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Soil sickness a severe problem in tobacco production, leading to soil-borne diseases and reduce in tobacco yield. This occurs as a result of the interaction between root exudates and rhizosphere microorganisms, which is however, little studied until now. By combining the field investigation and pot experiment, we found the output yield consistently decreased during the first 10 years of continuous cropping in a tobacco field, but increased at the 15th year (15Y). The root exudate and rhizosphere bacterial community was further analyzed to reveal the underlying mechanism of the suppressive soil formation. Root exudate of 15Y tobacco enriched in amino acids and derivatives, while depleted in the typical autotoxins including phenolic acids and alkaloids. This was correlated to the low microbial diversity in 15Y, but also the changes in community composition and topological properties of the co-occurrence network. Especially, the reduced autotoxins were associated with low Actinobacteria abundance, low network complexity and high network modularity, which significantly correlated with the recovered output yield in 15Y. This study revealed the coevolution of rhizosphere microbiota and root exudate as the soil domesticated by continuous cropping of tobacco, and indicated a potential role of the autotoxins and theirs effect on the microbial community in the formation of suppressive soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intercropping is a powerful practice to alter the allocation of photosynthetic carbon (C) to belowground ecosystems via promotion of diversified plant communities. The feedback of soil C stability to intercropping is controlled by microbial C use efficiency (CUE). Despite its significance, there is currently insufficient evidence to decipher how soil microbial CUE reacts to intercropping. By combining a 10-year-long intercropping experiment with a substrate-independent 18O-H2O labelling approach and high-throughput sequencing, we elucidated the performance of intercropping on soil C pool and microbial metabolic traits as well as their relationships with soil microbial communities. Compared with monoculture, maize intercropping with peanut and soybean significantly increased soil C storage, soil mineral-associated organic C (MAOC), soil dissolved organic (DOC), and soil microbial biomass (MBC) contents at maize four growth stages. Soil microbial CUE increased significantly, especially at maize flowering and mature stages, as a consequence of enhanced microbial growth and biomass turnover rate after maize intercropping with peanut and soybean. Soil C storage and accessibility indicators (e.g., MAOC, DOC, and MBC contents) could significantly predict the changes of soil microbial diversity and core taxa. Meanwhile, the beta-diversity (community composition) of soil bacteria, fungi, saprotroph and protists, as well as rare fungal taxa were positively correlated with soil microbial CUE, and these indicators showed a high prediction of the microbial CUE. Soil C storage and accessibility indicators directly and indirectly influenced soil microbial CUE by regulating microbial diversity and key taxa. Soil microbial diversity and core taxa directly and indirectly influenced microbial CUE by mediating microbial respiration, growth, biomass, and enzyme activity, which mediated by soil C storage and accessibility. These findings provide an evidence for the associations between microbial diversity, CUE, and soil C stability, highlighting the importance of intercropping-driven soil microbiome to enhance soil microbial CUE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving the adsorption performance of wetland fillers is of great significance for enhancing pollutant removal in constructed wetlands. Currently, limited by complex preparation processes and high costs, large numbers of high adsorption fillers studied in lab are difficult to be applied in practical engineering. In this study, a newly low-cost and efficient phosphorus removal composite wetland filler (CFB) is prepared by using industrial and agriculture waste (steel slag and oyster shells) and natural ore (volcanic rock) as raw materials. The results show that phosphorus removal efficiency was largely enhanced by synergistic effects of steel slag, oyster shells, and volcanic rock, and it was mainly influenced by the proportion of each component of CFB. Based on the fitting of the classical isothermal equation, the adsorption capacity of CFB is 18.339 mg/g. The adsorption of phosphorus by CFB is endothermic and spontaneous, and there are heterogeneous surfaces and multi-layer adsorption processes, as well as pH value and temperature, are free from the influence on CFB phosphorus removal. During the practical wastewater application experiments, the phosphorus removal rate of the CFB-filled constructed wetland apparatus (CW-A) can