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The ultimate objective is to create strategies for glycol acetalization that are both economically and ecologically benign. The product cyclic dioxolane formed by acetalization of glycol shows excellent solvent properties as it is non-carcinogenic and causes no ozone related problems. It is used as a component of solvent in batteries and also finds application in the fragrance, flavour, pharmaceutical, polymers and textile industries. Herein we report a highly promising and environmentally benign process for converting glycol into 2,2 dimethyl 1,3 dioxolane via acetalization through NiO@B@GCN nanocubes catalys. Comprehensive analysis shows that the high catalytic performance of NiO@B@GCN nanocubes is the result of the cooperation of band gap engineering and efficient charge transfer capabilities. This work demonstrates the use of a synergistic strategy to effectively synthesize soft NiO@B@GCN nanocubes as a promising catalyst that exhibit excellent product yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The visible light-assisted photocatalysis approach allows more sustainable and atom-economical C–H bond arylation processes. The polymer-based photocatalysts are an attractive choice because of their variable design and development feasibility as well as effective catalytic applications. In the present work, by following the basic principles of green chemistry, we have chosen an environmentally friendly and biologically suitable chemical i.e. Erythrosine B as a unit molecule for the generation of photocatalyst EP (C20H8O5S4). The generation of EP has been performed via a one-pot solvothermal reaction of Erythrosine B with sulfur powder. The structural analysis of the EP evidence the generation of an interesting example 2D-polymeric assembly where disulfide (–S–S–) units are acting as linkers and show high thermal stability up to 800 °C (39.9% left as a residue). The low optical band gap of 2.08 eV and electrochemical band gap of 2.09 eV favors its catalytic applicability. The catalytic investigation reveals excellent applicability of EP in C–H arylation (yield 98.5% & selectivity 99%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of trifluoromethyl groups on organic compounds by graphene-based photocatalysts is an emerging research area in the 21st century. However, the pricey and poisonous nature of metal-based photocatalysts poses a significant barrier to the insertion of trifluoromethyl groups. Therefore, the trifluoromethylation of organic compounds and conversion into sustainable, greener chemicals via solar light irradiation is a hot and challenging topic. So, herein we developed a solar light-harvesting nitrogen enrich Eosin-Y functionalized graphene-based (NDGFE-Y) photocatalytic system with appropriate band gap and supported by UV-Visible, FTIR, XRD, and FE-SEM, Raman spectra and TGA curve. This prepared photocatalyst is a yardstick example for the photoinduced oxide CF3SO2Na to produce the CF3 as an electrophilic radical, effectively making the trifluoromethylation of benzaldehyde and their derivatives. The graphical abstract represents the highly selective NDGFE-Y photocatalyst for trifluoromethylation of Benzaldehyde under solar light irradiation. The NDGFE-Y photocatalyst has effective photocatalytic properties due to the functionalization of Eosin -Y dye. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last few years, Internet of Things (IoT) and Blockchain (BC) technology have been ruling their respective research area. The integration of IoT and Blockchain enables delivering many effective and prominent services by incorporating in-built features like scalability, flexibility, and resilience along with availability and integrity. However, taking into account the constrained nature of IoT devices, it's quite hard to implement BC peers on top of IoT devices. Additionally, the rate at which transactions are produced by a huge number of constrained devices, BC could not handle effectively. The proposed work presented a solution to cater to these challenges. It incorporates the Interplanetary File System (IPFS) for the distribution of resources generated by IoT devices. The proposed system is based on the Hyperledger Fabric BC framework and comprises smart contracts that are accountable for policy definition, policy enforcement, user identity management, and data retrieval. The experimental results illustrate that the running time taken by smart contract methods of the proposed solution is fairly less than the prominent work in the same domain. The performance evaluation clearly depicts how effectively the presented model achieves Confidentiality, Availability, Integrity, and prevents DoS and DDoS attacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

WSN consist of tiny sensors that are distributed over the entire network and have the capability of sensing the data, processing it, and conveying it from one node to another. The purpose of the study is to minimize the power utilization per round and elevate the network lifespan. In the present case, nature-inspired mechanisms are used to minimize the power utilization of the network. In the proposed study, the Butterfly Optimization Algorithm (BOA) is used to choose the optimal quantity of cluster heads from the dense nodes (available nodes). The parameters to be considered for the choice of the cluster head are: the remaining power of the node; distance from the other nodes in the network; distance from the base station; node centrality; and node degree. The particle swarm optimization (PSO) is used to form the cluster head by choosing certain parameters, such as distance from the cluster head and the BS. The path is chosen by means of the Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) Mechanism. The route is