Search

Lightweight automotive extrusions are increasingly complex, thin-walled, multi-hollow profiles made from quench-sensitive alloys like AA6082. These profiles require rapid (water) quenching as they leave the press in preparation for age-hardening. Conventional rapid quenching, which only directly cools the profile’s extremity, can distort the part. Lower quenching rates reduce distortion but may compromise the mechanical properties. We test three hypotheses: (1) That the different cooling rates across the section during quenching induce varying mechanical properties as well as distortion; (2) That this temperature differential can be minimized by combining novel internal profile quenching with conventional quenching; and (3) That internal quenching can be achieved using insulated channels in the extrusion die to convey the quenchant to the profile’s interior. The first hypothesis is tested experimentally by taking tensile specimens from a AA6082 multi-hollow profile. The second is examined experimentally using a lab-built quench box and theoretically using thermo-mechanical finite element simulations. The third hypothesis is tested by conducting a hollow profile extrusion trial using a specially designed porthole die. The testing shows that conventional quenching results in reduced mechanical properties in the profile’s internal walls but that combined external/internal quenching alleviates this problem and reduces distortion. The extrusion trial on internal quenching demonstrates die survivability, an acceptable die temperature drop during quenchant flow, and effective quenchant disposal via evaporation and capture of liquid at the end of the profile. This study suggests that internal quenching is a promising technology option for reducing scrap and improving mechanical properties of hard-to-quench aluminum profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transition from conventional to battery electric vehicles has significantly altered cooling system requirements. Previously, the primary component to cool was the combustion engine, whose waste heat could also be used to heat the passenger compartment. In battery electric vehicles, the electric motor, inverter, and battery each operate optimally within different temperature ranges, with battery aging particularly affected by non-optimal temperatures. Consequently, the design of cooling systems for electric vehicles is a topic of high interest, requiring the comparison of various concepts to identify the best solution. Since the behaviour and performance of cooling system concepts largely depend on the control strategy employed, it is essential to consider this aspect for proper evaluation of their closed-loop performance. Reinforcement Learning (RL) offers a promising approach to rapidly design control strategies for thermal systems, as it learns these strategies based on a high-level objective function. Traditionally, training an RL controller involves considerable manual effort, such as hyperparameter tuning. This paper investigates whether RL can be applied to a cooling system to evaluate its optimal closed-loop performance with minimal manual tuning effort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Connected automotive components are increasingly vulnerable to cyberattacks, particularly if they lack adequate protection. The controller area network (CAN), the most widely used communication protocol in vehicle systems, inherently lacks crucial security mechanisms to safeguard data transmission. Enhancing cybersecurity in the automotive sector is therefore vital to detect and prevent potential security breaches. Our research focuses on one of the most common attack types in automotive environments: Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks, which aim to disrupt service availability. To address this challenge, we present a novel approach that integrates cost-sensitive learning and Optuna-driven hyperparameter optimization to significantly improve the detection of DoS attacks on the CAN network. By incorporating cost-sensitive learning, we tailor the model to minimize the cost of misclassifications, particularly False Negatives, which are critical in cybersecurity contexts. Additionally, Optuna is used to optimize the model’s hyperparameters, ensuring robust and efficient performance. Our proposed framework leverages a pipeline that combines artificial neural networks (ANN) with CatBoost, demonstrating superior performance in detecting DoS attacks. The model achieves outstanding results, as evidenced by high precision, recall, F1-scores, and an impressive AUC-ROC score of 99.99%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate dimensional characterization of automotive components is extremely critical, as assorted components are assembled to develop the final product with structural complexities. This article demonstrates the significance of equitable dimensional measurements in the automotive sector; a considerable economic and industrial force for the socio-economic growth of a country. It emphasizes the requirement of precise dimensional measurements for optimal quality assurance in automotive industries, leading toward extensive customer satisfaction, elevated productivity, and immense employment opportunities. This article elaborates on the momentousness of dimensional metrology in the automotive sector through substantial case studies and explicates the importance of intercomparisons in metrology. The present manuscript deliberates the evolution of industrial dimensional metrology for in-line/near-line measurements and fast automation in the automotive segment and delineates the role of CSIR-National Physical Laboratory India (CSIR-NPLI); The National Measurement Institute of India, in catering to the ever-augmenting dimensional metrology demands of the automotive sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review article provides a deep dive into the diverse landscape of Additive Manufacturing (AM) technologies and their significant impact on the automotive and aviation sectors. It starts by exploring various AM methodologies such as Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), Stereolithography (SLA), Digital Light Processing (DLP), Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), Metal Jet Fusion (MJF), Binder Jetting (BJ), and Directed Energy Deposition (DED), with a specific focus on their applicability, strengths, and challenges within these industries. The article then delves into the practical applications of AM in rapid prototyping, functional part production, and component repair. The results highlight the versatility and precision of SLA and DLP, the strength and durability of SLS, and the potential of metal-based technologies like LPBF, SLM, EBM, and DMLS in manufacturing critical components. The integration of AM with automotive and aviation design underscores the transformative nature of these technologies, driving advancements in lightweight, intricate, and high-performance components. The review concludes by emphasising AM's significant opportunities and acknowledging the ongoing challenges in material properties, post-processing, and production scalability, thereby underscoring the necessity for future research and innovation in these sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Connected components in automobiles face