reach 94.89% and is free from the influence on the removal of other pollutants (COD, TN, and NH3-N) by the system. Overall, the prepared CFB is of excellent decontamination effect, an extremely simple preparation process, low cost, and sound practical engineering application potential, providing new ideas and approaches for enhancing the phosphorus removal capacity and waste resource utilization of constructed wetland systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A paddy soil, with microbial biomass considerably reduced by chloroform fumigation, was treated with low-crystalline ferrihydrite and high-crystalline goethite and with 13C-labeled acetate. In the first 10 days of the incubation, CH4 was produced mainly from the added acetate (56‒91%). After day 30, however, 3‒11% of the total CH4 emissions originated from the added acetate. Chloroform fumigation reduced the microbial biomass by 43‒87%, leading to the decrease in the CH4 emission from the fumigated soil for 352‒1127 times compared to that from the unfumigated soil. Acetate only contributed to 0‒6% of the total CH4 emission from the fumigated soil during the entire incubation period. Thus, chloroform fumigation largely reduced the abundance of methanogens, and the reduction in the abundance of acetotrophic methanogens was high. Iron oxide additions reduced CH4 emissions from the added acetate and from other sources. The reduction was stronger in the fumigated soil compared to that in the unfumigated soil because the lower abundance of methanogens in the fumigated soil decreased the competition for substrates with iron reducers. The effect of ferrihydrite on CH4 emission from non-acetate sources was stronger than that of goethite before day 6; however, this effect became weaker thereafter, because of the reduced number of reactive sites after acetate sorption by ferrihydrite. We conclude that the marked reduction in the microbial biomass, and especially methanogens, decreased the methane production, changed the CH4 sources, and increased the relative effects of iron oxides on CH4 production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flooding and straw returning are effective agricultural practices in promoting phosphorus (P) availability in paddy soils. However, little is known about the effects of these practices and their interaction on the soil P pools and functional microbes responsible for soil P mobilization. Our 4-year paddy field experiment aimed to analyze the responses of soil P fractions and phoD-harboring bacterial communities in a double-rice cropping system to intermittent flooding (IF) and continuous flooding (CF), in plots with (+ S) and without (-S) straw return. Compared to IF, CF significantly increased soil citrate-P and marginally decreased the HCl-P fractions, suggesting that the stable inorganic P pools are transferred to labile inorganic P at lower redox potentials. Compared to the -S treatments, + S treatments significantly increased the labile organic fractions (enzyme-P). Correspondingly, a decreased soil total organic P concentration was observed in + S treatment. Additionally, + S treatment significantly increased the activity of acid phosphomonoesterase and alkaline phosphomonoesterase and the abundance of phoD-harboring bacteria. These results indicated that straw promoted organic P minimization to release orthophosphate. The diversity of the phoD-harboring bacteria and complexity of the co-occurrence network decreased under the CF + S treatment; however, all keystone species of the phoD-harboring bacteria were retained in this oxygen-deficient environment. This study highlights that irrigation regimes mediate the processes of inorganic P mobilization, while straw returns regulate the processes of organic P mineralization. Additionally, flooding could be a more effective agricultural practice than straw returning to promote soil P availability in paddy soils. Key points: •Soil P pools and phoD-harboring bacteria communities were assessed. •Straw return mainly affects the mineralization of organic P. •Continuous flooding mainly affects the mobilization of inorganic P. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hydroisomerization of n-hexadecane over Pt-Pd bimetallic catalysts is an effective way to produce clean fuel oil. This work reports a useful preparation method of bimetallic bifunctional catalysts by a co-impregnation or sequential impregnation process. Furthermore, monometallic catalysts with loading either Pt or Pd are also prepared for comparison. The effects of the metal species and impregnation order on the characteristics and catalytic performance of the catalysts are investigated. The catalytic test results indicate that the maximum iso-hexadecane yield over different catalysts increases as follows: Pt/silicoaluminophosphate SAPO-41 < Pd/SAPO-41 < Pt*-Pd/SAPO-41 (prepared by sequential impregnation) < Pt-Pd/SAPO-41 (prepared by