed via DPPH radical, reducing power and superoxide anion scavenging assays. Microscopic analysis revealed that the antibiofilm activity of Bl-EPS (75 μg/ml) was higher against Gram-negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus vulgaris) bacteria over Gram-positive species (Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus pumilus). Bl-EPS led to biofilm inhibition against Candida albicans when tested at 75 μg/ml. The hemolytic assay showed low cytotoxicity of Bl-EPS at 5 mg/ml. Besides, Bl-EPS achieved LC50 values < 80 μg/ml against larvae of mosquito vectors Anopheles stephensi and Aedes aegypti. Overall, our findings pointed out the multipurpose bioactivity of Bl-EPS, which deserves further consideration for pharmaceutical, environmental and entomological applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The eco-friendly management of mosquitoes with novel and effective larvicides and oviposition deterrents is a crucial challenge to prevent outbreaks of mosquito-borne diseases. However, most of the herbal formulations tested in these years showed LC50 values higher of 40 ppm, and significant oviposition deterrent activity only when tested at relatively higher doses (> 50 μg/ml). Herein, we studied the chemical composition of the Galinsoga parviflora essential oil (EO). This plant is an annual herb native to South America naturalized all over the world. We tested the EO larvicidal and oviposition deterrent action on 6 mosquito species. Totally 37 compounds were identified in the EO of G. parviflora by GC and GC-MS analyses. The major constituent was (Z)-γ-bisabolene (38.9%). The G. parviflora EO and (Z)-γ-bisabolene showed acute toxicity on An. stephensi (LC50 = 31.04 and 2.04 μg/ml, respectively), Ae. aegypti (LC50 = 34.22 and 2.26 μg/ml, respectively), Cx. quinquefasciatus (LC50 = 37.10 and 2.47 μg/ml, respectively), An. subpictus (LC50 = 40.97 and 4.09 μg/ml, respectively), Ae. albopictus (LC50 = 45.55 and 4.50 μg/ml, respectively) and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus (LC50 = 49.56 and 4.87 μg/ml, respectively) larvae. Furthermore, the oviposition deterrent potential of the G. parviflora EO and (Z)-γ-bisabolene was studied on six mosquito vectors, showing that 25 μg/ml of (Z)-γ-bisabolene led to an Oviposition Activity Index lower of − 0.79 in all tested mosquito vectors. Overall, all larvicidal LC50 values estimated for (Z)-γ-bisabolene were lower than 5 μg/ml. This result far encompasses current evidences of toxicity reported for the large majority of botanical products currently tested against mosquito young instars, allowing us to propose this compound as an highly effective mosquito larvicide and oviposition deterrent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid spread of highly aggressive arboviruses, parasites, and bacteria along with the development of resistance in the pathogens and parasites, as well as in their arthropod vectors, represents a huge challenge in modern parasitology and tropical medicine. Eco-friendly vector control programs are crucial to fight, besides malaria, the spread of dengue, West Nile, chikungunya, and Zika virus, as well as other arboviruses such as St. Louis encephalitis and Japanese encephalitis. However, research efforts on the control of mosquito vectors are experiencing a serious lack of eco-friendly and highly effective pesticides, as well as the limited success of most biocontrol tools currently applied. Most importantly, a cooperative interface between the two disciplines is still lacking. To face this challenge, we have reviewed a wide number of promising results in the field of green-fabricated pesticides tested against mosquito vectors, outlining several examples of synergy with classic biological control tools. The non-target effects of green-fabricated nanopesticides, including acute toxicity, genotoxicity, and impact on behavioral traits of mosquito predators, have been critically discussed. In the final section, we have identified several key challenges at the interface between "green" nanotechnology and classic biological control, which deserve further research attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The green synthesis of pesticides and antibiotics is gaining increasing importance nowadays. We fabricated Euphorbia rothiana-capped Ag nanoparticles (Er-AgNPs), testing their antibiofilm and growth inhibition potential on various microbial pathogens. We evaluated the toxicity of E. rothiana-capped Ag nanoparticles on larvae of the Zika virus vector Aedes aegypti, shedding light on histological changes post-exposure to the plant leaf extract and Er-AgNPs. Nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Vis, and FTIR spectroscopy, XRD