cybersecurity threats if not adequately protected. The Controller Area Network (CAN), the primary communication protocol in vehicular systems, lacks essential security mechanisms, necessitating heightened cybersecurity awareness in the automotive industry. This paper presents a methodology to enhance cybersecurity within the CAN network, including a comparative study with benchmark results. Our research focuses on improving multiclass Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs) for the CAN network. We introduce a hybrid deep learning model tailored for precise multiclass classification of attacks, an Artificial Neural Network (ANN)-based Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM) IDS that incorporates a comprehensive set of features. The evaluation on diverse cyber-attacks from the Car-Hacking dataset demonstrates the model's effectiveness. This study contributes to the field by offering a brief assessment of current state-of-the-art methods and presenting a novel approach to bolster cybersecurity. The proposed IDS serves as a valuable reference for ensuring the cybersecurity of automotive systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although scholars often portray Mexico as caught in the "middle-income trap," this description obscures important subnational variation in patterns of economic development. We leverage this variation by examining the case of Querétaro, a state with high levels of structural transformation and economic growth since the 1980s. We reconstruct the historical trajectory of its two leading industries, automotive and aerospace. We observe that while both have cumulatively delivered real developmental gains, each also exhibits a complex mix of strengths and weaknesses. We further find that these industries' advancements and hindrances over time appear closely related to the kinds of "partial" coalitions — groups of actors from the state, private firms, and civil society organizations such as labor unions — which participate in industry-level decision-making. Both industries saw periods of "upgrading" when the partial coalitions supporting them were expanding their cognitive diversity while avoiding gross imbalances in the distribution of power among their members. They likewise experienced periods of stagnation when either of those coalition conditions underwent major change. These findings suggest that debates on escaping the middle-income trap should consider how changes in partial political coalitions affect policy models and options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Close following to lead vehicles is associated with increased risk of rear-end crashes in road traffic. One way to reduce instances of close following is through increased use of the Advanced Driver Assistance System (ADAS) Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC), which is designed to adjust vehicle speed to maintain a safe time headway. Since the activation of ACC is driver-initiated, there is a need to influence the propensity of drivers to use the function. This research aimed to explore whether in-vehicle nudging interventions could be effective for this purpose. A field trial was conducted to consecutively assess the effects of two nudges on drivers' utilization of ACC, compared to baseline usage. Exposing the participants (n = 49) to the first ambient design nudge resulted in a 46% increase in ACC usage on average. Following the introduction of the second nudge (a competitive leaderboard nudge), the average increase among participants (n = 48) during the complete treatment period reached 61%. The changes in ACC utilization varied between individual drivers, highlighting the need to monitor behavioral outcomes of nudges and adapt them when needed. In conclusion, this research shows that utilizing in-vehicle nudging is a promising approach to increase the use of vehicle functions contributing to improved traffic safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With advancements in autonomous driving technology, the variety of activities that can be performed in a vehicle has increased. This improves the possibility of watching virtual reality (VR) content on a head-mounted display (HMD). However, unlike VR used in stationary environments, in-car VR can lead to discomfort and motion sickness due to the vehicle movements. Additionally, the obstruction of the outside view during driving may cause user anxiety. In this study, we investigated, for the first time, the effect of dynamic road environments, such as turns, stops, and speed bumps, on the in-car VR experience. Based on our findings, we included situational awareness (SA) cues in the in-car VR content to help users perceive their surroundings and improve the user experience. We conducted a user study with thirty participants to validate the impact of these cues. Consequently, we discovered that the Dynamics cue, which provides SA information while maintaining the context of the VR content, improves user immersion and trust while easing VR motion sickness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste management has become a major concern due to the extensive use of commodity polymers. Nowadays, one of the most widely used commodity polymers is nonwoven PP. The extensive utilization of polypropylene produces a large amount of waste, making their upcycling and recycling the biggest challenge. This research aims to develop an economical nanocomposite by upcycling nonwoven waste for utilization in the automotive and electronic sectors. A two-step melt blending technique was used to prepare polypropylene waste/silica nanocomposites. The nanocomposites formed were characterized by their morphological, mechanical, thermal, rheological, chemical, and electrical properties. From the results, it was concluded that the optimum mechanical, thermal, and chemical resistance properties were achieved for PP-01 formulation showing a 9.95% increase in heat deflection temperature, a 27.57% decrease in the rate of burning, a 5.4% increase in shore D hardness, 26.09% increase in flexural strength, 11.6% increase in melt flow index, and 66.25% increase in solvent resistance as compared to waste polypropylene. At the same time, the best electrical results were obtained at 0.5 wt.% with a 5.36% increase in the breakdown strength. The resistance value increases from 4.67 × 1012 Ω to 2 × 1013 Ω. The overall research shows that optimum mechanical and thermal properties were achieved at 1 wt.