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Introduction: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) revision surgery after failed double-bundle (DB) reconstruction is a challenging procedure. This study aimed to systematically review the research on ACL revision surgery following failed DB reconstruction, providing an overview on indications, surgical techniques, clinical outcomes and potential pitfalls occurring while performing this therapeutic approach. Materials and Methods: Literature published from exception to February 2023 was searched in the Pubmed/MEDLINE, Embase and CINAHL databases. Studies in English reporting on patients who underwent ACL revision surgery after prior failed DB reconstruction were considered. Review articles and expert opinion or editorial pieces were excluded. Outcomes of interest included indications and pre-operative planning, surgical technique and associated procedures, type of revision surgery (either one- or two-stage), graft choice, clinical and functional outcomes, rate of complications, failure rate. Results: Overall, 4 studies met all the inclusion criteria for this review. All were published between 2007 and 2020. The search resulted in two retrospective comparative studies, one case series, and one case report. Average follow-up periods ranged from 24 to 45 months. From these studies, 66 patients (66 knees) were identified. One-stage revision surgery was performed in 64 on 66 patients (97%) with pathologic laxity following DB ACL reconstruction. Most frequently reported outcome was Lysholm score in five studies: average postoperative Lysholm score ranged from 90.5 to 91.0 while Tegner activity level ranged from 5.6 to 7.0. In 4 patients (6%) re-revision surgery was performed due to graft re-rupture. Conclusions: One-stage ACL revision surgery following DB ACL reconstruction appears feasible providing satisfying outcomes and limited complications. The literature on this subject is limited and further comparative studies reporting long-term outcomes are needed, as high-level studies on this topic are still lacking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to assess the long-term outcomes of the treatment of chronic ankle instability (CAI) with a four-step protocol. Methods: Fifty-four patients with isolated anterior talo-fibular ligament (ATFL) lesion suffering from CAI who underwent surgical treatment between 2000 and 2009 were assessed. All the patients underwent a four-step protocol including synovectomy, debridement of ATFL lesion borders, capsular shrinkage, and 21-day immobilization and nonweightbearing. Median age at surgery was 31.6 years (18–48). Patients were examined preoperatively and at follow-up. Clinical assessment included the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle and hindfoot scoring system, Karlsson–Peterson score, Tegner activity level, and objective examination comprehending range of motion (ROM) and manual laxity tests. Results: AOFAS (preoperative, 64.8; postoperative, 92.4; p < 0.001) and Karlsson-Peterson score (preoperative, 62.5; postoperative, 88.8; p < 0.001) significantly improved after a median 11 years follow-up (7–16 years). Similarly median Tegner activity level significantly increased at follow-up compared to pre-operatory status (6.0 and 4.0 respectively, p < 0.001). Objective examination documented a statistically significant improvement in terms of ankle stability compared to pre-operative manual laxity tests, with negative anterior drawer test observed in 48 (88.9%) patients (p < 0.001). Sagittal ROM was full in 50 patients (92%). Nine patients had subsequent ankle sprains (15.6%), two patients required further surgery, while seven were treated conservatively. No major complications were reported. Conclusion: Satisfying subjective and objective clinical outcomes in selected patients with isolated ATFL lesion suffering from CAI were reported with a treatment protocol including arthroscopic synovectomy, debridement of ATFL remnants, capsular shrinkage, and immobilization. These findings are of clinical relevance because they provide a suitable minimally invasive method for the treatment of mild to moderate ankle instability. Level of evidence: Level IV [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to compare the outcomes of patients who underwent augmented direct anatomical repair using a Broström-Gould procedure with those who underwent lateral ligament reconstruction using a split peroneus brevis tendon for the treatment of chronic ankle instability.Methods: Forty patients aged 18-40 years underwent surgical treatment for chronic lateral ankle instability between 1997 and 1998: 20 patients underwent direct anatomical repair using Broström-Gould procedure (Group A); 20 patients underwent lateral tenodesis using a split peroneus brevis tendon (Group B). Median age at surgery was 22.6 years (range 18-40). Patients were assessed pre-operatively and 15 years after surgery with functional assessment including AOFAS scale, Karlsson-Peterson score, Tegner activity level, Sefton stability scale, and objective examination comprehending ROM, anterior drawer sign and talar tilt test. Telos Stress equipment was used for pre- and post-operative radiographic laxity testing.Results: No major complications were reported. Mean overall AOFAS, Karlsson-Peterson and Tegner scores significantly increased at follow-up compared to pre-operatory status, although no statistically significant differences concerning these variables were reported between the two groups. Sagittal ROM was full in 36 patients: 4 subjects in the Group B experienced 5 degrees dorsiflexion limitation compared to the contralateral side. Patients treated with lateral tenodesis reported a statistically significant reduction in the values of radiographic anterior talar translation (1.4 mm, SD: 0.9) compared to patients in Group A (5.7 mm, SD: 1.1, p < 0.001).Conclusion: Augmented direct anatomical repair and lateral tenodesis provide satisfying long-term outcomes in terms of subjective and objective parameters up to 15 years from surgery in patients with chronic ankle instability without leading to significant artrhitic changes. Objectively, lateral tenodesis appears to improve more effectively restoration of laxity; the reduced ROM reported in 20% of patients did not considerably affect the overall functional outcome.Level Of Evidence: Comparative case series, Level III. