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Associations between long-term exposure to nitrogen oxides (NOx) and cause-specific mortality remain insufficiently explored. This study utilizes data from 502,040 participants registered in the UK Biobank. Time-varying Cox regression is used to estimate mortality risks associated with NOx. Cause-specific mortality risks, including non-accidental, accidental and 15 major disease categories across 103 subcategories, are assessed for each 10 μg/m3 increase in NOx. Positive associations are observed between NOx and mortality from all-cause (HR: 1.036; 95% CI: 1.024, 1.049) and non-accidental diseases (HR: 1.032; 95% CI: 1.019, 1.045). We further identify 20 specific diseases related to NOx, notably respiratory diseases, mental and behavioral disorders, and circulatory diseases, with generally linear exposure-response relationships. Sex and residential areas are potential modifiers of the observed associations. Our findings suggest long-term exposure to NOx may increase mortality risks from a range of diseases, emphasizing the urgent need for clean air policies to alleviate the health burden. There is a critical gap in understanding the full spectrum of health effects associated with NOx exposure. Here, the authors find using UK Biobank data that mortality from all-cause, non-accidental and other 20 specific diseases was significantly associated with NOx. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore whether intravesical chemotherapy (IVC) between primary and second transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) affects the prognosis of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) patients receiving Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) treatment. NMIBC patients who underwent a second TURBT and subsequent BCG treatment between 2012 and 2023 at the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University were retrospectively analyzed. These patients were divided into Group A, which received IVC between TURBT, and Group B, which did not. Recurrence-free survival (RFS) was compared among the different risk subgroups. A total of 292 NMIBC patients were included in this study. In the entire cohort, IVC treatment between the primary and second TURBT was associated with longer RFS (P = 0.009). When stratified by risk groups, in intermediate-risk patients, the difference in RFS between the groups was not statistically significant (P = 0.434). By contrast, for high-risk patients, the treated group exhibited a better prognosis compared to the non-treated group (85.6% vs. 77.6%, P = 0.007). In both univariate and multivariate COX regression analyses, after adjusting for clinical factors such as tumor stage and tumor grade, the IVC between the primary and second TURBT remained an independent prognostic factor for NMIBC patients (HR 0.571, 95% CI [0.380, 0.859], p = 0.007). IVC treatment administered between the primary and second TURBT has been demonstrated to enhance RFS of high-risk NMIBC patients undergoing BCG treatment, whereas it is not applicable to intermediate-risk patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is known for its high aggressiveness and dismal prognosis, whose effectiveness of systemic therapy remains limited. As a multi-target drug, lenvatinib has exhibited promising effects in many solid tumors. However, the therapeutic role of lenvatinib in CCA is rarely investigated. Here, the in vitro assays including EdU, colony formation, transwell, wound healing, and apoptosis analyses demonstrated that lenvatinib significantly inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion, while simultaneously inducing apoptosis of CCA cells. Mechanistically, lenvatinib downregulated the expression of FGF19 and inactivated the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Depletion of FGF19 enhanced the anti-tumor effects of lenvatinib, which was attributed to the inhibition of p-PI3K and p-AKT expression in CCA cells. In contrast, overexpression of FGF19 activated the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, thereby impairing the inhibitory effects of lenvatinib against CCA. In addition, the AKT inhibitor, MK-2206, reinforced the lenvatinib-induced CCA inhibition. Notably, the in vivo experiment confirmed that the subcutaneous tumorigenicity of CCA cells in nude mice was weakened by lenvatinib. Lenvatinib markedly downregulated the expression of FGF19, p-AKT, Ki-67, vimentin, and VEGF in the xenograft tumor tissues. Collectively, these findings demonstrated that lenvatinib inhibits CCA progression by targeting the FGF19/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. The present study provides novel experimental evidence for the potential clinical application of lenvatinib in CCA, which also highlights the promising role of targeting FGF19 in combined therapeutic approaches for CCA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of aesthetic medicine practitioners concerning laser and/or light therapy for hypertrophic scars. Conducted at Hebei Medical University Third Hospital from December 25, 2023, to January 7, 2024, the cross-sectional study utilized a self-administered questionnaire to gather socio-demographic data and KAP scores. A total of 424 valid questionnaires were collected, with 220 (52.26%) female participants. The mean scores were 27.24 ± 4.28 for knowledge (range 8–40), 34.14 ± 3.49 for attitude (range 9–45), and 26.22 ± 3.46 for practice (range 6–30). Significant positive correlations were observed between knowledge and attitude (r = 0.471, P < 0.001), knowledge and practice (r = 0.593, P < 0.001), and attitude and practice (r = 0.640, P < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression revealed that both knowledge (OR = 1.260, P < 0.001) and attitude scores (OR = 1.547, P < 0.001), along with the intermediate professional title (OR = 0.233, P = 0.042), were significantly associated with proactive practice. The findings indicate a need for targeted educational initiatives to enhance practitioners' knowledge in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Thorny Skate (Amblyraja radiata) is a vulnerable species displaying a discrete size-polymorphism in the northwest Atlantic Ocean (NWA). We conducted whole genome sequencing of samples collected across its range. Genetic diversity was similar at all sampled sites, but we discovered a ~ 31 megabase bi-allelic supergene associated with the size polymorphism, with the larger size allele having introgressed in the last ~160,000 years B.P. While both Gulf of Maine (GoM) and Canadian (CAN) populations exhibit the size polymorphism, we detected a significant deficit of heterozygotes at the supergene and longer stretches of homozygosity in GoM population. This suggests inbreeding driven by assortative mating for size in GoM but not in CAN. Coalescent-based demographic modelling reveals strong migration between regions maintaining genetic variability in the recombining genome, preventing speciation between morphs. This study highlights short-term context-dependent evolutionary consequences of a size-determining supergene providing new insights for the management of vulnerable species. The thorny skate is a vulnerable species in the northwest Atlantic ocean with a discreet size polymorphism. Here, the authors have sequenced 49 thorny skate individuals, finding a supergene locus that is associated with skate size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The type of electron acceptor group has a significant effect on the photovoltaic properties of solar cell sensitizers. In this study, on the basis of previous studies