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Coal mining in regions characterized by high groundwater table markedly predisposes to surface subsidence and water accumulation, thereby engendering substantial harm to surface vegetation, soil, and hydrological resources. Developing effective methods to extract surface disturbance information aids in quantitatively assessing the comprehensive impacts of coal mining on land, ecology, and society. Due to the shortcomings of traditional indicators in reflecting mining disturbance, vegetation aboveground biomass (AGB) is introduced as the primary indicator for extracting the mining disturbance range. Taking the Huaibei Coal Base as an example, Sentinel-2 MSI imagery is firstly used to calculate spectral factors and vegetation indices. Multiple machine learning algorithms are coupled to perform remote sensing estimation and spatial inversion of vegetation AGB based on measured samples of vegetation AGB. Secondly, an Orientation Distance-AGB (OD-AGB) curve is constructed outward from the center of subsidence water areas (SWA), with the Boltzmann function used for curve fitting. According to the location of the inflection point of the curve, the boundary points of vegetation disturbance are identified, and then the disturbance range is divided. The results show that (1) the TV-SVM model, utilizing total variables and support vector machine, achieves the highest estimation accuracy, with σMAE and σRMSE values of 208.47 g/m2 and 290.19 g/m2, respectively, for the validation set. (2) Thirty-six effective disturbance areas, totaling 29.89 km2, are identified; the Boltzmann function provides a good fit for the OD-AGB curve, with an R2 exceeding 0.8 for typical disturbance areas. (3) Analysis of general statistical laws indicates that disturbance distance conforms to the general characteristics of normal distribution, exhibiting boundedness and directional heterogeneity. The research is expected to provide scientific guidance for hierarchical zoning management, land reclamation, and ecological restoration in coal mining areas with high groundwater table. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study investigated how adolescents' loneliness relates to school connectedness, classmate support, teacher support, and offline and online communication with friends. We also examined the association between loneliness, physical health, and sleep. Data came from the Scottish Health Behavior in School-aged Children (HBSC). The total sample was 2983 adolescents (F = 1479 [49.6%]) aged 14–17 years (M = 15.66, SD = 0.39) from 117 secondary schools in Scotland. Results showed that (1) higher teacher support, classmate support, and offline contact with friends predicted lower levels of loneliness, (2) online friendship engagement predicted higher levels of loneliness, and (3) poor health and sleep were positively associated with loneliness. The study offers new findings, highlighting the role played by classmates/peers and teachers in reducing loneliness. Supporting previous research, we also found associations between loneliness, poor sleep, and worse physical health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The surface displacement and deformation of goaf caused by coal mining destroy the underground rock structure and surface ecological environment in the mining area and endanger the safety of human life and property. An accurate and efficient dynamic prediction system of mining subsidence is indispensable. Given the limited scope of the application of the probability integral model on the edge of the mobile basin, its poor prediction effect, and its low accuracy, a new mining subsidence prediction model based on the Boltzmann function is proposed. Combined with the transformed normal distribution time function, a B-normal prediction model that can predict the dynamic displacement and deformation of any point on the surface was constructed. The global optimal solution of the parameters of the dynamic prediction model was inversed by introducing particle swarm optimization shuffled frog leaping intelligent algorithm (PSO-SFLA), and then, the model was applied to the 8102 working face of the Guobei coal mine to dynamically predict the subsidence, inclination, curvature, horizontal displacement, and horizontal deformation of the goaf surface. The prediction results showed that on the strike and dip observation lines, the prediction accuracy of the dynamic subsidence and horizontal displacement of the surface could reach the centimeter level, the predicted root mean square error (RMSE) of dynamic tilt and horizontal deformation was less than 0.51 mm/m, and the predicted RMSE of dynamic curvature was within 0.020 mm/m2. The prediction results reflected the dynamic evolution law of surface displacement and deformation and verified the reliability of the B-normal dynamic prediction model, which can fully meet the needs of practical engineering applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of heavy metal pollution in the environment is of increasing concern, especially in the agricultural