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Understanding the dynamic changes in grape characteristics during ripening is crucial for enhancing grape quality, which, in turn, influences overall viticulture practices. This study aimed to investigate the temporal and cultivar-specific variations in grape characteristics, focusing on BAs, phenolic compounds, antioxidant enzymes, and organic acids. Our results revealed that Bozcaada Çavuşu*Kuntra and Kuntra grapes exhibited the most significant growth in size, weight, and maturity index at the final developmental stage (EL-38), while Vasilâki showed a nuanced maturation pattern with significant increases in berry width but not weight. Across all varieties, the highest maturity index and Total Soluble Solids percentages were observed at EL-38. The investigation of BAs revealed a significant decrease in Put levels from 2.62 at EL-32 to 2.04 mg L−1 at EL-38, contrasting with an increasing trend in Agm concentrations from 0.25 at EL-29 to 0.37 mg L−1 at EL-38. Bozcaada Çavuşu*Kuntra stood out with the highest Cad concentration at 2.96 mg L−1. The analysis of phenolic compounds highlighted a distinct temporal pattern for gallic acid, increasing from 1.60 at EL-29 to 3.77 g L−1 at EL-32 and maintaining stability at 3.74 g L−1 at EL-38. Bozcaada Çavuşu*Vasilâki consistently exhibited higher concentrations of phenolic compounds, such as epicatechin (5.69 g L−1) and tyrosol (7.00 g L−1). Antioxidant enzymes like catalase and superoxide dismutase in grape cultivars showed significant temporal variations, indicating a dynamic oxidative stress response during berry ripening. Catalase activity decreased from 14.04 to 11.20 EU/gr berry between EL-29 and EL-38. The multifaceted regulation of superoxide dismutase by sampling time and cultivar highlighted the complexity of antioxidant dynamics in grapevine physiology. In conclusion, this comprehensive study sheds light on the intricate interplay of temporal and cultivar-specific factors influencing grape characteristics, providing valuable insights for optimizing viticulture practices and enhancing overall grape quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The exploration of EOs and their impact on primary metabolites in agricultural products, such as grapes, holds significant importance in the post-harvest preservation and enhancement of berry quality. Therefore, our research aimed to dissect the effects of various EO treatments on the biochemical composition of grapes, specifically examining alterations in sugar, organic acid, and amino acid levels. Results: Our findings highlighted that the OF treatment, a combination of Eugenol and Botrytis cinerea, significantly escalated sugar content, with remarkable increases in sucrose, glucose, and fructose compared to the control group. The SF treatment led to the highest levels of certain organic acids, including tartaric, butyric, and malonic acids, whereas the TO treatment prominently augmented amino acids such as tyrosine and phenylalanine. Utilizing PCA, our study effectively captured the variability within the treatment dataset, revealing distinct clusters of treatments and their correlations with specific metabolites. The PCA biplot underscored the influence of treatments on metabolic profile of grape berries, with treatments like OSF, TO, and TOSF demonstrating close associations with specific amino acids, suggesting positive correlations. Conclusion: Our current results indicate that EOs substantial influence on the metabolic profile of grapes, resulting in enhanced fruit quality and extended shelf life. Variations in sugar, organic acid, and amino acid levels among different EO treatments highlight their potential for improving post-harvest characteristics. To sum up, these findings are valuable for the agricultural and food industries, showcasing the utility of EOs as natural preservatives and enhancers in fruit cultivation and storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The integration of organic viticulture practices in grape cultivation represents a pivotal advancement towards sustainable agriculture, emphasizing the importance of environmentally friendly methods that enhance soil health, grape quality, and overall ecosystem biodiversity, thereby contributing significantly to the resilience and long-term sustainability of viticultural ecosystems. This study explored the effects of soil management practices, including chisel, disc harrow, and no tillage, as well as the impact of utilizing Antep radish, broccoli, and olive blackwater as fertilizer applications, on the biochemical composition, specifically biogenic amines (BAs), in the clusters of the 'Royal' grape cultivar within a vineyard setting. Results: Throughout the three-year study, no tillage soil management consistently emerged as the most influential soil treatment for enhancing BAs in 'Royal' grape berries, especially in combination with Antep radish and olive blackwater fertilizer applications. Among fertilizer applications, the nontreated control vines consistently had the highest concentrations of critical BAs, such as putrescine, cadaverine, histamine, and dopamine, across different soil management practices. Among the soil management practices and fertilizer applications evaluated, the disc harrow soil management and olive blackwater fertilizer application generally yielded the lowest concentrations of BAs across several metrics.The PCA biplots indicated that experimental years have a similar effect on BA content in grape berries, with specific amines such as serotonin and dopamine being more affected in 2020, while cadaverine, histamine, spermidine, trimethylamine, and norepinephrine were more influenced in 2021, and putrescine, spermine, agmatine, and tryptamine in 2022. Conclusion: These findings hold significant implications for organic agriculture, emphasizing the nuanced influence of soil management practices and organic fertilizers on the BA composition of grape berries. Our results indicate the potential of tailored agricultural strategies to enhance plant health and quality, aligning with the principles of sustainability and environmental stewardship inherent to organic farming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]