% so that the PP-01 formulation can be used effectively for automotive applications. In contrast, maximum electrical resistance was achieved at the PP-0.5 formulation so that this formulation could be effectively used for electrical insulation applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The widespread use of advanced driver assistance systems in modern vehicles, together with their integration with the Internet and other road nodes, has made vehicle more vulnerable to cyber-attacks. To address these risks, the automotive industry is increasingly focusing on the development of security solutions: formal methods and software verification techniques, which have been successfully applied to a number of safety-critical systems, could be a promising approach in the automotive area. In this work, we concentrate on in-vehicle communications, provided by many Electronic Control Units (ECUs) that work together thanks to serial protocols such as Controller Area Network (CAN). However, increasing connectivity exposes the internal network to a variety of cyber-risks. Our aim is to formally verify the AUTOSAR-based Basic Software module called CINNAMON, designed to ensure confidentiality, integrity, and authentication at the same time for traffic exchanged over CAN protocol. More precisely, it adds confidentiality guarantees to the Secure Onboard Communication (SecOC) module. We formally analyze CINNAMON with the verification tool Tamarin. Our analysis shows that CINNAMON could be an effective security solution, as it can ensure the desired properties, in particular, confidentiality in a send-receive scenario between two ECUs. Finally, we describe a potential application scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an attempt to increase the biodiversity of natural fibers, new sources of natural fibers should be discovered. Long textile-grade date palm (DP) fibers were used in the manufacturing of 50:50 polypropylene nonwoven composite. DP fibers are considered newcomers to the natural fiber library. The main aim of this work was to benchmark different types of DP fiber composites in comparison to other commercial leaf fiber composites, namely, sisal, abaca, and banana, in addition to FlexForm automotive composites. The composites were mechanically and physically characterized in order to determine their properties. The results showed that the void content in DP composites was lower than that in sisal and abaca by 33% and 40% respectively. DP composites have tensile strength within the same range as sisal composites and higher than that of banana by nearly 33%. The modulus of elasticity and failure strain of DP composites were nearly 3 GPa and up to 3% respectively. The flexural strength of DP composites (35 MPa) was in the same range as that of sisal and abaca. The normalized impact energy of DP composites was higher than that of banana by 50%. The dynamic mechanical analysis of the six composites showed similar behavior with a glass transition temperature around 10 °C. Finally, the water absorption behavior of DP composites was better than the other composites (lower than sisal by 63%). The results showed that DP fibers are good candidates for applications in automotive interior composites, given their competitive performance and high potential availability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stabilizer-bracket, one of the parts constituting the suspension, is mainly manufactured through welding due to its complicated shape. Shape fabrication through welding has residual stress due to mechanical defects or thermal stress, which are important factors in the design of automotive parts that prioritize safety in the early stages of manufacturing. As a result, it receives various types of repetitive loads. Since these factors are one of the factors that have a great influence on the fatigue life of parts, various life evaluation methods that take them into account have been proposed. Therefore, in this study, the reliability of parts was verified by predicting the fatigue life through fatigue test and CAE (computer aided engineering) analysis in consideration of the residual stress and various cyclic loads of the stabilizer-bracket using the finite element method. According to the results of fatigue life analysis, the value using S-W-T and Morrow's formula had a longer life than the result of the method without considering the average stress. From this, considering the design criteria to guarantee vehicle durability of 200000 km, it was calculated that the fatigue life was 11.4 times more than the design criteria, excluding the case in which the average stress was not considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern vehicles are becoming more appealing to potential intruders due to two primary reasons. Firstly, they are now equipped with various connectivity features like WiFi, Bluetooth, and cellular connections, e.g., LTE and 5G, which expose them to external networks. Secondly, the growing complexity of on-board software increases the potential attack surface. In this article, we introduce CAHOOTv2, a context-sensitive intrusion detection system (IDS), aiming at enhancing the vehicle's security and protect against potential intrusions. CAHOOTv2 leverages the vehicle's sensors data, such as the amount of steering, the acceleration and brake inputs, to analyze driver habits and collect environmental information. To demonstrate the validity of the algorithm, we collected driving data from both an artificial intelligence (AI) and 39 humans. We include the AI driver to demonstrate that CAHOOTv2 is able to detect intrusions when the driver is both a human or an AI. The dataset is obtained using a modified version of the MetaDrive simulator, taking into account the presence of an intruder capable of performing the following types of intrusions: denial of service, replay, spoofing, additive and selective attacks. The sensors present in the vehicle are a numerical representation of the environment. The amount of steering, the acceleration and brake inputs given by the driver are based on the environmental situation. The intruder's input often contradicts the driver's wishes. CAHOOTv2 uses vehicle sensors to detect this contradiction. We perform several experiments that show the benefits of hyperparameter optimization. Indeed, we use a hyperparameter tuning paradigm to increase detection accuracy combining randomized and exhaustive search of hyperparameters. As a concluding remark, the results of CAHOOTv2 show great promise in detecting intrusions effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production and personal use of passenger vehicles contribute significantly to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, making personal transport a major contributor. In response to increasing pressure from regulators and consumers to lower emissions, original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) have introduced alternative powertrains, such as battery electric vehicles (BEVs). To assess the economic and environmental feasibility of BEVs, OEMs conduct various life cycle assessment (LCA) approaches as part of their internal management practices. However, the public presentation of their results is often ambiguous and of unverifiable quality. This study conducts a review of sustainability impact reporting using the GREET model, which is based on the total vehicle life cycle. The paper provides a summary of the input data requirements for validating emissions from both the fuel and vehicle cycles as part of the proposed model. The availability of the model components was tested against actual public corporate environmental, social and governance reporting disclosures of the largest global automotive OEMs, indicating a deficit in the public presentation of essential sustainability information. The implications of the research suggest that LCA models could benefit sustainability accounting by incorporating proper tagging during accounting practices and taking advantage of digital accounting and reporting practices such as the extensible business reporting language (XBRL). By further developing the model, sustainability reporting can benefit from its structure and workflow, thus ensuring improved