environment. In this study, a method of element identification and pollution degree monitoring of Cu and Pb pollution in corn was proposed by using variational mode decomposition (VMD) and bispectrum estimation. The results showed that the u3 component of VMD shows sensitivity to corn heavy metal monitoring. The bispectrum graphs of healthy corn leaves, Cu polluted, and Pb polluted were significantly different; these differences could quickly distinguish whether corn was polluted by heavy metals and the categories of pollution elements. The pollution prediction models constructed by the combination of the normalized frequency (fm) and the energy entropy (Wee) were proven to have a high fitting degree and application accuracy after verification, which can effectively monitor the pollution of Cu and Pb in corn. It provides a basis for the monitoring of pollution in the agricultural environment and the formulation of targeted control plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is of great significance to obtain timely and accurate information of surface subsidence caused by mining. The probability integral method (PIM) model is more suitable for mining subsidence prediction in China and has been widely used. However, the PIM model has the question on too fast convergence in predicting at the edge of subsidence basin. In recent years, many scholars have studied a lot of subsidence monitoring methods in the coal mine area using the technical advantages of differential interferometry synthetic aperture radar (D-InSAR). But, serious incoherence of interferometry phase occurs because of the large gradient subsidence of mining area, which leads to the inability to accurately obtain large gradient subsidence of surface. Meanwhile, PIM model is more suitable for static prediction of mining subsidence, and has certain defects in dynamic prediction in the process of mining subsidence. In view of the above shortcomings, the improved PIM (IPIM) prediction model was first introduced through improving the PIM model in the paper, and the IPIM-G dynamic prediction model was constructed based on the PIM model and the Gompertz time function for mine-area mining. Then, a method was used to invert the parameters of the IPIM-G dynamic prediction model using time-series superposition results of surface subsidence monitored by the D-InSAR technology, and then the parameters obtained by inversion were applied to the IPIM-G model for mining subsidence prediction. The model was applied to a coal mine in Huaibei mining area, Anhui Province, its average RMSE is 138 mm and the average RMSE at the edge is 2.8 mm. The accuracy of IPIM-G dynamic prediction model is 88% higher than the monitoring results of the D-InSAR technology in obtaining the gradient subsidence information of the subsidence basin in the mining area. The results show that the model proposed in this paper can provide theoretical support for mining and production planning in the mining area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is imperative for the mining area to timely and accurately predict the longwall progressive subsidence basin. However, the mainstream method that uses time function still has limitations, which impede extensive application. In this study, we analyzed the flaws of the optimized segmented Knothe time function in detail, and expounded the possible improvement directions. Subsequently, we proposed the Gompertz time function for predicting longwall progressive subsidence basin, based on the modeling idea that three origins are consistent. Afterward, we analyzed the variation law between parameters of the Gompertz time function and the geological mining conditions, and elaborated the parameter calculation method and the prediction algorithm for the longwall progressive subsidence basin. Finally, we demonstrated the practical application effect of this method with experiments. The average RMSE and average relative RMSE of predicted progressive subsidence using the Gompertz time function are 58.4 mm and 6.9%, respectively, and compared with the same statistics using the optimized segmented Knothe time function, the accuracy is increased by 27.9% on average. The results show that the accuracy of this article proposed method can achieve centimeter-level, meet the requirements of practical engineering application, and this method is expected to enable the mining proceeding in a safe, effective and environmentally sustainable way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To summarize the experience of mitral valve (MV) repair with artificial chordae replacement in children, and analyze early and intermediate outcomes. Methods: From January 2011 to May 2019, all patients (< 18 years) who received MV repair with artificial chordae replacement were retrospectively reviewed. Freedom from MV reoperation, MV dysfunction, moderate or severe MR were estimated by the Kaplan–Meier curve and log-rank test. Results: A total of 30 patients were included in this study. According to our definition, 15 patients had simple lesions and 15 patients had complex