co-impregnation). Owing to the synergic effects between Pt and Pd, the Pt-Pd/SAPO-41 catalyst prepared by the co-impregnation method demonstrates the effective promotion of (de)hydrogenation activity. Therefore, this catalyst exhibits the highest iso-hexadecane yield of 89.4% when the n-hexadecane conversion is 96.3%. Additionally, the Pt-Pd/SAPO-41 catalyst also presents the highest catalytic activity and best stability even after 150 h long-term tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biological nitrogen (N2) fixation as a source of new N input into the soil by free-living diazotrophs is important for achieving sustainable rice agriculture. However, the dominant environmental drivers or factors influencing N2 fixation and the functional significance of the diazotroph community structure in paddy soil across a climatic gradient are not yet well understood. Thus, we characterized the diazotroph community and identified the ecological predictors of N2 fixation potential in four different climate zones (mid-temperate, warm-temperate, subtropical, and tropical paddy soils) in eastern China. Comprehensive nifH gene sequencing, functional activity detection, and correlation analysis with environmental factors were estimated. The potential nitrogenase activity (PNA) was highest in warm-temperate regions, where it was 6.2-, 2.9-, and 2.2-fold greater than in the tropical, subtropical, and mid-temperate regions, respectively; nifH gene abundance was significantly higher in warm-temperate and subtropical zones than in the tropical or mid-temperate zones. Diazotroph diversity was significantly higher in the tropical climate zone and significantly lower in the mid-temperate zone. Non-metric multidimensional scaling and canonical correlation analysis indicated that paddy soil diazotroph populations differed significantly among the four climate zones, mainly owing to differences in climate and soil pH. Structural equation models and automatic linear models revealed that climate and nutrients indirectly affected PNA by affecting soil pH and diazotroph community, respectively, while diazotroph community, C/P, and nifH gene abundance directly affected PNA. And C/P ratio, pH, and the diazotroph community structure were the main predictors of PNA in paddy soils. Collectively, the differences in diazotroph community structure have ecological significance, with important implications for the prediction of soil N2-fixing functions under climate change scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stoichiometric control of input substrate (glucose) and native soil organic C (SOC) mineralization was assessed by performing a manipulation experiment based on N or P fertilization in paddy soil. Glucose mineralization increased with nutrient addition up to 11.6% with combined N and P application compared with that without nutrient addition. During 100 days of incubation, approximately 4.5% of SOC was mineralized and was stimulated by glucose addition. Glucose and SOC mineralization increased exponentially with dissolved organic C (DOC):NH4+-N, DOC:Olsen P, and microbial biomass (MB)C:MBN ratios. The relative abundances of Clostridia and β-Proteobacteria (r-strategists) were increased with combined C and NP application at the beginning of the experiment, while the relative abundances of Acidobacteria (K-strategists) were enhanced with the exhaustion of available resource at the end of incubation. The bacteria abundance and diversity were negatively related to the DOC:NH4+-N and DOC:Olsen P, which had direct positive effects (+ 0.63) on SOC mineralization. Combined glucose and NP application decreased the network density of the bacterial community. Moreover, P addition significantly decreased the negative associations among bacterial taxa, which suggested that microbial competition for nutrients was alleviated. The relative abundances of keystone species showed significant positive correlations with SOC mineralization in the soils without P application, revealing that microbes increased their activity for mining of limited nutrients from soil organic matter. Hence, bacteria shifted their community composition and their interactions to acquire necessary elements by increasing SOC mineralization to maintain the microbial biomass C:N:P stoichiometric balance in response to changes in resource stoichiometry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The preparation of bifunctional catalysts with high catalytic selectivity for the n-alkanes hydroisomerization still remains challenging for the production of bio-diesel. Herein, two series of Pd/SAPO-41 bifunctional catalysts are prepared by the ultrasonic-assisted impregnation (xPd/S41-U) with different treating time and conventional incipient wetness impregnation methods (0.30Pd/S41-I) on the SAPO-41 molecular sieve, respectively. The physico-chemical property of the synthesized SAPO-41 and prepared catalysts were