of the π1- and π2-linked groups of D-π1-A1-π2-A2-type sensitizers, the photoelectric properties of Ullazine-Based photosensitizing dyes were further optimized by adjusting the electron-absorbing groups at the A1 and A2 positions. DFT and TDDFT calculations revealed that substituting the A1 position with a BTD moiety led to a substantial increase in the light absorption capacity of the dye. Furthermore, the incorporation of a CSSH moiety at the A2 position resulted in a significant redshift of the absorption spectrum and a notable increase in the light trapping efficiency. Moreover, TDM analysis indicates that HOMO→LUMO is the predominant mode of transition in the S0→S1 exciton transition of the dye molecule on the basis of the BTD motif. This mode remains the dominant mode after the introduction of the CSSH motif, although its contribution is reduced. Notably, HJ19 (A1 for BTD, A2 for CSSH) and HJ20 (A1 for difluorosubstituted BTD, A2 for CSSH) dyes demonstrate optimal optoelectronic properties, exhibiting redshifted absorption wavelengths by more than 79 nm and enhanced maximum absorption efficiencies by more than 40% with those of the YZ7 sensitizer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

L-valine holds wide-ranging applications in medicine, food, feed, and various industrial sectors. Escherichia coli, a pivotal strain in industrial L-valine production, features a concise fermentation period and a well-defined genetic background. This study focuses on mismatch repair genes (mutH, mutL, mutS, and recG) and genes associated with mutagenesis (dinB, rpoS, rpoD, and recA), employing a high-glucose adaptive culture in conjunction with metabolic modifications to systematically screen for superior phenotypes. This approach enhances the spontaneous survival rate of stress cells and facilitates the enrichment of positive mutations. Leveraging a multi-fragment seamless recombination technique, we successfully assembled the ilvBN, ilvC, ilvE, and ilvD pathway enzyme genes, transforming E. coli from a non-producer into a proficient L-valine producer capable of generating up to 6.62 g/L. Through a synergistic application of self-evolution engineering and metabolic engineering strategies, the engineered E. coli strain exhibited significantly enhanced tolerance and demonstrated heightened accumulation of L-valine. Key points: • The innovation centered on mutated genes and mismatch repair genes • By integrating modification with adaptive culture, a superior phenotype was attained • Double plasmids expressing enzymes for L-valine production in E. coli were obtained [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Positive results from cancer screenings, like a cancer diagnosis, can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality due to heightened psychological stress. However, positive screening results may also serve as a teachable moment to encourage the adoption of a healthier lifestyle. Consequently, the overall association between positive screenings and CVD mortality risk remains unclear. Based on PLCO data, the risk of CVD mortality associated with the number and types of positive screens was evaluated using Cox regression models among 149,258 eligible participants enrolled between 1993 and 2001. Additional analyses explored these associations stratified by prior CVD history. Exploratory analyses were also conducted to investigate whether positive screens were linked to the potential adoption of a healthier lifestyle. After a median follow-up of 19 years, significantly decreased risk of CVD mortality was observed for individuals with occasional positive screening (≤ 2 positive screens) [adjusted hazard ratio (HR, 95%CIs): 0.931 (0.897–0.968), P < 0.001] compared to the control arm. This effect was particularly notable for flexible sigmoidoscopy [0.842 (0.802–0.884), P < 0.001] and transvaginal ultrasound [0.855 (0.776–0.942), P = 0.002]. However, when the number of positive screens increased to more than two, the reduced risk of CVD mortality became non-significant [0.977 (0.941–1.014), P = 0.220]. Subgroup analyses revealed a greater reduction in CVD mortality risk among participants without a history of CVD [0.917 (0.864–0.973)] compared to those with a history of CVD [0.944 (0.898–0.993)]. Sensitivity analyses excluding screening-detected cancers showed similar association in the overall population [0.933 (0.897–0.970)], as well as in both subgroups with [0.945 (0.898–0.995)] and without previous CVD [0.919 (0.865–0.976)]. Exploratory analyses indicated a significantly higher proportion of any body mass index (BMI) reduction among those with a baseline BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 who had positive screens compared to the control arm, particularly for individuals with occasional positive screens (48.07% vs. 47.04%, P value = 0.037). Occasional positive cancer screening are associated with reduced risk of CVD mortality, regardless of prior CVD history, cancer diagnosis, and other competitive risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Music genres classification poses a formidable challenge as it necessitates capturing the intricate and varied characteristics of musical signals. In this study, an innovative approach is presented to classify the music genres using the Capsule Neural Network (CapsNet). The CapsNet model optimized by an advanced version of Triangulation Topology Aggregation Optimizer (ATTAO). CapsNet effectively preserves the spatial and hierarchical information of the input data, while ATTAO efficiently optimizes the parameters of CapsNet. The proposed method applied to two extensively utilized datasets, namely GTZAN and Ballroom, and compare its performance against several cutting-edge techniques. Here we show that based on the experimental findings, unequivocally demonstrate that our method outperforms others in different terms, thereby showing its efficacy and resilience in music genre recognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, force sensors play an important role in industrial production, electronic information, medical health, and many other fields. Two-dimensional material-based filed effect transistor (2D-FET) sensors are competitive with nano-level size, lower power consumption, and accurate response. However, few of them has the capability of impulse detection, which is a path function, expressing the cumulative effect of the force on the particle over a period of time. Herein, we fabricated the flexible polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) gate dielectric MoS2-FET for force and impulse sensor application. We systematically investigated the responses of the sensor to constant force and varying forces, and achieved the conversion factors of the drain current signals (Ids) to the detected impulse ( I → ). The applied force was detected and recorded by Ids with a low power consumption of ∼30 nW. The sensitivity of the device can reach ∼8000% and the 4 × 1 sensor array is able to detect and locate the normal force applied on it. Moreover, there was almost no performance loss for the device as left in the air for two months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with oxidative and acidic active sites demonstrate promising potential for tandem reactions involving olefin oxidation carboxylation. In this study, M-BTCs were synthesized via a solvothermal method, employing 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid (H3BTC) as a ligand in combination with various metals (Mn, Co, Cu, Ni). The good thermal stability and morphology of M-BTC was verified by various characterization techniques, and its