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: With the increasing number of primary anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructions, the need for revision ACL surgery has risen over the past few years. The purpose of the present study is to retrospectively compare the clinical outcome of ipsilateral versus contralateral hamstring tendon autografts for ACL revision surgery, specifically with regard to patient satisfaction, post-operative functional outcomes, and return to sports. Methods: Between 2004 and 2011, 64 patients underwent ACL revision surgery. Forty-five were successfully recontacted and retrospectively reviewed at an average follow-up of 6.3 years. Twenty-two subjects underwent revision ACL reconstruction with ipsilateral autogenous hamstring tendon grafts; in 23 subjects contralateral hamstring were used for reconstruction. Clinical, arthrometric, and functional evaluations were performed. The Tegner activity level, Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), and International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) Subjective Knee Form were used. Objective evaluation included range of motion, Lachman test, pivot shift test and KT-1000 instrumented laxity testing. Results: No major complications were reported. Follow-up examination showed that there were no significant differences in the IKDC and KOOS scores between the groups. No differences in anterior tibial translation as measured with KT-1000 arthrometer were reported between the groups, although there was a trend for more of the patients undergoing ipsilateral DGST reconstruction to have a glide on the pivot shift test. The percentage of patients returning to pre-injury level was high in both groups. Conclusions: The use of contralateral hamstring tendon autografts for ACL revision surgery produced similar subjective and objective outcomes at 6-years follow-up compared to revision with ipsilateral hamstring tendon autografts. Patients undergoing revision surgery with contralateral autografts experienced a quicker return to sports compared to patients who underwent ipsilateral DGST revision surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to retrospectively evaluate the outcomes of patients who underwent combined medial unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. The hypothesis was that this procedure would lead to a high success rate in patients affected by isolated medial unicompartmental osteoarthritis and concomitant ACL deficiency.Methods: Fourteen patients with primary ACL lesion and concomitant medial compartment symptomatic osteoarthritis treated from 2006 to 2010 were followed up for an average time of 26.7 months (SD 4.2). Assessment included KOOS score, Oxford Knee score, American Knee Society scores, WOMAC index of osteoarthritis, Tegner activity level and objective examination including instrumented laxity test with KT-1000 arthrometer. Radiological assessment was done with standard simple radiographs in order to get information about any presence of loosening of the components.Results: KOOS score, OKS, WOMAC index and the AKSS improved significantly after surgery (p < 0.001). Regarding AKSS, improvement was noted both in the objective score and in the functional one (p < 0.001). There was no clinical evidence of instability in any of the knees as evaluated with clinical laxity testing. No pathologic radiolucent lines were observed around the components. In one patient signs of osteoarthritis in the lateral compartment were observed 28 months after surgery.Conclusions: UKA combined with ACL reconstruction is a valid therapeutic option for the treatment of combined medial unicompartmental knee osteoarthritis and ACL deficiency in young and active patients and confirms subjective and objective clinical improvement 2 years after surgery. The use of a fixed-bearing prosthesis represents a reliable feature as it allows to overcome problems of improper ligament tensioning during the implantation of the components.Level Of Evidence: IV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: With the increasing number of primary anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructions, revision surgery has become more frequent. The purpose of the present study is to retrospectively compare the clinical outcome of contralateral hamstring tendon autografts vs. allografts for ACL revision surgery, specifically with regard to patient satisfaction, return to preinjury activity level, and postoperative functional outcomes. Materials and Methods: Between 2004 and 2011, 59 patients underwent ACL revision surgery. 44 were successfully recontacted and retrospectively reviewed at an average follow-up of 5.2 years. 