studied by XRD, SEM, ICP, N2 physical adsorption, H2 chemisorption and Py-IR measurements. The catalytic performance for the n-hexadecane hydroisomerization over all catalysts is also studied. The characteristic results indicate that the xPd/S41-U catalysts show stronger Brønsted acidity compared with the 0.30Pd/S41-I catalyst. In addition, the Pd dispersion of the xPd/S41-U catalysts is almost two times higher than that of the 0.30Pd/S41-I catalyst, which leads more Pd cluster to enter into the micropores of the SAPO-41 molecular sieve. Furthermore, the 0.30Pd/S41-U catalyst with 0.30 wt % Pd loading shows promoted catalytic performance than that of the 0.30Pd/S41-I catalyst with the same Pd loading because of the stronger metal function and more favourable metal-acid balance caused by the larger CPd/CH+ ratio. Therefore, the ultrasonic-assisted impregnation prepared Pd/SAPO-41 catalysts are potential to be widely employed for the n-alkane hydroisomerization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although cumulative N2O emissions are greater in the winter fallow season than in the rice-growing period, the mechanisms by which the emissions affect fallow paddy fields remain unclear. We aimed to identify N2O flux characteristics and illustrate how key nirS-, nirK- and nosZ-containing denitrifiers affect N2O emission levels in acidic fallow paddy soil. Five water-filled pore space (WFPS) levels were set at 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% and 125%, respectively. During the 48-h-long, high-flux incubation period, the N2O flux was the highest in soil samples with 75% WFPS, followed by those with 100% WFPS. The size of nirS-containing denitrifier community was more sensitive to the shifts in soil moisture and showed a stronger correlation with N2O flux than that of nirK-containing denitrifiers, whereas higher N2O concentrations induced an increase in the levels of nosZ-containing bacteria. After incubation for 48 h, nirK- and nosZ-denitrifying bacterial composition varied remarkably under 50%, 75%, and 100% WFPS treatments. However, the composition of nirS-containing denitrifying bacterial community gradually varied with an increase in soil moisture from 25% to 100% WFPS. Certain dominant OTUs of nirK- nirS- and nosZ-containing denitrifiers were highly abundant, especially under treatments of 50%, 75% and 100% WFPS, which were closely associated with the N2O flux. Thus, nirK, nirS and nosZ-containing denitrifiers respond to soil moisture differently, and enriched species might mainly be involved in controlling N2O flux in fallow paddy soils via denitrification, while the abundance of nirS-containing denitrifiers might affect N2O emission levels more significantly than that of nirK-containing denitrifiers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: The rhizosphere has ecological importance as a microbial hotspot to understand the 'real' processing rates of element cycles without being misled by inactive bulk soil. It is thus essential to estimate the rhizosphere size and its response to anthropogenic distribution during crop growth. Methods: In situ β-glucosidase, cellobiohydrolase (C-acquiring), and acid and alkaline phosphatase (P-acquiring) activity was examined using soil zymography in rice rhizosphere. Temporal dynamics of enzymatic rhizosphere size under phosphate and cellulose fertilization were calculated based on the expansion of enzyme activity hotspot. Results: After 35 days of root development, radial expansion of cellobiohydrolase and acid phosphatase from the root centre to bulk soil was further than that of β-glucosidase and alkaline phosphatase, respectively. Root development expanded β-glucosidase hotspot in rhizosphere, but inhibited rhizosphere expansion of phosphatase activities. P fertilization caused strong N competition between plants and microorganisms, reducing rhizosphere expansion of all tested enzyme activities. Cellulose had no significant effects on C-acquiring enzyme activity expansion, but led to extended acid and alkaline phosphatase hotspots in the rice rhizosphere under P fertilization. Conclusion: i) Plant growth stage affects the rice enzymatic rhizosphere size; ii) P fertilization in P-limited soil enhances rhizosphere enzyme activities but reduces the radial expansion; iii) non-labile C application affects enzymatic rhizosphere expansion in an enzyme-specific manner interactively with P fertilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the primary microbial substrate after shoot cutting, the element stoichiometry of root-detritus (dying or dead roots) influences the enzyme activity in root-detritusphere. However, the effect of the C/P ratio of root-detritus on the dynamics and distribution of enzyme activities is little revealed. We hypothesised that P fertilisation would decrease the C/P ratio of root-detritus, therefore affecting the hotspot areas and hot moments of C-acquiring