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Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have made great progress since 2009 and become the focus of current research. As an important part of PSCs, charge transporting materials play an important role in the performance of the devices. In this review, we introduce the evolution of electron and hole transporting materials in PSCs in recent years and summarize some typical charge transporting materials and their applications in PSCs. For electron transporting materials, metal oxides (TiO2, SnO2 and ZnO) and organic materials (fullerenes, non-fullerenes and their derivatives) are the most widely used materials in PSCs. For hole transporting materials, small molecule spiro-OMeTAD (2,2′,7,7′-Tetrakis[N,N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9′-spirobifluorene), polymer PEDOT:PSS (poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythio- phene): polystyrene sulfonate), PTAA (poly-[bi(4-phenyl)] (2,4,3-trimethylphenyla-mine)), P3HT (poly (3-hexythiophene)) and inorganic materials (NiOx, CuSCN, CuO) are adopted in PSCs. Finally, different types of charge transporting materials are summarized and their future development is prospected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Mn18Cr2 steel containing TiN precipitates was fabricated by vacuum induction melting. The morphology of TiN precipitates and the interface orientation relationship between TiN and γ-Fe were characterized by means of SEM, TEM and SAED, and the formation mechanism of TiN precipitates in Mn18Cr2 steel was clarified. Results show that the TiN precipitates are more likely to exhibit a cubic-shaped morphology and form both within the grain and at the grain boundary of γ-Fe. The interface orientation relationship between TiN and γ-Fe is determined as follows: . Because of the smallest interfacial misfit, the secondary close-packed lane {100} of TiN preferentially combines with the close-packed plane {111} of γ-Fe during the precipitation in order to minimize the interface energy. After nucleation, the TiN precipitates exhibit cubic appearance due to the fact that the TiN has a FCC structure with rock salt type structure. This study provides reference for the material design of the austenitic high-manganese steels with excellent yield strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The microstructure of Cu-Al composite plate based on the cast-rolling technology is investigated by scanning electron microscope, x-ray diffractometer, energy-dispersive spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The interfacial structure is analyzed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The results show that the copper–aluminum composite plates with oxygen-freed metallurgical bonding interface by cast rolling. The interfacial intermetallic is CuAl2 with a thickness of 0.35 μm. There is a crystallographic orientation relationship between the matrix Al and CuAl2. The (200) crystal plane of CuAl2 parallels to the ( 11 1 ¯ ) crystal plane of Al with the mismatch of 0.22. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ti-6Al-4V-1.5Mn alloy was prepared by powder metallurgy and solid solution aging treatment. Effect of composition segregation on properties of the titanium alloy was eliminated, and microstructure and the mechanical properties of the alloy were studied. Results show that the microstructure of Ti-6Al-4V-1.5Mn is composed of homogeneous α + β phase, and the optimal mechanical properties of the alloy are obtained when the solution temperature is 950 °C and the aging temperature is 460 °C. Analysis of the fracture illustrates that a small amount of dimple was found in the section and the fracture of the material was quasi-cleavage fracture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The direct analysis of drug distribution of rotigotine-loaded microspheres (RoMS) from tissue sections by liquid extraction surface analysis (LESA) coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) was demonstrated. The RoMS distribution in rat tissues assessed by the ambient LESA-MS/MS approach without extensive or tedious sample pretreatment was compared with that obtained by a conventional liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method in which organ excision and subsequent solvent extraction were commonly employed before analysis. Results obtained from the two were well correlated for a majority of the organs, such as muscle, liver, stomach, and hippocampus. The distribution of RoMS in the brain, however, was found to be mainly focused in the hippocampus and striatum regions as shown by the LESA-imaged profiles. The LESA approach we developed is sensitive enough, with an estimated LLOQ at 0.05 ng/mL of rotigotine in brain tissue, and information-rich with minimal sample preparation, suitable, and promising in assisting the development of new drug delivery systems for controlled drug release and protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) is the most important component of soil. Though small, it determines soil fertility and prevents soil losses. In this study, we examined relationships between the Particle-Size Distribution (PSD) of the eroded sediment and SOC loss, and evaluated the effects of plant coverage ratios (0%, 15%, 30%, 45%, 60% and 90%), slope lengths (2 m, 4 m), fertilizer treatments (unfertilized control (CK), compound N-P-K fertilizer (CF), and organic fertilizer (OF)) on SOC loss and the SOC enrichment ratio (ER) in the eroded sediments. The experimental results showed that longer slope length and lower surface cover ratios produced larger surface runoff and the eroded sediments, resulting in larger SOC losses. The average SOC loss was greatest in the OF treatment and SOC loss was mainly associated with the eroded sediment. Surface runoff, which causes soil erosion, is a selective transportation process, hence there were more clay-sized particles (<2 μm) and silt-sized particles (2-50 μm) in the eroded sediments than in the original soils. SOC was enriched in the eroded sediments relative to in the original soil when ER > 1. ER was positively correlated with ER (<2 μm) ( R = 0.68) and ER (2-20 μm) ( R = 0.63), and from all the size particle categories of the original soil or the eroded sediments, more than 95% of SOC was concentrated in small-sized particles (<50 μm). The distribution of SOC in different-sized particles of the original soil and the eroded sediment is primarily associated with clay-sized particles and fine silt-sized particles, thus we conclude that as the eroded sediment particles became finer, more SOC was absorbed, resulting in more severe SOC loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The solubility of β-HMX in acetone + water mixed solvents was measured using a synthetic method. The laser monitoring observation technique was used to determine the disappearance of the solid phase in a solid + liquid mixture. All data were measured at atmospheric pressure and at temperatures ranging from (293.15 to 313.15) K. The effects of solvent composition and temperature on the solubility are discussed. The experimental data were correlated with an empirical equation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]