information validity for stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the issue of carbon emission mitigation within the automotive supply chain, the cooperation between the vehicle manufacturers and the retailers has been proved to be an efficient measure to enhance emission reduction endeavors. This paper aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the cooperations between a vehicle manufacturer and multiple retailers based on the differential game method. By utilizing the Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equation, the equilibrium strategies of the participants under two different cooperation models, i.e., the decentralized model and the Stackelberg leader–follower cooperation model, are analyzed. To be specific, in the decentralized model, each participant independently decides its strategies, whereas the manufacturer cooperates with retailers by offering subsidies in the Stackelberg leader–follower model. Unlike previous studies that solely focused on participants’ decision-making in carbon emission reduction efforts, this paper also examines the retail pricing decisions of the retailers. Additionally, carbon trading is introduced to enhance the realism of our model. Through the theoretical analysis and the numerical experiments on the carbon emission reduction efforts of manufacturers and retailers, as well as the low-carbon reputation of vehicles and the overall system profit under both models, we conclude that the cooperative Stackelberg model outperforms the decentralized model in providing benefits to both parties. Furthermore, such a cooperative approach can foster the long-term development of the automotive supply chain, ultimately contributing to a more sustainable low-carbon future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several interactions can occur between the liquid clad and solid core alloys during brazing of multi-layered Al brazing sheets used in automotive heat exchanger fabrication. The objective of the current study is to evaluate the use of a physical barrier layer between the clad and core alloys to prevent the occurrence of certain solid–liquid interactions during brazing. A novel brazing sheet comprised an AA4045 clad, AA1100 barrier layer, and Al–1.95 Mg–1.5Mn–0.5Cu core alloy (NS) was investigated and compared with a commercially available AA4045/X901 brazing sheet (CS). Interrupted tensile tests were performed to impart strains between 0 and 10% in both sheet conditions prior to brazing. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to measure the brazing characteristics through the ratio of solidification peak energy to initial melting peak energy after a 3-min hold at 600 °C (i.e., ΔHsol/ΔHmelt). The post-braze microstructures of DSC samples and samples subjected to furnace brazing were investigated. The ΔHsol/ΔHmelt ratio for both CS and NS conditions exhibited a non-linear relationship with the level of applied strain prior to brazing, but the nature of the relationship was different for the two sheets. Liquid film migration (LFM) was generally observed in CS conditions exhibiting low values of ΔHsol/ΔHmelt. The NS barrier layer was found to effectively prevent LFM in strained brazing sheet, but diffusional solidification of the clad layer still resulted in relatively low ΔHsol/ΔHmelt values at low levels of pre-strain. It was also found that the post-braze microstructures of samples heat treated in the DSC and furnace were different, with furnace-treated samples containing a greater volume of Al–Si eutectic due to the shorter time at elevated temperatures. It is concluded that the barrier layer can be an effective method to prevent liquid film migration in strained brazing sheet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a new energy-optimized brushless DC motor (BLDCM) control algorithm is designed to enhance the system response during dynamic period for automotive applications. In the conventional sensor-based control, the reliability of the system is decreased with additional components and increased maintenance. Generally, the motor input voltage is sensed for the conventional BLDCM which is the widely used sensor-based control, using this method an accurate rotor position is not achieved at lower motor speeds. To improve the rotor position measurement, an observer-based state is added in the proposed sensorless-based BLDCM system. The proposed sensorless observer-based energy-optimized design is verified in MATLAB/Simulink for the BLDC wiper motor for automotive application. The observed results in MATLAB/Simulink validate the efficacy of the observer-based state estimation technique in terms of rotor position estimation and hence improved the dynamic performance of the BLDCM drive system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the first time in the literature, this study validates the absorption phenomena in Multi-Jet Fusion (MJF) printed polypropylene (PP) structures through Laser Flash (LFA) and Corrected Porosity (CP) methods. The influence of process parameters such as build height and build orientation was investigated on tensile properties, crystallinity, porosity and thermophysical attributes in MJF printed PP coupons. Results showed that both crystallinity and tensile performance did not significantly vary with either location or build orientation. Interestingly, samples printed in the Z orientation showed a 35% decrease in strain, indicating that Z-oriented MJF coupons were more brittle than the flat samples (XY). Samples printed in Z orientation also possessed higher porosity and relatively lower crystallinity than the XY orientation. However, large deviations within porosity values were an obstacle to determining a suitable build chamber location for manufacturing dense samples. Therefore, a detailed investigation on porosity of printed samples using micro-CT scans and CT image analysis was necessary. Initially, poor contrast was obvious when MJF printed samples were positioned vertically in the micro-CT chamber which was mainly due to high value of horizontal intensity profile (HIP ~ 70%). Contrast in MJF samples improved significantly in the horizontal orientation (HIP ~ 40%). In parallel, the half-time and heat loss were measured in LFA to understand changes in absorption phenomena with height and orientation of the build. A direct correlation was found between LFA half-time and porosity only when the porosity correction method was implemented. Corrected porosity value was found to be inversely proportional to the heat loss of printed PP samples which indicated higher absorption for samples printed in the bottom of build chamber, XY12, whereas lower absorption was observed for less dense Z samples. Finally, heat loss phenomenon was verified using dense reference Pyroceram samples as they possess high diffusivity and low half-time and porosity compared to MJF printed samples. There is a science behind understanding the absorptivity of the MJF process which is related to the complexity of the process and is challenging to address in MJF PP samples when mixed with carbon black. The study showed that accurately determining the level of porosity is the key to validate absorption phenomena within MJF printed coupons. The contributions of this work are the investigation of the light absorption phenomena in MJF printed PP structures, and the establishment