optimized by the distance, node degree, and the chosen remaining power. The inclusive performance of the projected protocol is measured in terms of stability period, quantity of active nodes, data acknowledged by the base station, and overall power utilization of the network. The results of the put redirect methodology are correlated with the extant mechanisms such as LEACH, DEEC, DDEEC, and EDEEC (Khan et al. in World Appl Sci J, 2013; Arora and Singh in Soft Comput 23:715–734, 2019; Saini and Sharma in 2010 First international conference on parallel, distributed and grid computing (PDGC 2010), 2010; Elbhiri et al. in 2010 5th International symposium on I/V communications and mobile network, 2010) and correlated with the swarm mechanisms such as CRHS, BERA, FUCHAR, ALOC, CPSO, and FLION. This review will help investigators discover the applications in this arena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal-free photocatalysis is a sustainable and environmentally friendly method of transforming solar energy into molecules with added value. A light-harvesting photocatalyst without metal Phloxin-B (P-B) in-situ edge functionalized graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) was assembled to enable the solar-light responsive photocatalytic C-H bond arylation and NADH regeneration cofactor. The photocatalytic performance was examined to estimate the C-H bond arylation and NADH regeneration efficiency by g-C3N4/P-B composite photocatalyst. The charge carrier transfer of g-C3N4 was found to be stimulated by the light harvester P-B layer, increasing the efficiency of chemical synthesis under solar light irradiation. In light of this, the g-C3N4/P-B composite photocatalyst exhibits high photocatalytic activity for the successful C-H bond arylation (98.6%) and regeneration of NADH (70.7%). This composite photocatalyst was characterized by FTIR and UV-visible spectrum along with particle size analysis, and cyclic voltammetry (CV). This effort offers a new and superficial technique to synthesize a highly efficient g-C3N4/P-B composite photocatalyst and afford a greener path for renewable energy and photocatalytic reactions. The graphical abstract represents the highly selective g-C3N4/P-B photocatalyst for the C-H bond activation of 4-bromoaryldiazonium salts with furan and regeneration of NADH under solar light irradiation. The g-C3N4/P-B photocatalyst has been effective photocatalytic property due stacking of Phloxin-B dye (P-B) on the g-C3N4 sheet. NADH regenerated and C-H bond arylated products are used as substrates in the pharma industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biological wastewater treatment is mostly used in many industries to treat industrial influents. Treated water is consisting of an extremely high concentration of pathogenic microorganisms. Present work demonstrate the treatment of biologically treated sugar industry wastewater (BTSWW) using a low-frequency ultrasound (US). BTWSS consists of Enterobacter, Salmonella, and Escherichia Coli with a total coliform concentration of 2500 ± 300 CFU/mL. Experiments were performed using the individual effect of US, H2O2, and O3 and the combined effect of US with H2O2, O3, and H2O2 + O3. The complete removal of total coliform was obtained for the synergy effect of US with H2O2 and O3. The performance of the process was analyzed based on pseudo-first-order kinetic rate constant and synergy coefficient. The pseudo-first-order kinetic rate constant was 21.6 and 22.3 × 10–2 min−1 with a synergy coefficient of 2 and 1.9 for a combined effect of US with H2O2 and O3, respectively. Another advantage of the synergy of US and O3 was lower requirement of the initial dose of H2O2 (2.1 mM/L). The operational cost of the process was found to be $ 1.5 × 10–2 /MLD. Highlights: • Complete microbial disinfection achieved in 20 min. • The pseudo-first-order kinetic rate constant: 22.3 × 10–3 min−1 and synergy coefficient: 2 for US + O3. • The operational cost of $ 1.5 × 10–2 /MLD for US + O3 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wireless sensor system (WSN) is an assortment of miniature sensor knobs with some limitations. But in today's world, we are searching for the approach which provides cost-effective and time-saving that divulges the new idea and tactic in the envisioned arena. The study delivers the rapid opinion of this perception. In many areas, WSN is used such as in weather forecasting, military applications, battlefield applications, intrusion detection system. But these systems are having many limitations such as energy inefficiency, security, synchronization. For ensuring energy efficiency low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) and advanced version of LEACH are used to augment the area of the sensor knobs. Author mentions and analyses the different types of protocols for prolonging the energy of sensor knobs. The research claimed had absorbed the security of the sensor knobs by implementing the different types of authentication measures which reduce attacks, capture attack, pin guessing attacks, and many more. This survey is very useful for beginners to understand the limitations and shortcomings of the cluster head and authentication protocols in WSN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mimicking natural photosynthesis is a promising way to produce fine chemicals, yet there is a need for efficient catalysts. Here, we synthesized a photocatalyst made of self-assembled graphitic carbon nitride/sulfur/cobalt (III) tetraphenyl porphyrin, and we used this photocatalyst for production of the l-glutamate amino acid in 93.6% yield. Regeneration of the 1,4-dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide cofactor under visible light reached 88.3%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The selective