and TEM. Light microscopy showed the greatest inhibition of biofilm formation in Gram positive and Gram-negative bacteria post-treatment with E. rothiana-capped Ag nanoparticles at 75 μg/ml. Confocal microscopy confirmed the biofilm interruption and disintegration post-treatment with nanoparticles at 75 μg/ml. E. rothiana extract and Er-AgNPs showed 100% larvicidal activity on A.aegypti at 50 and 8 mg/L, respectively. AgNO led to 100% mortality of A. aegypti larvae at 40 mg/L after 48 h. Stereomicroscopic and histopathological analysis reported tissue damages and loss of cuticular parts in mosquito larvae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our understanding of nanoparticle toxicity and fate in the aquatic environment is still patchy. In the present study, the toxicity of silver nanoparticles coated by Camellia sinensis ( Cs) leaf extract metabolites ( Cs-AgNPs) was investigated in comparison with C. sinensis leaf extract and AgNO on a micro-crustacean, Ceriodaphnia cornuta, and a fish Poecilia reticulata. 100% mortality of C. cornuta was observed post-exposure to AgNO (40 µg/ml) if compared to the Cs leaf extract and Cs-AgNPs, showing 30 and 56% mortality at the same concentration, respectively. In P. reticulata 100% mortality was observed testing AgNO and Cs-AgNPs post-exposure to 1 and 30 µg/ml, respectively. Light microscopy and CLSM images showed the accumulation of nanoparticles in the intestine of C. cornuta treated with Cs-AgNPs at 40 µg/ml. In addition, histological observations confirmed the abnormal tissue texture in nanoparticle-exposed P. reticulata, if compared to control fishes. Furthermore, C. cornuta and P. reticulata treated with Cs-AgNPs showed DNA damages compared to the control. Overall, these findings indicated relevant limits about the employ of silver-based pesticides in the environment, and also pointed out the Cs-AgNPs were less toxic to C. cornuta and P. reticulata if compared to silver ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dengue and chikungunya are arboviral diseases mainly vectored by the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Presently, there is no treatment for these viral diseases and their prevention is still based on vector control measures. Nanopesticides fabricated using herbal extracts as reducing and capping agents currently represent an excellent platform for pest control. In this scenario, the present study assessed the acute toxicity of seven plants employed in ethno-veterinary medicine of southern India, as well as the green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles, on third-instar larvae of A. aegypti. Larvae were exposed to extracts of the seven plants obtained with solvents of different polarity (acetone, ethanol, petroleum ether, and water) for 24 h. Maximum efficacy was observed for Lobelia leschenaultiana leaf extracts prepared using all the four solvent extracts (LC = 22.83, 28.12, 32.61, and 36.85 mg/L, respectively). Therefore, this plant species was used for the synthesis and stabilization of ZnO nanoparticles based on its maximum efficacy against third-instar larvae of A. aegypti. L. leschenaultiana-encapsulated ZnO nanoparticles showed 100% mortality when tested at 10 mg/L, the LC was extremely low, 1.57 mg/L. Zinc acetate achieved only 65.33% when tested at 60 mg/L, with a LC of 51.62 mg/L. Additionally, ZnO nanoparticles inhibited growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, Shigella sonnei, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus and also inhibited biofilm formation on selected microbila pathogens, showing impact on EPS production and hydrophobicity. Overall, our results suggest that L. leschenaultiana-fabricated ZnO nanoparticles have a significant potential to control A. aegypti mosquitoes and Gram-negative bacterial pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A main challenge in parasitology is the development of reliable tools to prevent or treat mosquito-borne diseases. We investigated the toxicity of magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) produced by Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense (strain MSR-1) on chloroquine-resistant (CQ-r) and sensitive (CQ-s) Plasmodium falciparum, dengue virus (DEN-2), and two of their main vectors, Anopheles stephensi and Aedes aegypti, respectively. MNP were studied by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. They were toxic to larvae and pupae of An. stephensi, LC ranged from 2.563 ppm (1st instar larva) to 6.430 ppm (pupa), and Ae. aegypti, LC ranged from 3.231 ppm (1st instar larva) to 7.545 ppm (pupa). MNP IC on P. falciparum were 83.32 μg ml (CQ-s) and 87.47 μg ml (CQ-r). However, the in vivo efficacy