of the absorption-porosity correlation. These contributions help to predict the mechanical properties and subsequently the overall quality of the produced parts which can save cost and time in effectively utilising the MJF process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Precise point positioning (PPP) and real-time kinematic techniques are interesting in several sectors, especially for autonomous applications. These users have high accuracy needs coupled with stringent requirements on continuity, availability, integrity, and convergence time, whose satisfaction can be challenging in harsh environments. Galileo launched on January 2023 the initial high accuracy service (HAS), a European free-of-charge PPP service with a worldwide coverage transmitted on E6 signals and provided through an internet connection. This paper characterizes the Galileo HAS product performance, including orbital errors, clock errors, code biases, and overall signal in space error (SISE), with live signals transmitted since HAS service declaration. The paper also presents the behavior of HAS SIS in the case of four satellite anomalies between September 2021 and August 2022, occurring for Galileo and GPS. Finally, the paper presents the results of HAS performance in both static open sky and road scenarios, showing a few-decimeter accuracy even in environments with degraded visibility. The paper shows the improvements in terms of robustness to satellite anomaly thanks to the Galileo HAS characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hypoeutectic aluminum alloy AlSi5Cu2Mg is used for the production of high-strength cylinder head castings. The alloy is unique for its specific low permitted Ti content (0.03 wt% max), which makes it impossible to refine the grain structure of this alloy using standard Al–Ti–B grain refiners. The specific chemical composition is specified by the supplier company. The aim of this paper is to find a suitable alloying element that would improve the selected properties (e.g., mechanical, and physical properties) that are crucial for cylinder head castings. The research focuses on the investigation of the effect of different Zr addition (0.05; 0.10; 0.15 and 0.20 wt% Zr in the form of AlZr20 master alloy) on the properties of AlSi5Cu2Mg in the as-cast state and after heat treatment T7. The obtained results showed that ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, hardness, and physical properties of as-cast samples do not change significantly with increasing Zr content. The experimental alloys showed a more significant increase in ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, hardness, and thermal conductivity after heat treatment T7. Zirconium-rich intermetallic phases were observed in the shape of separate thick needles or as a cluster of two crossed thinner needles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effective evaluation of loads acting on a vehicle is a fundamental challenge in several engineering applications. Where possible, instruments such as load cells are used for a direct measurement of these loads, otherwise local strain measurements can provide an indirect determination of forces or pressures reaction. In this case, an adequate number of strain measurements in proper location is required to achieve correct load measurements, using a pseudo inverse method. In the present work, a variation of the classical method of applied forces calculation from the deformation data is presented for automotive applications, in particular in the case of reduced detected deformations number, lower than necessary for loads determined by static equilibrium. Finally, the method is tested on a real case study, where the aerodynamic downforce generated by the rear wing of a high-performance car is measured. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose the representation of data from finite element car crash simulations in a graph database to empower analysis approaches. The industrial perspective of this work is to narrow the gap between the uptake of modern machine learning methods and the current computer-aided engineering-based vehicle development workflow. The main goals for the graph representation are to achieve searchability and to enable pattern and trend investigations in the product development history. In this context, we introduce features for car crash simulations to enrich the graph and to provide a summary overview of the development stages. These features are based on the energy output of the finite element solver and, for example, enable filtering of the input data by identifying essential components of the vehicle. Additionally, based on these features, we propose fingerprints for simulation studies that assist in summarizing the exploration of the design space and facilitate cross-platform as well as load-case comparisons. Furthermore, we combine the graph representation with energy features and use a weighted heterogeneous graph visualization to identify outliers and cluster simulations according to their similarities. We present results on data from the real-life development stages of an automotive company. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integration of metal and injection-molded composite materials has the potential to achieve numerous benefits in the design of structural components. However, due to the nature of plastics and the plastic injection molding (PIM), it becomes difficult to conciliate structural performance and part quality criteria. To obtain an optimal balance between the criteria, it is necessary an efficient design approach that can handle even complex models present in the real-world. In this study, the design enhancement of a recycled carbon fiber-reinforced plastic/metal hybrid automotive structure is realized via a novel manufacturability-constrained optimization with focus on part quality and PIM suitability. Multilayer size optimization is carried out by referring thickness design guidelines (TDGs) in order to optimize material distribution with composite material properties considered. Thickness-dependent properties are correlated with design variables and updated at each iteration. Part quality indicators and functional criteria are adopted to evaluate the optimized structures. The design procedure is shown to be superior to standard optimization methods and efficiently enable a satisfactory balance between performance and part quality by considering major injection-molded part design constraints. Reduction in cycle time, injection pressure, and warpage by 27, 63, and 7% were achieved along with 4% mass reduction. Moreover, statistical analyses showed that TDGs have a strong correlation with mass and stiffness while wall thickness has major effects in part quality and suitability with a confidence level of 95%. The results contribute to the advancement of lightweight and high-quality structural components produced by fast-manufacturing processes in the auto industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of BHM Berg- und Hüttenmännische Monatshefte is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