23 subjects underwent revision ACL reconstruction with contralateral autogenous hamstring tendon grafts; 21 underwent allograft revision ACL surgery. Clinical, arthrometric, and functional evaluations were performed. The Tegner, Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) Subjective Knee Form were used. Objective evaluation included range of motion, Lachman test, pivot-shift test and KT-1000 instrumented laxity testing. Results: No major complications were reported. Follow-up examination showed that there were no significant differences IKDC and KOOS scores between the groups. The percentage of patients returning to pre-injury level was high in both groups. Anterior tibial translation according to manual laxity testing and as measured with KT-1000 arthrometer was not statistically different in the two groups. With regard to return to sports, patients undergoing revision surgery with autografts experienced a quicker return to sports compared to patients who underwent allograft revision surgery. Conclusions: The use of contralateral hamstring tendon autografts for ACL revision surgery produced similar subjective and objective outcomes at 5.2 years follow-up compared to revision with allograft patellar or Achilles tendon. Patients undergoing revision surgery with autografts experienced a quicker return to sports compared to patients who underwent allograft revision surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Chronic ankle instability is a condition of perception of giving way and persistent pain usually following multiple ankle sprains. In case of severe joint laxity, surgical treatment with reconstruction of the lateral ligamental complex is recommended. The aim of this study was to evaluate the functional outcome of patients treated with lateral ligament reconstruction with allograft for severe chronic lateral ankle instability. Materials and methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study of ten patients who underwent allograft external non-anatomic ligamentoplasty for severe chronic lateral ankle instability between 2009 and 2011, with an average follow-up of 16.3 months (SD 8.2). Median age at surgery was 29 years (range 25-35). All patients presented both ATFL and CFL lesion. Patients were evaluated using American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society score, Karlsson-Peterson score, Tegner activity level, Sefton stability scale, and objective examination comprehending range of motion, anterior drawer sign and talar tilt test. Telos stress equipment was used for pre- and post-operative radiographic laxity testing. Results: Follow-up examination at an average of 16.3 months (SD 8.2) after surgery showed significant improvement of all variables compared to pre-operative values ( p < 0.001). Most patients rated their outcome as good/excellent. Telos stress radiographs documented improvement in joint stability. Conclusions: Lateral ligament reconstruction with allograft represents a valid treatment option in patients with severe chronic lateral ankle instability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthetic ligament for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction has been widely used in the past. Long-term follow-up has demonstrated the unreliability of many of these devices in ACL surgery, and problems may arise for the surgeon approaching a patient with failed artificial ligament reconstruction. The aim of this study is to investigate whether revision surgery may improve clinical and radiographic outcomes in patients with failed synthetic ACL reconstruction. Fourteen patients who were treated in the past with ACL reconstruction with synthetic grafts underwent two-stage revision surgery. Follow-up averaged 4.2 years (range 2-6 years). Mean KOOS score was 75.8 (SD 10.2); IKDC score was B in two patients, C in nine and D in three. The improvement compared to preoperative status was not statistically significant ( p > 0.05). Four patients were positive to Lachman and anterior drawer tests. Mean side-to-side anterior laxity averaged 4.3 mm (SD 1.2). Biopsy specimens documented the presence of foreign body granulomatous reaction, giant foreign body cells and polyethylene wear particles. The level of osteoarthritis worsened at follow-up compared to preoperative status ( p < 0.05). ACL revision surgery with autografts in patients who underwent previous failed primary synthetic ligament reconstruction does not improve clinical outcomes and does not influence the natural history of knee osteoarthritis started from artificial ligament debris. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this retrospective study was to assess the treatment of post-traumatic osteochondral lesions (OCLs) of the ankle with a four-step protocol. Methods: Thirty-eight patients with at least one MRI-documented OCL of the ankle were treated from 2004 to 2010. Median age at surgery was 39 years (range: 18-52). Mean lesion size was 1.0 cm (SD: 0.2). All patients underwent a four-step surgical procedure including synovectomy, debridement and microfractures of the OCL, capsular shrinkage, and bracing and non-weightbearing for 21 days. Clinical assessment included objective examination, the AOFAS ankle and hindfoot scoring system, Karlsson-Peterson score, Tegner activity level, and Sefton articular stability scale. MRI scans were taken 18 months after surgery in all patients. Results: Follow-up examination at an average of 4 years (SD: 1.1) after surgery showed significant improvement of all variables compared to pre-operative values ( P < 0.05). Most patients rated their outcome as good/excellent. MRI scans taken 18 months after surgery documented completely repaired lesion in 27 ankles, slight bone marrow oedema with partially repaired defect in 9 patients, and visible defect in 2 ankles. Conclusion: Based on the present results, we propose a comprehensive four-step protocol as a safe and clinically effective treatment option in patients with post-traumatic OCLs of the ankle. Level of evidence: Retrospective case series, Level IV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Matrix-associated autologous chondrocyte implantation (MACI) is an innovative therapeutic option for the treatment of chondral and osteochondral lesions of the knee. Methods: Fifty-three patients (54 