and P-acquiring enzyme activities, as well as their activity ratio (C/P acquisition ratio). Root-detritus of low (59.0) and high (170.8) C/P ratios was produced in P-poor soil with and without P fertilisation, respectively. In situ soil zymography showed that the distribution of C-acquiring enzymes (β-glucosidase and cellobiohydrolase) was more associated with root-detritus than P-acquiring enzymes (acid and alkaline phosphomonoesterase). P fertilisation increased the hotspot areas of C-acquiring enzyme activities over the experiment, without influencing their temporal dynamics. However, its effect on phosphomonoesterase activities depended on the decomposition and delayed the appearance of the highest hotspot areas. P supply met the microbial demand in P-fertilised soil, with high C/P acquisition ratio and constant stoichiometry of microbial biomass C (MBC)/microbial biomass P (MBP). A low C/P acquisition ratio and high MBC/MBP in non-fertilised soil was observed, indicating P limitation for microorganisms. After the 150-day incubation, Olsen P significantly increased in P-fertilised soil (P < 0.05), whereas it decreased in the root-detritusphere of non-fertilised soil. We conclude that the decomposition of root-detritus with a low C/P ratio has potential to improve soil P availability; however, C-P imbalance may increase during the decomposition of root-detritus with a high C/P ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crop straw retention is believed to effectively promote soil phosphorus (P) availability. However, little is known about how specific components of crop straw, such as cellulose and lignin, regulate soil P availability, which depends on several processes, including the reactions catalyzed by phosphomonoesterase activities. Of the genes encoding alkaline phosphomonoesterase, phoD are ubiquitous in soil. Here, we studied the effects of cellulose and lignin on soil P fractions and phoD-harboring bacterial community in P-deficient upland and paddy soils. In the upland soil, cellulose amendment significantly increased microbial P assimilation and decreased soil citrate-P and HCl-P fractions, suggesting that cellulose mediated the conversion of soil P fractions from the non-labile to the labile P pool (e.g., microbial P) via microbial enrichment. Lignin significantly increased soil Olsen-P content, but scarcely influenced P-related microbial parameters after incubation for 60 days. Therefore, lignin directly increased soil available P via competitive P adsorption by lignin functional groups, rather than by altering soil microbial processes. Compared to upland soil, a smaller effect of both cellulose and lignin on phoD gene abundance, alkaline phosphomonoesterase activity, and phoD-harboring bacterial community was observed in paddy soil, suggesting that the carbon inputs may be unable to promote organic P availability under oxygen-deficient conditions. Our results highlight the contrasting mechanisms of soil P availability regulation via cellulose or lignin in P-deficient soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silicoaluminophosphate molecular sieves (SAPO-41) with different SiO/AlO ratios were synthesized using di-n-butylamine (DBA) as template. All of the samples were characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, N adsorption, Si MAS NMR and IR spectroscopy of adsorbed pyridine. Based on the SAPO-41 molecular sieve, a series of nPd/S41( x) bifunctional catalysts with different SiO/AlO molar ratios ( x = 0.2-0.7) and Pd loadings ( n = 0.1-1.0 wt%) were prepared. Their catalytic performance was investigated in n-hexadecane hydroisomerization using a fixed-bed flow reactor system. The influence of the acidity and ratio between the accessible Pd sites and Brønsted acid sites $$\left( {{{{{C}_{{Pd}}}} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{{{C}_{{Pd}}}} {{{C}_{{{H}^{+}}}}}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {{{C}_{{{H}^{+}}}}}}} \right)$$ on the catalytic performance of the prepared samples was studied by adjusting the composition of the initial gel in the synthesis of SAPO-41 molecular sieves and the Pd loadings during preparation process. The results indicated that the 0.8Pd/S41(0.6) catalyst exhibited excellent catalytic performance due to a suitable acidity, high Pd dispersion and appropriate $${{{{C}_{{Pd}}}} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{{{C}_{{Pd}}}} {{{C}_{{{H}^{+}}}}}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {{{C}_{{{H}^{+}}}}}}$$ ratio (0.58), which was beneficial for the synergetic effect between the (de)hydrogenating and acid functions of the bifunctional catalyst. The highest iso-hexadecane yield of 89% was obtained at an n-hexadecane conversion of 94% over the 0.8Pd/S41(0.6) catalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have shown that phosphorus addition to P-limited soils increases gaseous N loss. A possible