There has been a significant surge in the demand for electric all-terrain vehicles (eATV) recently due to a rising number of government subsidies for electric vehicles, better availability of charging infrastructure, and the increasing need to minimize the level of greenhouse gas emissions. To address this growing demand and enhance the overall performance of new ATV architectures, automakers are looking to develop new lightweight chassis designs with the application of multi-material parts, assemblies, and systems. To achieve these goals, conventional material selection and design strategies may be employed, such as standard material performance indices, full-combinatorial substitution studies, or recently developed multi-material topology optimization (MMTO). In this paper, a prototype design for a lightweight eATV chassis using titanium, aluminium, and carbon fibre sheet moulding compound is developed using a novel design process. The design space for the MMTO design is developed from the baseline steel chassis design. The proposed design process reduces the time required to design an eATV chassis significantly as it reduces the number of design update iterations by efficiently modelling the material interface. The process utilizes MMTO considering total joint cost (TJC) constraints to refine the chassis design and reduce the material interface. This method allows for simultaneously minimizing the compliance as well as restricting the TJC of the structure which is calculated based on the user-defined relative costs for each material interface. This reduces the number of iterations between design update and validation as the performance of the prototype design would be more in line with the design considering actual joint material properties than considering the MMTO design without TJC constraint. A Pareto front is created to determine the trade-off between the two competing functions. It was observed that an 80% reduction in TJC can be obtained in the eATV chassis design with only a 4.2% loss in stiffness, as compared to an MMTO design without joint considerations. Both this final design and the single-material topology optimization (SMTO) design considering titanium were reinterpreted into a practical concept and analysed. The final selected MMTO design is 32% lighter than the baseline steel chassis design, with a stiffness increase of 64%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The end-of-life vehicles (ELV) issue has become an essential topic in the fast-growing automotive industry. This study utilizes comprehensive content analysis to critically review the recent ELV research developments and underpinning issues in Malaysia. Fifty relevant ELV studies in Malaysia from the year 2006 to 2021 are selected and categorized based on three innovative sub-elements (product, process, system) of sustainable manufacturing. The literature review findings show that sustainable product recovery and recyclability issues in ELV treatments are still a major concern. Current studies overlook specific research on sustainable and integrated processes for ELV treatment. There is still lack of detailed ELV implementation framework equipped with the documented procedures and appropriate industrial practices in the ELV ecosystem to optimize the ELV supply chain. ELV policy is yet to be enacted in Malaysia, and public awareness of ELV is still low. There is inadequate alignment in ELV research developments with the current National Automotive Policy 2020 in Malaysia. The proposed integrated conceptual model will provide an extensive overview for scholars, policy-makers, and ELV stakeholders to implement appropriate actions to improve present ELV businesses in line with the public readiness to enact the potential ELV directives or legislation in Malaysia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a new and efficient solution for the forward world to image projection of a pinhole camera with distortions placed behind a planar refractive slab. Firstly, we introduce a novel way to compute the projection by reducing the problem to finding a real quantity called a slab shift. We characterize a physically meaningful slab shift as the unique solution of a fixed point equation on the one hand and as a specific uniquely defined root of a quartic polynomial in the unknown slab shift on the other. In the latter case we obtain a closed-form formula, which provides the unique physically meaningful projection. Secondly, we develop an approximation of the projection through the slab that reaches single-precision floating point accuracy for practically relevant problem instances with considerably lower computational costs compared to the exact solution. We demonstrate the accuracy and the efficiency of our method with realistic synthetic experiments. We demonstrate with real experiments that our method enables efficient camera calibration behind the windshield for automotive industry applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an evaluation of the current technologies and future requirements of electrical machine in automotive. First, a comparative of ten different electrical machines based on the market available electrical vehicles and hybrid electrical vehicles is made. The aim of the comparison is to evaluate the different electrical machine topologies, structure, operation conditions, and performance. The future design requirements of electrical machine in automotive are presented and several state-of-art electrical machine design techniques have been explored and studied by employing them in the compared ten machines. The conclusion of this work shows that permanent magnet topologies have the highest performance among the different electrical machine topologies and have the potential to meet the future requirements. In addition, aggressive cooling methods, i.e., spray, dripping, semi- or fully flooded, are needed to allow electrical machines to operate with the required power density target. Finally, the design to recycle concept shows the potential to be implemented in future electrical machines with little or no sacrifice of the performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experimental study is implemented in order to study the heat transfer and flow characteristics of an actual heavy vehicle radiator using nanofluid. Deionized water mixed with anatase TiO2 nanoparticles, called nanofluid, is utilized in a heavy vehicle radiator. By preparing nanofluid for different volume concentrations of TiO2 nanoparticles (0.025, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2%), experiments are carried out for various inlet temperatures (40, 50, 60, 70 and 80 °C) and volume flow rates (5, 8 and 11 LPM) at constant air velocity. Results show that heat transfer rate, heat transfer coefficient and Nusselt number have their highest values at 0.05% volume concentration, 80 °C inlet temperature and 11 LPM volume flow rate. Moreover, the values of heat transfer rate, heat transfer coefficient and Nusselt number are 2549.12 W, 858.62 W m−2·K−1, and 70.33 respectively, for the given case. The maximum enhancement in heat transfer rate, heat transfer coefficient and Nusselt number is observed as 22.2, 48.2 and 48.1%, respectively, compared to pure water. Maximum pressure drop, about 2.7% in comparison with pure water, is obtained at 0.2% concentration at 40 °C inlet temperature and 11 LPM volume flow rate. In order to obtain information about the overall characteristic of the system, the performance coefficient is calculated, and the results show that the performance coefficient is above unity in the