knees) with MRI-documented osteochondral lesions were treated with MACI. A clinical assessment was performed using VAS score, Lysholm score, and Tegner activity level after an average follow-up of 27 months (SD: 2.3). MRI scans were performed 12 and 24 months after surgery. Seventeen patients were reevaluated after an average time of 59 months (SD: 6.7) after surgery. Results: Two years after transplantation, Lysholm score increased from a preoperative mean value of 70 (SD: 13.4) to 95 (SD: 6.4); the average VAS score decreased from a preoperative value of 5.2 (SD: 2.9) to 1.9 (SD: 2.1). The difference with respect to Tegner activity level did not prove to be significant. At 1 year, MRI scans documented a completely repaired defect with slight subchondral bone abnormality in 38 cases (70%). Satisfying outcomes were confirmed on 17 patients who were reevaluated 5 years after surgery. At 60 months, MRI scans showed complete integration with the surrounding native cartilage without any sign of detachment or bone marrow edema in 15 cases (88%). Conclusion: The MACI technique is a safe and clinically effective procedure, which has been proven to be valuable in treating osteochondral defects even over the long term. Level of evidence: Therapeutic study, Level III-2 (retrospective cohort study). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is essentially to restore functional stability of the knee and to allow patients to return to their desired work and activities. While in the young and active population, surgery is often the best therapeutic option after an ACL tear, ACL reconstruction in middle-aged people is rather more controversial due to concerns about a higher complication rate. The purpose of our article is to establish, through a systematic review of the literature, useful decision-making criteria for the management of anterior cruciate ligament rupture in patients aged 40 years and older, guiding surgeons to the most appropriate therapeutic approach. Various reports have shown excellent results of ACL reconstruction in patients over the age of 40 in terms of subjective satisfaction, return to previous activity level, and reduced complication and failure rates. Some even document excellent outcomes in subjects of 50 years and older. Although there are limited high-level studies, data reported in the literature suggest that ACL reconstruction can be successful in appropriately selected, motivated older patients with symptomatic knee instability who want to return to participating in highly demanding sport and recreational activities. Deciding factors are based on occupation, sex, activity level of the subject, amount of time spent performing such highly demanding activities, and presence of associated knee lesions. Physiological age and activity level are more important than chronological age as deciding factors when considering ACL reconstruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture, one of the most common knee injuries in sports, results in anteroposterior laxity, which often leads to an unstable knee. Traditional ACL reconstruction is performed with autograft; disadvantages of this technique are donor site morbidity and a long rehabilitation period. In the 1980s, artificial ligaments became an attractive alternative to biological grafts. The initial enthusiasm surrounding their introduction stemmed from their lack of donor morbidity, their abundant supply and significant strength, immediate loading and reduced postoperative rehabilitation. Synthetic grafts made of different materials such as carbon fibers, polypropylene, Dacron and polyester have been utilised either as a prosthesis or as an augmentation for a biological ACL graft substitute. Nevertheless, every material presented serious drawbacks: cross-infections, immunological responses, breakage, debris dispersion leading to synovitis, chronic effusions, recurrent instability and knee osteoarthritis. Recently, a resurgence of interest in the use of synthetic prostheses has occurred and studies regarding new artificial grafts have been reported. Although many experimental studies have been made and much effort has been put forth, currently no ideal prosthesis mimicking natural human tissue has been found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

general formalism is worked out for the description of one-dimensional scattering by separable non-local potentials and constraints on transmission and reflection coefficients are derived in the cases of $$\mathcal{P}$$ , $$\mathcal{T}$$ , or $$\mathcal{P}\mathcal{T}$$ invariance of the Hamiltonian. The one-dimensional Yamaguchi potential is discussed in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We evaluated the correlation of clinical and echo-Doppler findings from the internal carotid artery (ICA) in 17 patients with amaurosis fugax (AF) and in 68 patients with hemispheric TIA (H-TIA). In the study population as a whole, moderate stenoses (20%-49% diameter reduction) were the most prevalent finding in the symptomatic ICA, being detectable in 51.6% of cases. Total occlusions were found in an unexpectedly high percentage (7.5%). Asymptomatic ICAs, that were contralateral to the symptoms, showed the same degree of atherosclerotic involvement as the symptomatic ICAs. When we compared AF with H-TIA, we found a significantly higher prevalence of severe hemodynamically significant stenoses in the former (52.6% vs. 18.8%, chi-square test 10.85, P<0.05). Thus, we conclude that in the vast majority of patients with transient neurological symptoms a bilateral ICA involvement is to be expected. The side on which the symptoms occur does not indicate which ICA is more severely stenotic except in AF, where a severe involvement of the ipsilateral ICA is most likely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]