lesions. During 36 months' follow-up (range 3–97 months), two patients received MV reoperation and seven patients developed MV dysfunction, including six patients with moderate or severe MR and one patient with mitral stenosis. Freedom from MV reoperation at 1, 5 and 8 years were 100%, 91.3% and 91.3%, respectively. And freedom from MV dysfunction at 1, 3 and 5 year were 96.0%, 77.1% and 61.8%, respectively. Five-year freedom from MV dysfunction showed significant differences between patients with simple lesions and patients with complex lesions (100% vs 32.7%, log-rank P = 0.008), and between patients aged less than 12 years and patients aged more than 12 year (33.5% vs 90.0%, log-rank P = 0.025). Conclusion: The early and intermediate outcomes of mitral valve repair with artificial chordae replacement were acceptable in children, and the outcomes were optimal in patients with simple lesions, and patients aged more than 12 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To review the early and intermediate outcomes of patients with transposition of the great arteries (TGA) and intramural coronary artery (IMCA) who underwent arterial switch operation (ASO) at our center. Among 450 patients with TGA who underwent an ASO between 2010 and 2018, 26 (5.8%) patients were identified with IMCA. The left coronary artery was intramural in 21 of 26 patients. We adopted coronary transfer using double coronary buttons with unroofed intramural course for all 26 patients. Early mortality for patients with IMCA was 3 of 26 (11.5%) compared with 10 of 424 (2.4%) for those without IMCA (p = 0.007). Six patients suffered major adverse events, including extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support in 3 patients, delayed sternal closure in 6 patients. The follow-up was available for all 23 survivors, with the mean follow-up period of 73.5 ± 28.7 months. There was no late death and reinterventions, and all patients were asymptomatic at last follow-up. One patient exhibited moderate neopulmonary regurgitation, and 1 patient presented with distal stenosis of the right pulmonary artery. Coronary transfer using double coronary buttons with unroofed intramural course was a good option for patients with TGA and IMCA. With this technique, ASO could be performed with optimal early and intermediate outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study proposed a new vegetation index ADVI to detect the pollution degree of different varieties of maize under copper stress, which provides a new idea for the detection of heavy metal pollution in vegetation. In order to ensure the outdoor growth environment of maize, we put all maize into outdoor greenhouse. The spectral reflectance interval of 450–850 nm of maize leaves was processed by the absorbance conversion (A) and the first-order differential (D), and the absorbance differential (AD) spectral curve was obtained. The Pearson correlation coefficient (r) was used to analyze the AD data and the biochemical data and select characteristic bands that are sensitive to heavy metal copper (Cu). The calculated Pearson correlation coefficients suggested that the AD value at 547–553 nm and 672–674 nm presented a linear positive correlation close to 1 with the Cu2+ contents in soil and leaves, and a linear negative correlation close to − 1 was present in the range of 496–506 nm and 677–679 nm. We selected the AD value of wavelengths 501 nm, 550 nm, 673 nm, and 678 nm to establish ADVI and compared it with conventional vegetation indices (VIs) by calculating Pearson correlation coefficient between them and Cu contents in soil and leaves, and vegetation indices include Water Band Index (WBI), Photochemical Reflectance Index (PRI), MERIS Terrestrial Chlorophyll Index (MTCI), Modified Red Edge Simple Ratio Index (mSR), Modified Chlorophyll Absorption Ratio Index (MCARI), Water Index (WI), Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI). Maize leaf spectral data obtained from experiments in 2017 were used for verification, and ADVI was also compared with WBI, PRI, MTCI, mSR, MCARI, WI, and NDWI. The calculated Pearson correlation coefficient between ADVI and Cu2+ contents in soil and leaves is 0.9816 and 0.9460 (experimental data of 2016). The calculated Pearson correlation coefficient between ADVI and Cu2+ contents in soil and leaves is 0.9109 and 0.9639 (experimental data of 2017). The results suggested that ADVI showed a significant correlation with Cu2+ stress concentration, and the correlation of ADVI was much stronger than that of other vegetation indices. The proposed ADVI detects the pollution degree of maize with different varieties and in different periods under copper stress has advantages of straightforward calculation, robustness, and high effectiveness. This study focused on the laboratory leaf scale, so it is expected that future work extends it to a wide range of field scale and image scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new index Absorbance Differential Vegetation Index (ADVI), which realized the monitoring of heavy metals copper and lead stress in two varieties of