volume concentration range of 0.025–0.05% at each inlet temperature and flow rate used in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A circular economy, effective technologies for the recycling and reuse of fiber-reinforced plastics (FRPs) are essential to keep these materials attractive for use in various products against the backdrop of stricter environmental regulations. This paper provides an overview of the current state of the art in the recycling and reuse of end-of-life (EOL) fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) products. A significant proportion of EOL FRP products are thermally recycled or used as fillers in the cement industry. Complementary to the existing approaches of structural reuse of FRP is presented in this paper as component reuse strategies (CRS). Both approaches avoid separation or destruction (downgrading) of the composite materials. An application example for the reuse of a carbon-fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) base frame of an electric vehicle platform is given and analyzed with respect to known design for reuse approaches. The proposed CRS has great potential to complement existing approaches and slow down resource consumption. In addition, extended service life can make CFRP materials more economically attractive. However, further developments are needed as well as the transfer of the principle to other applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyethylene is a material that is used in many industries as a packaging material. The polyethylene film can thus come into contact with various materials from wood to glass. When the polyethylene film comes into contact with the glass, it is important that it does not contaminate the surface of the glass, as this may impair its further usability. Glass processors from the automotive industry glue other parts to the glass. In the process of assembling other parts on the glass, the critical parameter is the cleanliness of the glass surface so that the required adhesion of the component to the glass is achieved. Contamination of glass that has been in contact with the polyethylene packaging film is discussed in this article. The analysis of the contamination on the glass itself with a discussion of the possible cause of the contamination is discussed in detail with the issuance of recommendations for automotive glass processors regarding the use of polyethylene film that comes into contact with the glass surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Managing a portfolio of digital products is challenging, particularly in a context of limited economic resources and workforce. Therefore, prioritization of activities and new developments is crucial. In Software Development environment, almost all well-known prioritization techniques are based on experts’ knowledge and opinion, leaving little room for a data-driven, objective approach. In this paper, we propose a methodology that adopts the Delphi framework and Hesitant Fuzzy Linguistic Term Sets for collecting experts’ opinions, evaluating perceived importance, and computing group consensus. The objective is to provide a framework to define a group-consensual set of relevant criteria that would represent the basis for a data-driven prioritization process for digital requirements. Implementation and results from a real case application in a European automotive company are presented to understand the relevance of criteria and suggest their inclusion or exclusion for prioritization purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Berliner Journal für Soziologie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Shared vehicle architectures for fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) and battery electric vehicles (BEVs) allow significant cost reduction in development and production by enabling economies of scale. Therefore, a box-shaped design for a type 4 pressure vessel is developed, which allows an efficient storage of hydrogen in conventional battery design spaces. For a load capable design, the top and bottom of the tank wall are connected with tension struts made of aramid fibers. Based on an analytical design, the geometry of the vessel is defined and a manufacturing process is developed using tufting as key technology for the insertion of the aramid fiber tension struts. The load transfer between the CFRP tank wall and the tension struts is crucial for the mechanical strength of the containment. Fiber loops are evaluated by guiding the tension struts through the CFRP tank wall and deflecting the load. In tensile tests, strengths of at least 1720 MPa are measured for this configuration. The tightness of the containment is ensured by a polymer liner and its adhesion to the struts. The interface between aramid fiber struts and the liner is investigated on strut-level analytically and in experiments. Different shear moduli of the investigated polymers show a major influence on the shear stress in the liner. For the application in the tension-braced pressure vessel, liner materials with the lowest possible modulus should be used to reduce the stress peaks in the liner. Finally, a design corridor for the dimensions of the tension struts and preferred material properties for the liner can be derived. For the investigated material, a strut diameter of 1 mm with a strut spacing of 3 to 5 mm is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Testing and evaluation of an automotive perception system is a complicated task which requires special equipment and infrastructure. To compute key performance indicators and compare the results with real-world situation, some additional sensors and manual data labelling are often required. In this article, we propose a different approach, which is based on a UAV equipped with a 4K camera flying above a test track. Two computer vision methods are used to precisely determine the positions of the objects around the car – one based on ArUco markers and the other on a DCNN (we provide the algorithms used on GitHub). The detections are then correlated with the perception system readings. For the static and dynamic experiments, the differences between various systems are mostly below 0.5 m. The results of the experiments performed indicate that this approach could be an interesting alternative to existing evaluation solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In regulated domains like automotive, release planning is a complex process. This complex process consists of an agreement between product development processes for hardware as well as mechanic systems and approaches for software development. Particularly in automotive, the creation and synchronization of release plans for hardware as well as software is a challenge. Within the whole complex system development, it is challenging to consider the relevant stakeholders in the initial creation of a release plan. Depending on the context that a release plan shall be created for, there are different stakeholders that have to be considered from the beginning. There are numerous publications in the area of release planning, but there is no detailed research that shows which stakeholders have to be addressed in the automotive context. The aim of this work is to identify stakeholders of a release plan as an appropriate approach to create transparency in release planning in