catalytic performance was evaluated for oxidative carboxylation. The catalytic activity of Mn-BTC, with Mn3+/ Mn2+as the primary oxidation site, was found to be superior in both olefin epoxidation and CO2 cycloaddition. The effects of reaction conditions on both epoxidation of styrene and the cycloaddition reaction were investigated, respectively. Under optimal reaction conditions (epoxidation: 10 wt% Mn-BTC of styrene, 80 ℃ for 12 h; cycloaddition: 100 ℃ for 12 h with a CO2 flow rate of 15 ml/min and tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB) amount of 15 mol%), a 53% yield of styrene carbonate (SC) was obtained in the assisted tandem reactions. Furthermore, cycling experiments as well as XRD and FT-IR spectra of the catalysts after use demonstrated that Mn-BTC maintained its crystal structure and retained a yield of 49% SC after three cycles. Finally, a possible mechanism for assisted tandem catalytic reaction over Mn-BTC was proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Double-layer epoxy resin coatings (C-EP) were prepared on the surface of ring-shaped bonded NdFeB (RSM) by cathodic electrophoretic deposition and air spraying for the first time. The surface morphology and chemical composition of C-EP were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The digital microhardness tester was utilized to measure the microhardness of C-EP/RSM, which was found to be 33.623 HV, slightly higher than that of electrophoretic EP/RSM (E-EP/RSM). The corrosion-resistant performance of C-EP/RSM was evaluated through polarization curves and neutral salt spray (NSS) tests, with a discussion on the corrosion mechanism. The results indicate that the epoxy resin particles effectively penetrate into the pores of NdFeB matrix, exhibiting excellent sealing properties. The structure of C-EP is stable, and these two layers together contribute to better anti-corrosion performance. Compared to bare RSM (B-RSM) and E-EP/RSM, the corrosion current density is reduced by approximately one order of magnitude in C-EP/RSM. And, the NSS time of C-EP/RSM reaches 216 h, which is 1.5 times higher than that of E-EP/RSM, indicating superior corrosion resistance. Furthermore, C-EP has little effect on the magnetic properties of RSM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gesture recognition, being a natural and convenient means of human-computer interaction, has emerged as a prominent area of research. The goal of accurate and swift gesture recognition has driven numerous studies, as it plays a crucial role in meeting practical application demands. Real-time monitoring of surface electromyography (sEMG) signals collected from sEMG sensor during gesture execution enables the extraction of rich gesture action features, prompting researchers to delve into sEMG-based gesture recognition algorithms. However, existing algorithms often struggle to strike a favorable balance between prediction accuracy and computational efficiency. In response to these challenges, this paper proposes a new gesture recognition model leveraging multi-channel sEMG signals captured by a sEMG sensor. The approach involves employing a lightweight convolutional neural network (CNN) model as the backbone network, supplemented by a lightweight feature extraction block (LFE) to effectively aggregate multi-scale features. Additionally, the model benefits from pre-training weights based on transfer learning, enhancing feature extraction capabilities and generalization ability for faster convergence of the prediction model. Moreover, the introduction of a plug-and-play block called the broad attention learning block (BAL) significantly improves the overall recognition performance of the proposed model. To better capture contextual information from multi-channel sEMG signals, a pyramid input with varying resolutions is constructed, elevating the model’s multi-scale feature extraction capability. The proposed model is evaluated and validated on a dynamic gesture dataset collected using wearable sensor (Myo). A series of ablation experiments, comparative analyses, and visualization outcomes unequivocally showcase the remarkable efficacy and superiority of our proposed method. Comparisons with other advanced models reveal that the proposed model successfully achieves a balanced compromise between prediction accuracy and processing speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gene therapy has received great attention as a therapeutic approach to improve cardiac function post-myocardial infarction (MI), but its limitation lies in the lack of targeting. This study explored the use of ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD) technique to deliver β-catenin gene to the myocardium, aiming to evaluate its efficacy in preventing cardiac dysfunction post-MI. A cationic microbubble solution containing β-catenin gene pcDNA3.1 plasmid was injected through the tail vein at a rate of 0.6 mL/h, and ultrasound beams were delivered to the heart using GE Vivid 7 Medical Ultrasound System M3s Transducer. Bioluminescence imaging was used to analyze the efficiency of UTMD gene transfection into the myocardium. β-catenin levels were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot. Additionally, MI was induced in mice by surgical ligation of the left coronary artery, and cardiac function was evaluated using echocardiography at 14 and 28 days post-surgery. Masson's trichrome staining was employed to determine infarct size. Blood vessel density was also measured. TUNEL assay was used to measure cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Furthermore, mouse cardiac stem cells were isolated using flow cytometry, and Giemsa stain was applied to evaluate the colony adhesion. UTMD delivered the gene to the heart with high efficiency and specificity in vivo. The β-catenin expression was significantly increased in the myocardium (P < 0.01). After MI, the β-catenin group exhibited a notable improvement in the gene therapy-induced neovascularization in the border zone (P < 0.01) and the number and function of cardiac stem cells (P < 0.01), and a significant decrease in cardiomyocyte apoptosis in the heart tissue (P < 0.01). β-catenin gene pre-treated with UTMD can reduce the impact of myocardial injury and promote cardiac self-repair after MI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The automated synthesis of small organic molecules from modular building blocks has the potential to transform our capacity to create medicines and materials1, 2–3. Disruptive acceleration of this molecule-building strategy broadly unlocks its functional potential and requires the integration of many new assembly chemistries. Although recent advances in high-throughput chemistry4, 5–6 can speed up the development of appropriate synthetic methods, for example, in selecting appropriate chemical reaction conditions from the vast range of potential options, equivalent high-throughput analytical methods are needed. Here we report a streamlined approach for the rapid, quantitative analysis of chemical reactions by mass spectrometry. The intrinsic fragmentation features of chemical building blocks generalize the analyses of chemical reactions, allowing sub-second readouts of reaction outcomes. Central to this advance was identifying that starting material fragmentation patterns function as universal barcodes for downstream product analysis by mass spectrometry. Combining these features with acoustic droplet ejection mass spectrometry7,8 we could eliminate slow chromatographic steps and continuously evaluate chemical reactions in multiplexed formats. This enabled the assignment of reaction