maize with different cultivation periods and the pollution of heavy copper and lead, was distinguished. Experiments of copper and lead pollution with different concentrations were designed and measured spectral reflectance and contents of copper ion (Cu2+) and lead ion (Pb2+) of maize under concentrations of copper and lead stress. The spectral reflectance was processed by the absorbance conversion (A) and the first-order differential (D), and the Absorbance Differential (AD) spectral curve was obtained. The Pearson correlation coefficient (r) was used to analyze the AD data and the biochemical data and select characteristic bands that sensitive to heavy metal Cu (Copper). We selected the AD value of wavelengths 501 nm, 550 nm, 673 nm and 678 nm to establish ADVI and compared it with conventional vegetation indices by calculating Pearson correlation coefficient between them and Cu contents in soil and leaves. The results suggested that ADVI showed a significant correlation with Cu2+ and Pb2+ stress concentration, the correlation of ADVI was much stronger than that of other vegetation indices and effectively distinguished copper and lead stress. It can provide theoretical basis for monitoring heavy metal stress on canopy scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacteriophages have been proposed as an alternative to pesticides to kill bacterial pathogens of crops. However, the efficacy of phage biocontrol is variable and poorly understood in natural rhizosphere microbiomes. We studied biocontrol efficacy of different phage combinations on Ralstonia solanacearum infection in tomato. Increasing the number of phages in combinations decreased the incidence of disease by up to 80% in greenhouse and field experiments during a single crop season. The decreased incidence of disease was explained by a reduction in pathogen density and the selection for phage-resistant but slow-growing pathogen strains, together with enrichment for bacterial species that were antagonistic toward R. solanacearum. Phage treatment did not affect the existing rhizosphere microbiota. Specific phage combinations have potential as precision tools to control plant pathogenic bacteria. Phage combination therapies reduce bacterial wilt disease incidence in tomato by up to 80%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A polyoxometalate (POM)-cholic acid hybrid was prepared by grafting cholic acid moieties on two sides of the POM cluster. The self-assembly behaviors developed by POM-cholic acid hybrid molecules in a methanol/toluene mixed solution were studied to improve the control of molecular architectures. Under the control conditions, nanoparticles and vesicles in solution systems were formed using simple experimental manipulation. The nanoparticles were prepared with hybrid molecules using ultrasonic manipulation, while the vesicles were formed through aging manipulation. More specifically, these different morphologies were thoroughly studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. The results revealed that the self-assembly behaviors of hybrid molecules can be readily regulated through simple experimental manipulations. Additionally, we also propose the mechanisms of formation of nanoparticles and vesicles. This work may provide a smart approach to the effective design and fabrication of multifunctional supramolecular materials with adjustable structural architectures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sodium zirconium phosphate (NZP) was synthesized by microwave-assisted solid-state reaction method with addition of x wt.% excess Na2CO3 powders (where x = 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10). The effects of the synthesis temperature and the excess sodium content on the phase compositions of the resultant samples were systematically investigated. XRD and Raman results showed that pure NZP phase could be synthesized successfully at 1100 °C for 2 h when 5 wt.% of excess sodium was introduced. Comparing with the traditional solid-state reaction method, the microwave-assisted solid-state method with the addition of appropriate excess sodium was beneficial to the synthesis of pure NZP phase, which would provide a new idea of achieving the low-temperature rapid synthesis of compounds of NZP family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Topsoil was collected from the surroundings of a mining area in Xilin Gol League which was located in Xilinhot of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and measurement was conducted to obtain soil spectral curves and the concentrations of plumbum (Pb), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and nickel (Ni) in soil, so as to study the relationship between transform spectrum expansion coefficient contour distribution of different soil samples in this area and heavy metal concentration in soil. The method was based on frequency domain. First, soil spectra were converted to sparse spectra. Then, by combining soil sparse spectra with Gabor transform theory, a conversion to the frequency domain is conducted to detect the subtle difference between