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Marine plastic pollution poses a potential threat to the ecosystem, but the sources and their magnitudes remain largely unclear. Existing bottom-up emission inventories vary among studies for two to three orders of magnitudes (OMs). Here, we adopt a top-down approach that uses observed dataset of sea surface plastic concentrations and an ensemble of ocean transport models to reduce the uncertainty of global plastic discharge. The optimal estimation of plastic emissions in this study varies about 1.5 OMs: 0.70 (0.13–3.8 as a 95% confidence interval) million metric tons yr−1 at the present day. We find that the variability of surface plastic abundance caused by different emission inventories is higher than that caused by model parameters. We suggest that more accurate emission inventories, more data for the abundance in the seawater and other compartments, and more accurate model parameters are required to further reduce the uncertainty of our estimate. Estimating the amount of plastics that enters the ocean is subject to significant uncertainty. This study uses ocean plastic abundance data to refine our estimate and reduce this uncertainty, enabling more effective control and mitigation polices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a correction notice for an article titled "Plastic waste discharge to the global ocean constrained by seawater observations" published in Nature Communications. The correction addresses an error in Figure 2 of the original article, where a description was incorrectly labeled as "middle scenario" instead of "low scenario." The corrected version of Figure 2 has been updated in both the PDF and HTML versions of the article. The authors of the article are Yanxu Zhang, Peipei Wu, Ruochong Xu, Xuantong Wang, Lili Lei, Amina T. Schartup, Yiming Peng, Qiaotong Pang, Xinle Wang, Lei Mai, Ruwei Wang, Huan Liu, Xiaotong Wang, Arjen Luijendijk, Eric Chassignet, Xiaobiao Xu, Huizhong Shen, Shuxiu Zheng, and Eddy Y. Zeng. [Extracted from the article]

The protection of quantum entanglement has always been the focus of researchers. We adopt the scheme of combining weak measurement and measurement reversal to explore the protection effect of two-qutrit system in four noise channels, i.e., the amplitude damping channel, the phase damping channel, the bit flip channel and the depolarizing channel. For the given qutrits state with α = β = γ = 1 3 , it is found that the protection scheme can help to protect entanglement in the amplitude damping channel, while for the state with α = β = 1 2 , γ = 0 , the protection scheme plays a protective role in the amplitude damping channel and the depolarizing channel. We also calculate and discuss how the negativity and the probability of success behave when adjusting the weak measurement or measurement reversal strength. In different noise channels, the entanglement can be kept as much as possible by choosing the appropriate weak measurement parameters. It provides a strong basis for the system to maintain maximum entanglement in different noise channels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive regionalization of fine farming could provide scientific evidence for the programming and distribution of coffee farming industry. Comprehensively considering three factors influencing coffee cultivation such as climate, topography, and soil, 11 evaluation indexes for ecological adaptability were chosen. Ecological factors were transformed to 0–1 by fuzzy membership function. The weighing coefficients of different factors were confirmed by Analytic hierarchy process. Ordinary Kriging interpolation and inverse distance-weighted interpolation in ArcGIS were used. Raster calculator was used for overlay analysis. Thus, the evaluation model of the comprehensive regionalization of coffee farming was established. There were four grades of coffee farming area in Yunnan Province, China by natural discontinuity point method breaks, including the most suitable, the suitable, the less suitable, and the not suitable. Results showed that the lowest average temperature in the coldest month and the altitude had the largest influence on coffee adaptability. Areas of four grades of Coffea arabica accounted for 16.28%, 23.19%, 28.71%, and 31.82% of the total area, respectively, wherein the most suitable area and the suitable area were mainly distributed in areas of Baoshan, Dehong, Puer, Lincang, Yuxi, Xishuangbanna, Honghe, Wenshan, etc. Areas of four grades of Coffea canephora accounted for 2.21%, 21.70%, 36.79%, and 39.30% of the total area, respectively, wherein the most suitable area and the suitable area were mainly distributed in areas of Xishuangbanna, Honghe, Puer, Dehong, Lincang, Wenshan, etc. Results could provide theoretical evidence of spatial planning and risk management of coffee production in Yunnan Province, China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transgenic Phytophthora sojae strains that produce green fluorescent protein (GFP) were obtained after stable DNA integration using the Hsp70 promoter and the Ham34 terminator of Bremia lactucae. The expression of GFP during different developmental stages of P. sojae was observed using fluorescent microscopy. Based on this reporter system, the histopathologic events caused by the pathogen in soybean leaves, hypocotyls and roots were monitored. Meanwhile, the difference in resistance between different soybean cultivars against P. sojae was analyzed microscopically in roots. The results indicate that GFP can be stably expressed in zoosporangia, zoospores, cysts, hyphae and oospores of P. sojae. Using the GFP marker, the infecting pathogens in leaves, hypocotyls and roots of host could be distinctly visualized. The germ tube length of cysts germinating on the roots of resistant cultivar Nannong 8848 was longer than that on the roots of susceptible cultivar Hefeng 35. These results show for the first time that this eukaryotic reporter can be used in P. sojae as a stable and vital marker, allowing the study of genetics of this hemibiotrophic pathogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]