explanation for this phenomenon is element stoichiometry (specifically of C:N:P) modifying linked nutrient cycling, leading to enhanced nitrification and denitrification. In this study, we investigated how P stoichiometry influenced the dynamics of soil N-cycle functional genes. Rice seedlings were planted in P-poor soils and incubated with or without P application. Quantitative PCR was then applied to analyze the abundance of ammonia-oxidizing ( amoA) and denitrifying ( narG nirK, nirS, nosZ) genes in soil. P addition reduced bacterial amoA abundance but increased denitrifying gene abundance. We suggest this outcome is due to P-induced shifts in soil C:P and N:P ratios that limited ammonia oxidization while enhancing P availability for denitrification. Under P application, the rhizosphere effect raised ammonia-oxidizing bacterial abundance ( amoA gene) and reduced nirK, nirS, and nosZ in rhizosphere soils. The change likely occurred through greater C input and O release from roots, thus altering C availability and redox conditions for microbes. Our results show that P application enhances gaseous N loss potential in paddy fields mainly through stimulating denitrifier growth. We conclude that nutrient availability and elemental stoichiometry are important in regulating microbial gene responses, thereby influencing key ecosystem processes such as denitrification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CO assimilation by autotrophic microbes is an important process in soil carbon cycling, and our understanding of the community composition of autotrophs in natural soils and their role in carbon sequestration of these soils is still limited. Here, we investigated the autotrophic C incorporation in soils from three natural ecosystems, i.e., wetland (WL), grassland (GR), and forest (FO) based on the incorporation of labeled C into the microbial biomass. Microbial assimilation of C (C-MBC) differed among the soils from three ecosystems, accounting for 14.2-20.2% of C-labeled soil organic carbon (C-SOC). We observed a positive correlation between the cbbL (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RubisCO) large-subunit gene) abundance, C-SOC level, and C-MBC concentration confirming the role of autotrophic bacteria in soil carbon sequestration. Distinct cbbL-bearing bacterial communities were present in each soil type; form IA and form IC RubisCO-bearing bacteria were most abundant in WL, followed by GR soils, with sequences from FO soils exclusively derived from the form IC clade. Phylogenetically, the diversity of CO-fixing autotrophs and CO oxidizers differed significantly with soil type, whereas cbbL-bearing bacterial communities were similar when assessed using coxL. We demonstrate that local edaphic factors such as pH and salinity affect the C-fixation rate as well as cbbL and coxL gene abundance and diversity. Such insights into the effect of soil type on the autotrophic bacterial capacity and subsequent carbon cycling of natural ecosystems will provide information to enhance the sustainable management of these important natural ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tumor metastasis has become a key obstacle to cancer treatment, which causes high mortality. Nowadays, it involves multiple complex pathways, and conventional treatments are not effective due to fewer targets. The aims of the present study were to construct a novel liposome delivery system co-loading a specific PLD inhibitor 5-fluoro-2-indolyldes-chlorohalopemide (FIPI) in combination with antitumor drug doxorubicin (DOX) and functional excipient D-alpha tocopheryl acid succinate (α-TOS) for anti-metastasis. In this study, the liposomes containing three components (DFT-Lip) with different physicochemical properties were successfully prepared by film dispersion method combined with pH-gradient method. Physicochemical parameters such as particles size, potential, encapsulation efficiency, stability, and release profiles were investigated. In vitro and in vivo anti-metastasis effectiveness against highly metastatic breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cell line was evaluated. The liposomes showed uniform particle size (approximately 119 nm), high drug encapsulation efficiency (> 90%), slow release characteristics and stability. In vitro anti-tumor cell metastasis study demonstrated DFT-Lip could greatly inhibit motility, migration and invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells compared to other liposomes, predicting a synergistic anti-tumor metastasis effect between FIPI with α-TOS in liposomes. In vivo anti-metastasis study showed that DFT-Lip prevented the initiation and the progression of metastasis of high metastatic breast cancer. These results suggested that the liposomes containing DOX, FIPI, and α-TOS might be a promising strategy for metastatic tumor therapy in clinics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]