conditions to molecules derived from ultrahigh-throughput chemical synthesis experiments. More generally, these results indicate that fragmentation features inherent to chemical synthesis can empower rapid data-rich experimentation.Mass spectrometry fragmentation patterns define analytical barcodes for the rapid, quantitative analysis of high-throughput chemical synthesis experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bone cancer pain (BCP) affects ~70% of patients in advanced stages, primarily due to bone metastasis, presenting a substantial therapeutic challenge. Here, we profile orphan G protein-coupled receptors in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) following tumor infiltration, and observe a notable increase in GPR160 expression. Elevated Gpr160 mRNA and protein levels persist from postoperative day 6 for over 18 days in the affected DRG, predominantly in small-diameter C-fiber type neurons specific to the tibia. Targeted interventions, including DRG microinjection of siRNA or AAV delivery, mitigate mechanical allodynia, cold, and heat hyperalgesia induced by the tumor. Tumor infiltration increases DRG neuron excitability in wild-type mice, but not in Gpr160 gene knockout mice. Tumor infiltration results in reduced H3K27me3 and increased H3K27ac modifications, enhanced binding of the transcription activator Sp1 to the Gpr160 gene promoter region, and induction of GPR160 expression. Modulating histone-modifying enzymes effectively alleviated pain behavior. Our study delineates a novel mechanism wherein elevated Sp1 levels facilitate Gpr160 gene transcription in nociceptive DRG neurons during BCP in rodents. Synopsis: Increased H3K27ac levels upon tumor infiltration enhance Sp1-mediated expression of the GPR160 in dorsal root ganglia, which contributes to bone cancer pain. GPR160 expression is increased in DRG neurons after tumor infiltration. Blocking elevated GPR160 expression mitigates bone cancer pain-induced nociceptive hypersensitivity. Tumor infiltration results in decreased H3K27me3 and increased H3K27ac modifications at the Gpr160 promoter, which triggers Sp1-dependent transcription of Gpr160. Pharmacological interference with H3K27 trimethylation or acetylation affects bone cancer pain in vivo. Increased H3K27ac levels upon tumor infiltration enhance Sp1-mediated expression of the Gpr160 in dorsal root ganglia, which contributes to bone cancer pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fusarium oxysporum is a destructive plant pathogen with robust survival mechanisms, complicating control efforts. This study aimed to develop nanoformulated fungicides, screen antagonistic bacteria, and evaluate their combined efficacy. A novel self-emulsifying nanoemulsion (DZW) was formulated using zein and benzaldehyde-modified wheat gluten (BgWG) as carriers for dimethachlon (DTN). The preparation process optimized material ratios and emulsification techniques. Concurrently, antagonistic bacterial strains against F. oxysporum were screened via the plate standoff method, identifying Bacillus velezensis MLY71 as both antagonistic and compatible with DTN. The DZW nanoemulsion achieved a particle size of 93.22 nm, an encapsulation efficiency (EE) of 90.57%, and a DTN loading capacity (LC) of 67.09%, with sustained release over 96 h. The combination of DTN (0.04 mg·mL⁻¹) and B. velezensis MLY71 (1 × 10⁴ CFU·mL⁻¹) achieved a 76.66% inhibition rate against F. oxysporum MLY127, 1.71 times greater than DTN alone, indicating significant synergy. At a DTN concentration of 0.20 mg·mL⁻¹, the combination of DZW and MLY71 showed a synergy coefficient of 1.33. This synergy was also observed in soil environments, indicating its adaptability for controlling soil-borne pathogens. As sustainable management continues to gain attention in agricultural disease control, this study offers a promising strategy for achieving higher efficacy with the same fungicide dose or satisfactory control with reduced fungicide application. The excellent drug-loading performance of BgWG also expanded the applications of the wheat by-product gluten. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To gain deeper insights into pathogenesis of herpes zoster, the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from male patients mostly were subjected to single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) and ATAC-seq analysis. Here we show a detailed immune cell profile in the onset of and recovery from herpes zoster, revealing proportion alterations of the subpopulations, which were validated by flow cytometric analysis and comparison of blood routine data. The integrative analysis of the transcriptomes and epigenomes provided a comprehensive description and validation of the key changes in peripheral blood. This study may provide deep insight into the immune profile during herpes zoster progression and holds potential clinical significance. Single-cell RNA-seq analysis integrated with ATAC-seq analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells demonstrates detailed immune cell profile in the onset of and recovery from herpes zoster. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

FeP/FeO was prepared on carbon cloth (CC) via hydrothermal method, heat treatment in air, and phosphorization in argon. FeP/FeO/CC presents a porous and loose morphology which is conducive to the exposure of active sites and the transfer of reactants. FeP/FeO/CC requires the low overpotentials of 257 and 117 mV (vs. reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE)) to achieve the current density of 10 mA·cm−2 for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in alkaline KOH solution, respectively. The small Tafel slope values of 36.1 mV·dec−1 (for OER) and 96.2 mV·dec−1 (for HER) indicate that FeP/FeO/CC exhibits the fast electrocatalytic reactive kinetics for OER and HER. In particular, the reaction kinetics of FeP/FeO/CC accelerated with the progress of HER. The charge-transfer resistance (Rct) of FeP/FeO/CC is only 11 Ω. Excellent bifunctional electrocatalytic performances of FeP/FeO/CC should be attributed to the porous morphology and the lower charge-transfer resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared with traditional Ti-based biomaterials, in recent years Cu-bearing titanium alloys have been considered among the most attractive metallic biomaterials for oral implants, owing to their excellent antibacterial properties. In this paper, the effects of the Cu content, the existing form of Cu element, and the oral environment on the tribocorrosion resistance of Ti-Cu alloys were investigated in comparison with pure titanium (cp-Ti). The results revealed that a low pH and (especially) a high fluoride ion concentration accelerated the tribocorrosion. The Ti-Cu alloys showed a higher tribocorrosion resistance than cp-Ti in all the simulated solutions tested, owing to the precipitation of nano-Ti2Cu during the aging treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Lower back pain, as a typical clinical symptom of spinal degenerative diseases, is emerging as a major social problem. According to recent researches, the primary cause of this problem is intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD). IVDD is closely associated with factors such as age, genetics, mechanical stimulation (MS), and inadequate nutrition. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have further elucidated the relationship between MS and IVDD. However, the exact molecular mechanisms by which MS induces IVDD remain unclear, highlighting the need for in-depth exploration and study of the relationship between MS and IVDD. Methods: Search for relevant literature on IVDD and MS published from January 1, 2010, to the present in the PubMed database. Results: One of the main causes of IVDD is MS, and loading modalities have an impact on the creation of matrix metalloproteinase, the metabolism of the cellular matrix, and other biochemical processes in the intervertebral disc. Nucleus pulposus cell death induced by MS, cartilage end-plate destruction accompanied by pyroptosis, apoptosis, iron death, senescence, autophagy, oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and ECM degradation interact with one another to form a cooperative signaling network. Conclusion: This review discusses the molecular mechanisms of the changes in the microenvironment of intervertebral discs caused by mechanical pressure, explores the interaction between mechanical pressure and IVDD, and provides new insights and approaches for the clinical prevention and treatment of IVDD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary hyperoxaluria type 1 (PH1) is a severe hereditary disease, leading to the accumulation of oxalate in multiple organs, particularly the kidney. Hydroxyacid oxidase 1 (HAO1), a pivotal gene involved in oxalate production, is an approved target for the treatment of PH1. In this study, we demonstrated the discovery of several novel therapeutic sites of the Hao1 gene and the efficient editing of Hao1 c.290-2 A in vivo with lipid nanoparticles (LNP) delivered adenine base editing (ABE) mRNA. A single infusion of LNP-ABE resulted in a near-complete knockout of Hao1 in the liver, leading to the sustainable normalization of urinary oxalate (for at least 6 months) and complete rescue of the patho-physiology in PH1 rats. Additionally, a significant correlation between Hao1 editing efficiency and urinary oxalate levels was observed and over 60% Hao1 editing efficiency was required to achieve the normalization of urinary oxalate in PH1 rats. These findings suggest that the LNP-mediated base-editing of Hao1 c.290-2 A is an efficient and safe approach to PH1 therapy, highlighting its potential utility in clinical settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A virga-like virus, provisionally named “Viburnum opulus virus 1” (VoV1), was identified by RNA-seq in a Viburnum opulus plant. The monopartite genome of VoV1 is 12,538 nucleotides (nt) in length, excluding the poly(A) tail, and contains seven open reading frames (ORF1–7). The genome organization most closely resembles those of two unclassified plant-infecting virga-like viruses (rubber tree latent virus 1 and 2), which also have seven ORFs but show sequence similarity to VoV1 in only three ORFs. ORF1 is the largest ORF and is predicted to encode a large protein containing six conserved structural domains, including one for the viral replicase. Putative proteins of ORF3 and ORF4 both contain CP-like motifs, while putative proteins encoded by the other ORFs were not identified. Sequence comparisons showed that VoV1 shared the highest nucleotide and amino acid (aa) sequence similarity in ORF1 with rose latent virus 1 (45.0/28.7 identity). Phylogenetic analysis based on the amino acid sequence of the protein encoded by ORF1 showed that VoV1 grouped with some other virga-like viruses in a distinct clade. Analysis of the sequence of VoV1 suggested that it should be classified as a member of a new species within the family Virgaviridae, for which we propose the name “Virgavirus viburnii”. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tumor metastasis is the primary cause of cancer-related mortality and remains a major hurdle in cancer treatment. Traditional cigarette smoking has been extensively studied for its role in promoting metastasis. However, the impact of e-cigarette (e-cig) on cancer metastasis is not well understood despite their increasing popularity as a supposedly safer alternative. This mini review synthesizes current literature on the effects of e-cig on cancer metastasis, focusing on the processes of dissemination, dormancy, and colonization. It also incorporates recent findings from our laboratory regarding the role of e-cig in tumor progression. E-cig exposure enhances metastatic potential through various mechanisms: it induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), increasing cell migratory and invasive capabilities; promotes lymphangiogenesis, aiding tumor cell spread; and alters the pre-metastatic niche to support dormant tumor cells, enhancing their reactivation and colonization. Furthermore, e-cig induce significant epigenetic changes, such as DNA methylation and histone modifications, which regulate genes involved in metastasis. Our data suggest that e-cig upregulate histone demethylases like KDM6B in macrophages, impacting the TME and promoting metastasis. These findings underscore the need for further research to understand the long-term health implications of e-cig use and inform public health policies to reduce e-cig use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Myostatin (MSTN) is a negative regulator of muscle growth, and its relationship with the gut microbiota is not well understood. In this study, we observed increase muscle area and branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), an energy source of muscle, in myostatin knockout (MSTN-KO) cattle. To explore the link between increased BCAAs and rumen microbiota, we performed metagenomic sequencing, metabolome analysis of rumen fluid, and muscle transcriptomics. MSTN-KO cattle showed a significant increase in the phylum Bacteroidota (formerly Bacteroidetes), particularly the genus Prevotella (P = 3.12e-04). Within this genus, Prevotella_sp._CAG:732, Prevotella_sp._MSX73, and Prevotella_sp._MA2016 showed significant upregulation of genes related to BCAA synthesis. Functional enrichment analysis indicated enrichment of BCAA synthesis-related pathways in both rumen metagenomes and metabolomes. Additionally, muscle transcriptomics indicated enrichment in muscle fiber and amino acid metabolism, with upregulation of solute carrier family genes, enhancing BCAA transport. These findings suggest that elevated rumen Prevotella in MSTN-KO cattle, combined with MSTN deletion, synergistically improves muscle growth through enhanced BCAA synthesis and transport. A study on myostatin knockout cattle reveals increased muscle area and branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) linked to elevated Prevotella in the rumen microbiota, enhancing BCAA synthesis and transport for improved muscle growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to examine childhood neighbourhood quality, peer relationships, and trajectories of depressive symptoms among middle-aged and older Chinese adults. Methods: The data came from the longitudinal dataset from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS, 2011–2018). Depressive symptoms were measured repeatedly using the ten-item Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D-10). Latent growth modelling was used to capture the trajectory of depressive symptoms by childhood neighbourhood quality, and peer relationships. Results: The mean level of depressive symptoms increased gradually in the follow-up period. Poorer childhood neighbourhood quality, and peer relationships were significantly associated with higher levels of depression in later life (β = 0.18 and β = 0.28 for aged 45–59, p < 0.001; β = 0.16 and β = 0.33 for aged 60 and over, p < 0.001) at baseline and a faster increase in depressive symptoms with age for childhood neighbourhood quality (β = 0.03, p < 0.01 for aged 45–59; β = 0.05, p < 0.01 for aged 60 and