soil spectra of heavy metal at different concentrations. This approach helps to get rid of studies which aim to infer the content of heavy metal in soil simply through the information of spectral reflectance in soil, and a frequency domain transform-based analysis of spectral information concerning heavy metal overproof in soil is carried out instead, ultimately achieving the purpose of detecting the existence of transient spectra of heavy metal overproof in soil. This study was to provide a basis for the hyperspectral frequency domain study of soil heavy metal overproof. According to the study, this method could be used to detect the threshold concentration of Pb overproof in the surrounding soil of the mining area in Xilin Gol League. Furthermore, when Pb and Ni concentrations in soil exceeded the background value of soil environment in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, an over-standard Zn concentration in this area would lead to changes in transform spectrum expansion coefficient contour distribution and, thus, could be used to detect the threshold concentration of Zn overproof in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An unconventional, continuous petroleum system consists of an accumulation of hydrocarbons that is found in low-matrix-permeability rocks and contain large amounts of hydrocarbons. Tight-sand gas in the Jurassic and shale gas within the fifth member of Xujiahe Formation (Tx) are currently regarded as the most prolific emerging unconventional gas plays in China. The conventional and systematical evaluation of Tx source rocks was carried out for the first time in the western Sichuan basin (WSD). Hydrocarbon generation and expulsion characteristics (including intensity, efficiency, and amount) of Tx source rocks were investigated. Results show that Tx source rocks are thick (generally >200 m), have high total organic content (TOC, ranging from 2.5 to 4.5 wt%), and dominated by III-type kerogen. These favorable characteristics result in a great hydrocarbon generating potential under the high thermal evolution history ( R > 1.2%) of the area. An improved hydrocarbon generation potential methodology was applied to well data from the area to unravel the hydrocarbon generation and expulsion characteristics of Tx source rocks in the WSD. Results indicate that the source rocks reached hydrocarbon expulsion threshold at 1.06% R and the comprehensive hydrocarbon expulsion efficiency was about 60%. The amount of generation and expulsion from Tx source rocks was 3.14 × 10 and 1.86 × 10 t, respectively, with a residual amount of 1.28 × 10 t within the source rocks. Continuous-type tight-sand gas was predicted to develop in the Jurassic in the Chengdu Sag of the WSD because of the good source-reservoir configuration (i.e., the hydrocarbon generation and expulsion center was located in Chengdu Sag), the Jurassic sandstone reservoirs were tight, and the gas expelled from the Tx source rocks migrated for very short distances vertically and horizontally. The amount of gas accumulation in the Jurassic reservoirs derived from Tx source rocks is up to 9.3 × 10 t. The Tx gas shale has good accumulation potential compared with several active US shale-gas plays. Volumetrically, the geological resource of shale gas is up to 1.05 × 10 t. Small differences between the amounts calculated by volumetric method compared with that by hydrocarbon generation potential methodology may be due to other gas accumulations present within interbedded sands associated with the gas shales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through field geological investigation and seismic interpretation of the Longmen (龙门) Mountain thrust belt, we summarized the following structural styles: thrust belt, fault-related fold (fault bend fold, fault propagation fold, and fault decollement fold), pop-up, triangle zone, duplex, superimposed fold, ductile deformation structures, reverse thrust fault, klippe, decollement structure, etc.. These structural styles have evident distribution characteristics; they had zonation and segmentation in plane. The zonation presents as the thrust nappe tectonic zone to the west of Tongjichang (通济场) fault, fault-related folds between Tongjichang fault and Guankou (关口) fault, and low and mild folds to the east of Guankou fault. The segmentation is evidenced as the scale of reverse thrust faults was minor between Tongjichang No. 1 fault and Tongjichang No. 2 fault. The distance between these two faults became long in the Dayuanbao (大园包) structure, and there developed typical fault propagation fold and pop-up between these two faults. Furthermore, the structures had stratification in profile. The salt layer of T2 l provided good conditions for the formation and development of large listric thrust faults; the thrust fault slipped in the salt layer and formed decollement structures and fault-related fold. At the same time, there formed duplex and reverse thrust faults between the two decollement layers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The seismic profiles processed by high-resolution