of MNP on Plasmodium berghei was low if compared to CQ-based treatments. Moderate cytotoxicity was detected on Vero cells post-treatment with MNP doses lower than 4 μg ml. MNP evaluated at 2-8 μg ml inhibited DEN-2 replication inhibiting the expression of the envelope (E) protein. In conclusion, our findings represent the first report about the use of MNP in medical and veterinary entomology, proposing them as suitable materials to develop reliable tools to combat mosquito-borne diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles gained increasing attention due to interesting properties for optical, antimicrobial and pest control applications. However, their toxicity against micro-crustaceans and fishes has been scarcely explored, while most of the research efforts focused on mosquito control with the green-synthesized nanocomposites. In this study, we investigated the toxic effects of AgNO, Cissus quadrangularis (Cq)-synthesized AgNPs and Cq extract in two different study models, the larvae of Poecilia reticulata fishes and adults of the micro-crustacean Ceriodaphnia cornuta. In both species, AgNO and Cq-AgNPs showed high mortality rates even if tested at very low doses. Molecular analysis revealed high DNA damages induced by Cq-AgNPs on both aquatic organisms. Furthermore, light microscopy studies evidenced lesions in the gills and vacuolization in the gills and in the abdomen of P. reticulata larvae. Overall, our research pointed out that the exposure of aquatic organisms to AgNO or green-fabricated AgNPs can damage fishes and crustaceans, posing noteworthy risks to the aquatic ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimicrobial peptide (AMP) crustin is a type of immune molecule present in the immune system of crustaceans and response against microbial invasion. In the present study, we have identified and characterized the cationic, amphipathic structure consisting of AMP crustin from a mangrove crab Episesarma tetragonum using CM Sepharose-based cation exchange column chromatography. E. tetragonum crustin showed a single band of 14 kDa on SDS-PAGE and the homogeneity showed retention time of 8.4 min in RP-HPLC. Functional studies of E. tetragonum crustin exhibits the antibacterial activity (2-4 μg/ml) and biofilm inhibition (20 μg/ml) against the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis. Hydrophobicity and extrapolysaccharide production of Gram-positive bacteria were inhibited through the bactericidal inhibitory concentration. In situ visualization analysis of biofilm inhibition was observed through light and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Surface morphology and the bacterial biofilm inhibition were viewed by scanning electron and atomic force microscopy. This study emphasizes the potential activity of E. tetragonum crustin, an interesting candidate for the development of novel broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent against bacterial pathogens. [Figure not available: see fulltext.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacillus subtilis is one of the well-known biofilm-forming organisms associated with plants, animals, and also used as a model organism for all Bacillus sp. In B. subtilis, SrtA enzyme plays the imperative roles in mechanism of signaling pathway and microbial adherence toward the host. SrtA is highly considered as a universal drug target for all Gram positive pathogens. Because of unresolved 3D structure of SrtA in Gram positive bacteria including B. subtilis, we developed a homology model protein using structural alignments of similar SrtA from B. anthracis. While the structural model of SrtA is analyzed because of its significance in biofilm formation by screening the suitable active site based compounds and analyzing the ability of bacterial biofilm inhibition. Druggability site based screening able to retrieve the active compounds against SrtA and checked the activity of the screened compounds through experimental biochemical assays and in situ microscopic analysis. Here in this study we concluded the computationally screened SrtA inhibitors showed high level of biofilm inhibition despite difficulties in bacterial membrane rigidification. Hence this study leads a way to the new compounds that may be useful to treat the bacterial infections Figure: Bacillus subtilis is one of the well-known biofilm-forming organisms referred to as model organism for all gram positive pathogens. From this organism, the universal drug target SrtA is evaluated for its biofilm forming ability and inhibitors are screened against the same, through in silico and in vitro methods. Druggability region based SrtA inhibitors are successful by showing anti microbial and anti biofilm activity. This study shows prominent common SrtA inhibitors against the gram positive pathogens [Figure not available: see fulltext.