over). For males and females, poorer childhood neighbourhood quality, and peer relationships predicted higher levels of depression at baseline (β = 0.17 and β = 0.36 for males, p < 0.001; β = 0.16 and β = 0.27 for females, p < 0.001), and only neighbourhood quality was associated with a higher rate of change in depression during follow-up (β = 0.03, and β = 0.04, p < 0.05, respectively). Conclusion: Poorer childhood neighbourhood quality was associated with the slope of change in depressive symptoms. Efforts towards improving childhood living conditions may help to prevent the detrimental health effects of such early life disadvantages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Materials with low lattice thermal conductivity are essential for various heat-related applications like thermoelectrics, and usual approaches for achieving this rely on specific crystalline structures. Here, we report a strategy for thermal conductivity reduction and regulation via guest rotational dynamics and their couplings with lattice vibrations. By applying pressure to manipulate rotational states, we find the intensified rotor-lattice couplings of compressed methane hydrate MH-III can trigger strong phonon scatterings and phonon localizations, enabling an almost three-fold suppression of thermal conductivity. Besides, the disorder in methane rotational dynamics results in anharmonic interactions and nonlinear pressure-dependent heat transport. The overall guest rotational dynamics and heat conduction changes can be flexibly regulated by the rotor-lattice coupling strength. We further underscore that this reduction mechanism can be extended to a wide range of systems with different structures. The results demonstrate a potentially universal method for reducing or controlling heat transport by developing a hybrid system with tailored molecular rotors. Molecular disorder plays an important role in the thermal conductivity of materials. Using atomistic simulations, the authors show that thermal conductivity can be pressure-regulated in methane hydrates by manipulating disordered guest rotational dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The controlled shock wave (CSW) fracturing is an effective method for enhancing permeability of coal seam to promote gas extraction. Based on Fick’s law, Darcy’s law, the ideal gas law and the Langmuir equation, a damage-seepage-deformation coupling mathematical model of CSW fracturing in coal seam combined with the maximum tensile stress and the Mohr-Coulomb criterion is established. This model is implemented into COMSOL Multiphysics to simulate the coal seam CSW fracturing and subsequent gas extraction. When the shock wave and isotropic in-situ stress are applied on the borehole wall, the coal damage zone is an annular shape, and the permeability in the damage zone increases sharply. The CSW can effectively increase the efficiency of gas extraction and reduce the gas pressure and gas content in coal seam. With the increase of CSW action times, the damage in coal mass reaches a threshold and tends to be stable after several shocks. The damage area and the gas extraction efficiency are positively correlated with the shock intensity. Under the anisotropic ground stress, the larger diversity of the stress in different directions is, the more obvious damage extension in the fractured coal along the maximum stress direction is. Ground stress can inhibit the extension of cracks in the CSW fractured coal seam. This inhibition effect becomes more obvious with the increase of in-situ stress. Parameters are substantiated of controlled shock wave impact on the coal seam, which ensures increased methane extraction from low-permeability reservoirs, are substantiated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PROTAC® (proteolysis-targeting chimera) molecules induce proximity between an E3 ligase and protein-of-interest (POI) to target the POI for ubiquitin-mediated degradation. Cooperative E3-PROTAC-POI complexes have potential to achieve neo-substrate selectivity beyond that established by POI binding to the ligand alone. Here, we extend the collection of ubiquitin ligases employable for cooperative ternary complex formation to include the C-degron E3 KLHDC2. Ligands were identified that engage the C-degron binding site in KLHDC2, subjected to structure-based improvement, and linked to JQ1 for BET-family neo-substrate recruitment. Consideration of the exit vector emanating from the ligand engaged in KLHDC2's U-shaped degron-binding pocket enabled generation of SJ46421, which drives formation of a remarkably cooperative, paralog-selective ternary complex with BRD3BD2. Meanwhile, screening pro-drug variants enabled surmounting cell permeability limitations imposed by acidic moieties resembling the KLHDC2-binding C-degron. Selectivity for BRD3 compared to other BET-family members is further manifested in ubiquitylation in vitro, and prodrug version SJ46420-mediated degradation in cells. Selectivity is also achieved for the ubiquitin ligase, overcoming E3 auto-inhibition to engage KLHDC2, but not the related KLHDC1, KLHDC3, or KLHDC10 E3s. In sum, our study establishes neo-substrate-specific targeted protein degradation via KLHDC2, and provides a framework for developing selective PROTAC protein degraders employing C-degron E3 ligases. KLHDC2 is a promising E3 ligase for targeted protein degradation (TPD). In this study, the authors demonstrate that heterobifunctional degraders induce cooperative ternary complexes with KLHDC2 and BRD3. They highlight exit vector, neo-substrate, E3 ligase selectivity, and prodrug choice can effectively leverage C-degron E3s for TPD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A putative novel virus was identified in Agastache rugosa in China and tentatively named "Agastache rugosa-associated varicosavirus" (ARaVV). The nearly complete genome sequence of ARaVV was obtained through RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and subsequent RT-PCR. The ARaVV genome consists of two negative-sense single-stranded RNA segments that are 6428 and 3862 nucleotides (nt) in size, respectively. RNA1 encodes a large polymerase (L), and RNA2 encodes a putative nucleocapsid protein (N), protein 2 (P2), and protein 3 (P3). The L protein shared the highest amino acid (aa) sequence identity (51.3%) with Erysimum virus 1 (EryV1, BK061766.1). The N, P2, and P3 shared the highest aa sequence identity (33.1%, 14.0%, and 24.2%) with Leucanthemum virus 1, Raphanus virus 1, and Spinach virus 1, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis based on amino acid sequences of the L protein showed that ARaVV clustered in a clade with the varicosaviruses, indicating that ARaVV is a putative new member of the genus Varicosavirus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA)grafted 2,4,6,8-tetravinyl-2,4,6,8-tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane (V4) polymer EVA-g-V4 was prepared by free-radical solution grafting reaction. The results of the purified grafted products by FT-IR, 1H NMR, XRD, TG and DSC show that V4 has been successfully grafted onto the main chain of EVA. The effects of the dosage of V4 and BPO on grafting ratio were studied. When the dosage of V4 was 6.0 wt%, and the dosage of BPO was 0.8 wt%, the grafting ratio was up to 1.4%. The cross-linking behaviour was verified by SEM. Compared with pure EVA film, the peel strength, mechanical properties, volume resistivity and hydrophobicity of EVA-g-V4 film all improved with increasing grafting ratio. This work provides a new option in the field of photovolatic encapsulation materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The