display that a blind growth fault-bend fold emerges in depth of seismic exploration area in Dayi in the southern section of the frontier Longmen Mt. This paper presents a detailed structural interpretation to seismic section, then describes the deformed geometry related to the pre-growth strata, the growth strata and the post-growth strata on both limbs of the fold. The computer geometric simulation, based on the model of fault-bend fold, is utilized to stimulate the geometry of the blind growth fold at different sedimentation rates in Dayi. These structural features are subsequently extracted and compared with the actual seismic reflection section. Our research suggests that a low angle overthrust formed during Late Triassic also appears in the southern section of the frontier Longmen Mt. The event of structure took place at the depositional stage of a portion of the middle and upper fourth member of Xujiahe Formation (T3x4), which corresponds to thrusting in the northern section of the frontier Longmen Mt. However, the thrusting displacement here is smaller than one of the northern section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Longmen Mountains thrust belt contains complex structures resulting from multi-phase tectonic movements. Field investigations and interpretations of seismic profiles reveal two important transfer zones in the thrust belt: the Anxian and Guanxian transfer zones. Many thrust and strike-slip faults are found in the shallow part of the transfer zones, and duplexes and detachment structures in the deep part. The Anxian transfer zone is located between the Jiaoziding and Jiudingshan nappes, consisting mainly of the Lower Triassic Feixianguan Formation (T1 f) and Jianglingjiang Formation (T1 j), and Middle Triassic Leikoupo Formation (T2 l). The Guanxian transfer zone is located between the Baoxing and Jiudingshan nappes, consisting mainly of Devonian, Carboniferous, Triassic, Jurassic, and Presinian rocks. This zone contains many thrust faults, strike-slip faults, and duplexes in its deeper part (where early structures have been almost completely overprinted), and many klippens are found at the surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As is well known that many decollement layers were developed in the Longmenshan thrust belt, Sichuan Basin, China. Through field investigation, explanation of seismic profiles and analysis of the balanced sections, we can divide the decollement zones into 3 categories: (1) the deep level decollement zones, including the crust-mantle decollement layer, intracrustal decollement layer, and presinian basal decollement layer. The main structural styles of their deformation are the crust-mantle decoupling detachment deformation, the basal ductile shear deformation, etc.; (2) the middle level decollement zones, including the Cambrian-Ordovician decollement layer, the Silurian decollement layer, etc., the main structural styles of their deformation are the isopachous fold, the angular fold, the saddle structure, and the combination styles of them; and (3) the shallow level decollement zones, including the Xujiahe Formation decollement layer of Upper Triassic and the Jurassic decollement layers, the main structural styles of their deformation are the thrust-nappe tectonic, the pop-up, the triangle zone, the duplex, etc. Multi-level decollement zones not only made the Longmenshan thrust belt develop many different deformation styles from deep place to shallow place, but also made some local areas have the superimposition of the tectonic deformation apparently. This study indicates that the multi-level decollement zones have a very important effect on the shaping and evolution of the Longmenshan thrust belt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The early diverged Magnoliaceae shows a historical temperate-tropical distribution among lineages indicating divergent evolution, yet which ecophysiological traits are phylogenetically conserved, and whether these traits are involved in correlated evolution remain unclear. Integrating phylogeny and 20 ecophysiological traits of 27 species, from the four largest sections of Magnoliaceae, we tested the phylogenetic signals of these traits and the correlated evolution between trait pairs. Phylogenetic niche conservatism (PNC) in water-conducting and nutrient-use related traits was identified, and correlated evolution of several key functional traits was demonstrated. Among the three evergreen sections of tropical origin, Gwillimia had the lowest hydraulic-photosynthetic capacity and the highest drought tolerance compared with Manglietia and Michelia. Contrastingly, the temperate centred deciduous section, Yulania, showed high rates of hydraulic conductivity and photosynthesis at the cost of drought tolerance. This study elucidated the regulation of hydraulic and photosynthetic processes in the temperate-tropical adaptations for Magnoliaceae species, which led to strong phylogenetic signals and PNC in ecophysiological traits across divergent lineages of Magnoliaceae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]