production of fine chemicals using inexpensive solar light continues to be a challenge. As a means to achieve this we report herein the synthesis and development of a perylene-based solar-light-driven photocatalyst (PDA–DAA) obtained by the covalent bonding of perylene tetracarboxylic dianhydride (PDA) with a 2,6-diamino-anthraquinone (DAA) molecule. The photocatalyst/biocatalyst coupled system developed using PDA–DAA as a photocatalyst functions in a highly efficient manner, leading to high NADH regeneration (80.12%), followed by its consumption in exclusive production of l-glutamate (94.16%) from α-ketoglutarate. The present research highlights the development and application of the PDA–DAA photocatalyst for direct formation of l-glutamate under solar light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have emerged as a promising light-harvesting module for artificial photosynthesis and photovoltaics. For efficient generation of free charge carriers, the donor–acceptor (D-A) conjugation has been adopted for two-dimensional (2D) COFs recently. In the 2D D-A COFs, photoexcitation would generate a polaron pair, which is a precursor to free charge carriers and has lower binding energy than an exciton. Although the character of the primary excitation species is a key factor in determining optoelectronic properties of a material, excited-state dynamics leading to the creation of a polaron pair have not been investigated yet. Here, we investigate the dynamics of photogenerated charge carriers in 2D D-A COFs by combining femtosecond optical spectroscopy and non-adiabatic molecular dynamics simulation. From this investigation, we elucidate that the polaron pair is formed through ultrafast intra-layer hole transfer coupled with coherent vibrations of the 2D lattice, suggesting a mechanism of phonon-assisted charge transfer. The donor–acceptor (D-A) conjugation has been adopted for two-dimensional (2D) covalent organic frameworks (COFs) for efficient generation of free charge carriers. Here, the authors investigate the dynamics of photogenerated charge carriers in 2D D-A COFs by combining femtosecond optical spectroscopy and non-adiabatic molecular dynamics simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our growing energy demands must be met by a sustainable supply with reduced carbon intensity. One of the most exciting prospects to realize this goal is the photocatalyst-biocatalyst integrated artificial photosynthesis system which affords solar fuel/chemicals in high selectivity from CO2. Graphene based photocatalysts are highly suitable for the system, but their industrial scale use requires immobilization for improved separation and recovery of the photocatalyst. Therefore for practical purposes, design and fabrication of film type graphene photocatalyst with higher solar energy conversion efficiency is an absolute necessity. As a means to achieve this, we report herein the successful development of a new type of flexible graphene film photocatalyst that leads to >225% rise in visible light harvesting efficiency of the resultant photocatalyst-biocatalyst integrated artificial photosynthesis system for highly selective solar fuel production from CO2 compared to conventional spin coated graphene film photocatalyst. It is an important step towards the design of a new pool of graphene film based photocatalysts for artificial photosynthesis of solar fuels from CO2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biological wastewater treatment is mostly used in many industries to treat industrial influents. Treated water is consisting of an extremely high concentration of pathogenic microorganisms. Present work demonstrate the treatment of biologically treated sugar industry wastewater (BTSWW) using a low-frequency ultrasound (US). BTWSS consists of Enterobacter, Salmonella, and Escherichia Coli with a total coliform concentration of 2500 ± 300 CFU/mL. Experiments were performed using the individual effect of US, H2O2, and O3 and the combined effect of US with H2O2, O3, and H2O2 + O3. The complete removal of total coliform was obtained for the synergy effect of US with H2O2 and O3. The performance of the process was analyzed based on pseudo-first-order kinetic rate constant and synergy coefficient. The pseudo-first-order kinetic rate constant was 21.6 and 22.3 × 10–2 min−1 with a synergy coefficient of 2 and 1.9 for a combined effect of US with H2O2 and O3, respectively. Another advantage of the synergy of US and O3 was lower requirement of the initial dose of H2O2 (2.1 mM/L). The operational cost of the process was found to be $ 1.5 × 10–2 /MLD. Highlights: • Complete microbial disinfection achieved in 20 min. • The pseudo-first-order kinetic rate constant: 22.3 × 10–3 min−1 and synergy coefficient: 2 for US + O3. • The operational cost of $ 1.5 × 10–2 /MLD for US + O3 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic transformations play a vital role in enhancing the scope of pharmaceuticals through the design and development of small bioactive molecules. The facile synthesis of these molecules is more feasible in the presence of catalysts. Nowadays, photocatalysts are quickly replacing the earlier ones due to their eco-friendlier nature and by following the rules of green chemistry. Herein, we are proposing the design and development of a covalent organic framework TBP-SE through the loading of erythrosine B on sulfone-conjugated 2-D pyrene assembly (TBP-S). TBP-SE is a highly crystalline (65.9%) COF with good photostability and fast charge separation (band gap, 2.1 eV). In the photocatalytic study, the TBP-SE is observed as a promising heterogeneous catalyst for efficient cyclization of thioamide to 1,2,4-thiadiazole in high yield (96.5%) along with promising recyclability (5 times). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]