upregulation of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) plays a crucial role in facilitating cancer cells to evade immune surveillance through immunosuppression. However, the precise regulatory mechanisms of PD-L1 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain undefined. The correlation between PD-L1 and ubiquitin-like molecules (UBLs) was studied using sequencing data from 20 HCC patients in our center, combined with TCGA data. Specifically, the association between FAT10 and PD-L1 was further validated at both the protein and mRNA levels in HCC tissues from our center. Subsequently, the effect of FAT10 on tumor progression and immune suppression was examined through both in vivo and in vitro experiments. Utilizing sequencing data, qPCR, and Western blotting assays, we confirmed that FAT10 was highly expressed in HCC tissues and positively correlated with PD-L1 expression. Additionally, in vitro experiments demonstrated that the overexpression of FAT10 fostered the proliferation, migration, and invasion of HCC cells. Furthermore, the overexpression of FAT10 in HCC cells led to an increase in PD-L1 expression, resulting in the inhibition of T cell proliferation and the enhancement of HCC cell resistance to T cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Moreover, in vivo experiments utilizing the C57BL/6 mouse model revealed that overexpression of FAT10 effectively suppressed the infiltration of CD8 + GZMB + and CD8 + Ki67 + T cells, as well as reduced serum levels of TNF-α and IFN-γ. Mechanistically, we further identified that FAT10 upregulates PD-L1 expression via activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, but not in a ubiquitin-like modification. In conclusion, our findings indicate that FAT10 promotes immune evasion of HCC via upregulating PD-L1 expression, suggesting its potential as a novel target to enhance the efficiency of immunotherapy in HCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ferroptosis is a newly identified form of programmed cell death that is connected to iron-dependent lipid peroxidization. It involves a variety of physiological processes involving iron metabolism, lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, and biosynthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, glutathione, and coenzyme Q10. So far, it has been discovered to contribute to the pathological process of many diseases, such as myocardial infarction, acute kidney injury, atherosclerosis, and so on. Macrophages are innate immune system cells that regulate metabolism, phagocytize pathogens and dead cells, mediate inflammatory reactions, promote tissue repair, etc. Emerging evidence shows strong associations between macrophages and ferroptosis, which can provide us with a deeper comprehension of the pathological process of diseases and new targets for the treatments. In this review, we summarized the crosstalk between macrophages and ferroptosis and anatomized the application of this association in disease treatments, both non-neoplastic and neoplastic diseases. In addition, we have also addressed problems that remain to be investigated, in the hope of inspiring novel therapeutic strategies for diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hearing loss is one of the major public health problems in the world, which brings huge adverse effects to individuals and society. Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is responsible for the majority of hearing loss. Mechanisms contributing to SNHL include excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species; over-activation of inflammatory factors; impaired blood micro-circulation in the inner ear or Ca2+ homeostasis imbalance, etc. Natural products (NPs), which have a long history of use in traditional medicine and a favorable safety profile, can be developed into a library of drug candidates for the treatment or prevention of SNHL. In this paper, we summarized 24 NPs to exhibit their preventive or therapeutic effects on cellular and animal models of SNHL in terms of their anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, microcirculation-improving, and calcium antagonist effects, as well as 5 NPs in current clinical application. Further, combination with advanced technologies such as drug delivery systems and network pharmacology are applied to improve the research of NPs in the prevention of SNHL. Overall, this review provides a strong reference for the mining and development of NPs in the prevention and treatment of SNHL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the rapid rise of short video e-commerce live-streaming has led to new interactive relationships and user consumption patterns, leading to the development of more social and interactive live-streaming methods. To deeply explore the influence path of short video e-commerce live-streaming on users' interactive behavior, this study combines the chain theory of interactive rituals with the stimulus-organism-response theoretical model, and constructs a chain model mediated by perceived value and perceived trust. A total of 451 research questionnaires were collected through live simulation experiments, and structural equation modeling was used for testing. It was found that (1) the interactive ritual elements in short video e-commerce live-streaming have a positive influence on user interaction behavior; (2) perceived value and perceived trust have a positive mediating role between interactive ritual elements and user interaction behavior and play a chain mediating role in the influence of interactive ritual elements on social behaviors; and (3) affective energy positively influences user interactions, and exerts a positive moderating role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Forschung im Ingenieurwesen is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Fission marketing is important for e-commerce platforms to import new consumers from social media platforms. However, fission marketing may bring social pressure, resulting in consumer loss and poor platform reputation. We study fission marketing decisions under reputation-based and discount-based models, considering three fission marketing degrees of non-fission, moderate fission, and extensive fission. Our findings demonstrate that the platform can adopt fission marketing with a high sales price. Extensive fission can be the most effective in improving profits when with either more fission marketing preference consumers or a high sales price, and a small cost coefficient of fission marketing. Otherwise, moderate fission is the best choice. Specifically, by employing reputation-based marketing, extensive fission can always generate more demand, while adopting discount-based marketing, owing to consumer's aversion sentiment, extensive fission may lead to less demand than moderate fission. Extending models to consider endogenous price, we find deceptive marketing behavior may exist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social norms and altruistic punitive behaviours are both based on the integration of information from multiple contexts. Individual behavioural performance can be altered by loss and gain contexts, which produce different mental states and subjective perceptions. In this study, we used event-related potential and time-frequency techniques to examine performance on a third-party punishment task and to explore the neural mechanisms underlying context-dependent differences in punishment decisions. The results indicated that individuals were more likely to reject unfairness in the context of loss (vs. gain) and to