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aquaculture makes a significant contribution in the production of protein-rich food for human consumption. Aquaculture practices encounter many challenges, and one of the most devastating problems is disease outbreaks caused by microbial pathogens. To control disease outbreaks, several chemotherapeutics and antibiotics were used indiscriminately, which in turn leads to residual problems in the surrounding environment affecting higher animals and also humans. Immunostimulants are considered as an alternative for antibiotics, which will boost the immune system of the cultured organism, thus effectively countering the assault of pathogens. The use of plant materials as immunostimulant will be an ecofriendly approach for the control of pathogens. The botanicals present in the plants have a key role in enhancing the fish immunity. This review focuses on the importance of plant material as immunostimulant in the control of diseases in aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In aquaculture industries, there is an urgent need to develop microbial control strategies, to control disease outbreaks. In recent years, probiotics are considered as a valid alternative for the use of antibiotics in aquaculture to prevent high mortality and promote growth. In the present study, seven strains of bacteria such as Bacillus licheniformis (DAB1), Bacillus pumilus (DAB2), Bacillus sp. (DAB3), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (DAP1), Pseudomonas sp. (DAP2), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (DAP3), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (DAP4), and three pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus (DAV1, DAV2, DAV3) were isolated from healthy and diseased Fenneropenaeus indicus collected from the east coast of Tamilnadu, India. The strains were identified by biochemical analysis and 16S rRNA sequence methods. Among the seven probiotic strains tested, the cell-free extract from DAB1 and DAP1 exhibited higher inhibitory activity of V. parahaemolyticus than other isolates under in vitro conditions. The LC of DAV1, DAV2, and DAV3 was found to be ∼10 CFU mL. Pathogenicity of three V. parahaemolyticus DAV1, DAV2, and DAV3 showed significant mortalities (40 %) in Artemia nauplii at inoculation densities of 10 CFU mL when compared to the controls (unchallenged nauplii). A significant reduction in mortality ( P < 0.001) was found by addition of 10 CFU mL of DAB1 and DAP1 strains in nauplii against the pathogens. In conclusion, the present study result reveals that DAB1 and DAP1 have potential applications for controlling pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus in Artemia culture systems and aquaculture practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Penaeidae is a family of shrimp, and it contains many species of economic importance, such as the tiger prawn ( Penaeus monodon), white leg shrimp, Atlantic white shrimp and Indian prawn. Identification and population genotype structure of penaeid shrimp have been enhanced by molecular markers that can be classified into three types, namely allozyme, mitochondrial and nuclear markers. The widely used mitochondrial DNA markers are 12S rDNA, 16S rDNA, cytochrome b and control region. Random amplification of polymorphic DNA, amplified fragment length polymorphism, restriction fragment length polymorphism, single-stranded conformational polymorphism and microsatellites are the most commonly used nuclear markers for DNA fingerprinting. Molecular markers play a crucial role in penaeid shrimp to evaluate phenotypic and genetic variation, assess demographic bottleneck, study natural population structure, compare wild and hatchery populations, preserve genetic biodiversity, construct chromosome maps and detect whether genetic tag propagation-assisted rehabilitation programs are effective. Increase in the number of molecular markers, construction of high-density genetic maps and implementation of genomic resources (including genome sequencing) are expected to provide tools for the genetic improvement in these aquaculture species through marker-assisted selection. Molecular markers are versatile tools for the identification of populations with genetic crisis by comparing genetic diversities, which helps to establish management units within these threatened species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake in acknowledgement section. The corrected acknowledgement is published with this erratum article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]