increase punishment as unfairness increased. In contrast, fairness appeared to cause an early increase in cognitive control signal enhancement, as indicated by the P2 amplitude and theta oscillations, and a later increase in emotional and motivational salience during decision-making in gain vs. loss contexts, as indicated by the medial frontal negativity and beta oscillations. In summary, individuals were more willing to sanction violations of social norms in the loss context than in the gain context and rejecting unfair losses induced more equity-related cognitive conflict than accepting unfair gains, highlighting the importance of context (i.e., gain vs. loss) in equity-related social decision-making processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silicon carbide particle–reinforced aluminum matrix (SiCp/Al) composite materials are challenging to machine, leading to significant surface quality issues arising during milling. In this study, a single-factor experiment was conducted using carbide-coated tools to mill SiCp/Al composite materials with a 45% volume fraction of silicon carbide particles (SiCps). Scanning electron microscopy, roughness measuring instruments, and a three-dimensional optical profiler were employed to investigate the formation mechanisms of the machined surface morphologies, as well as the effects of milling parameters (milling speed, feed per revolution, and milling depth) on the surface micro-morphology of the SiCp/Al composite materials. This study assessed the suitability of various roughness characterization parameters for evaluating the milled surface of SiCp/Al composite materials, including the two-dimensional profile arithmetic mean deviation (Ra), profile root mean square deviation (Rq), and microscopic surface roughness 10-point height (Rz), as well as the three-dimensional arithmetic mean deviation of the surface profile (Sa), and root mean square deviation of the surface profile (Sq) roughness characterization parameters to evaluate the milled surface of the SiCp/Al composite materials. The findings suggest that the three-dimensional roughness characterization parameters more accurately reflected the changes in the surface roughness than the two-dimensional ones. When the milling speed increased from 0.05 to 1.2 mm/rev, Sa first decreased from 0.514 to 0.498 µm and then increased to 0.537 µm, while Sq first decreased from 0.637 to 0.616 µm and then increased to 0.658 µm. Ra, Rz, and Rq all increased with higher values of feed per revolution and milling depth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Central South University is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The objective of this investigation was to examine the impact of multiple exposures to general anesthesia (GA) with sevoflurane on the offspring of pregnant mice, as well as to elucidate the underlying mechanism. Neurodevelopmental assessments, including various reflexes and behavioral tests, were conducted on the offspring in the GA group to evaluate neuronal cell development. Furthermore, neonatal mouse neuronal cells were isolated and transfected with a high-expression CREB vector (pcDNA3.1-CREB), followed by treatment with sevoflurane (0.72 mol/L), ZD7288 (50 μmol/L), and KN-62 (10 μmol/L), or a combination of these compounds. The expression of relevant genes was then analyzed using qRT-PCR and western blot techniques. In comparison to the sham group, neonatal mice in the GA group exhibited significantly prolonged latencies in surface righting reflex, geotaxis test, and air righting reflex. Furthermore, there was a notable deceleration in the development of body weight and tail in the GA group. These mice also displayed impairments in social ability, reduced reciprocal social interaction behaviors, diminished learning capacity, and heightened levels of anxious behaviors. Additionally, synaptic trigger malfunction was observed, along with decreased production of c-Fos and neurotrophic factors. Sevoflurane was found to notably decrease cellular c-Fos and neurotrophic factor production, as well as the expression of HCN2 and CaMKII/CREB-related proteins. The inhibitory effects of sevoflurane on HCN2 or CaMKII channels were similar to those observed with ZD7288 or KN-62 inhibition. However, overexpression of CREB mitigated the impact of sevoflurane on neuronal cells. Repetitive exposure to sevoflurane general anesthesia while pregnant suppresses the CaMKII/CREB pathway, leading to the development of autism-like characteristics in offspring mice through the reduction of HCN2 expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long-lasting La Niña events (including double-year and triple-year La Niña events) have become more frequent in recent years. How the multi-year La Niña events affect tropical cyclone (TC) activities in the western North Pacific (WNP) and whether they differ from single-year La Niña events are unknown. Here we show that TCs are more active over the far-WNP (FWNP, 110°–150°E), leading to marked high risks at China coasts during the second decaying summer of double-year La Niña events. The anomalous TC activities are directly related to the enhanced cyclonic anomaly over the FWNP, possibly a result of large-scale remote forcing initiated by the tropical North Atlantic (TNA) cooling. The persistent TNA cooling from the decaying winter to summer of double-year La Niña events drives westerlies over the Indo-western Pacific through Kelvin waves, which induce the cooling over the north Indian Ocean via the wind-evaporation-sea surface temperature effect, favoring the asymmetric heat distribution pattern and stimulating an anomalous vertical circulation over the eastern Indian Ocean to FWNP. The cooling over the north Indian Ocean also excites Gill responses, magnifying the TNA-induced westerlies and boosting the anomalous vertical circulation, and thus gives rise to the strong cyclonic circulation anomaly over the FWNP in summer. We suggest that the key point of the process is the strong TNA cooling related to the persistent negative Pacific-North American pattern (PNA) and positive North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) while double-year La Niña events decay, distinct from the rapid decline of PNA and NAO during single-year La Niña events. The work provides a unique perspective on understanding TC activities over the WNP related to the El Niño-Southern Oscillation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transition metal chalcogenides and transition metal phosphides have shown great potential in electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) applications. Forming heterostructure is an effective way to enhance the electrocatalytic performance. In this paper, we report the facile synthesis of one dimensional MoS2/MoP heterostructures by using the electrospinning, phosphating and subsequent hydrothermal process. The heterostructures were confirmed by the high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) characterization. The X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) confirmed the composition and structure of the MoS2/MoP heterostructures. With larger specific surface area and heterointerface between MoS2 and MoP, more electrocatalytic active sites and favorable synergistic effect existed in the one dimensional MoS2/MoP heterostructures. The one dimensional MoS2/MoP heterostructures exhibit an enhanced HER performance with a low overpotential of 113 mV at 10 mA/cm2 and a small Tafel slope of 62 mV/dec in 0.5 M H2SO4. It is a potential alternative for expensive noble metals in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]