the automotive domain. Action research to elaborate relevant stakeholders for release planning was conducted at Dr. Ing. h. c. F. Porsche AG. We present a detailed overview of identified stakeholders as well as their required content and added value regarding two pilot projects. With this contribution, identified stakeholders of release planning from the hardware and software points of view are introduced. We discuss, based on the results, why there are common stakeholders for the two projects and why there are individual stakeholders for each project. With this work, we present a more complete stakeholder identification and a more detailed understanding of their needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several changes in manufacturing environments over the last decade have created obstacles in correctly identifying the root cause of the ECU failure. Semiconductor manufacturers have improved their production processes and introduced new equipment to reduce particle counts which therefore decrease chances of electrical failures within their parts. Meanwhile, Tier I manufacturers have increased the ECU design complexity to provide more functionality in the vehicle and also increased the severity of their testing to weed out these failures that would reach the OEM customer or consumer market. The increase in ECU design complexity has resulted in more functional semiconductors such as microcontrollers, and large storage flash memory devices. All of these factors have led to struggles in failure analysis of the ECUs that result in non-supplier related defects. Using the historical production and failure data, various predictive models are developed and tested to predict whether a failure in ECU testing results in a supplier defect or a non-supplier defect. With an 81% of accuracy rate, results shift the focus away from the semiconductor supplier for non-related defects and toward solving the root cause which may be occurring within the testing or manufacturing process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to recent developments, cold gas spraying technology can now be used to create inner diameter coatings for cylinder inner diameters > 70 mm. The present investigations focus on the process optimization and the specific properties of cold gas spray inner diameter coatings created with three different alloy steel powder variants. The cold gas spray coating properties were compared with the corresponding properties of coatings created with twin wire arc technology. The particle velocities and deposition efficiencies were measured with the aim of optimizing the process parameters. The most suitable process parameters were used to analyze the microstructure of the deposited coating in terms of porosity and interface quality. Furthermore, the hardness and adhesion strength properties of the coatings were measured. In addition, the different liners were honed, and the achievable surface roughness of each was determined. Finally, wear resistance was evaluated using ball-on-disk testing. The results reveal that with the maximum process parameters, the cold gas spray coating properties are comparable to the twin wire arc coating properties. Further investigations are necessary to determine whether cold gas spraying is a feasible alternative to the current series production process for cylinder surface coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, the automotive industries seek to consider increasingly higher standards of competitiveness. This sector is looking for a proper management methodology to solve a given problem in its kind of organization. In this sense, continuous improvement is essential for any business environment, due to provide conditions for getting excellence levels. Based on this strategy, the Lean Six Sigma (LSS) appears as an option to be applied. Although Lean was originated in the automotive industry, systematic review about Lean Six Sigma in this industry has a lack of research, considering tools and aspects within metrics. For that, the objective of this work is to carry out a literature review on the implementation of Lean Six Sigma in the automotive industry. The databases adopted for this research were Web of Science and Google Scholar, resulting in 69 selected articles. The results indicated that the implementation of this methodology contributes to the continuous improvement process and problem-solving in the automotive branch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In automotive engineering, the piston ring-cylinder liner pair is among the most studied contacts. From the three piston rings of a conventional internal combustion engine, the top compression ring has a crucial role. The main challenge is to prevent that during the engine lifecycle, the degradation of the piston ring surface might limit the engine's durability. Objective: However, a reliable evaluation of the piston rings tribological response requires a steady method. To test and study the tribological performance of the ring-liner pair, the development of a customized test rig is presented in this work. Methods: The new oscillating tribometer will test and study the performance of new and commercial piston rings and cylinder liner solutions. According to the foreseen engine operation, four conditions were appointed to perform the control tests, and a testing protocol was established. The selected stainless-steel piston rings were coated with a diamond-like carbon layer, and the cylinder liner parts had the typical plateau honed texture in the contact surface. The friction force measures were recorded. It was also investigated the influence of distinct parameters (such as temperature and contact pressure) in the friction coefficient of this pair. Results: According to the exploratory tests, the major COF was registered for the testing condition with a lower load. In contrast, the lower COF values were recorded for those conditions with superior normal loads and temperatures. Conclusions: The functionality of the developed test rig was verified to evaluate the ring's performance and the liner contact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In automotive domain, operation of secondary tasks like accessing infotainment system, adjusting air conditioning vents, and side mirrors distract drivers from driving. Though existing modalities like gesture and speech recognition systems facilitate undertaking secondary tasks by reducing duration of eyes off the road, those often require remembering a set of gestures or screen sequences. In this paper, we have proposed two different modalities for drivers to virtually touch the dashboard display using a laser tracker with a mechanical switch and an eye gaze switch. We compared performances of our proposed modalities against conventional touch modality in automotive environment by comparing pointing and selection times of representative secondary task and also analysed effect on driving performance in terms of deviation from lane, average speed, variation in perceived workload and system usability. We did not find significant difference in driving and pointing performance between laser tracking system and existing touchscreen system. Our result also showed that the driving and pointing performance of the virtual touch system with eye gaze switch was significantly better than the same with mechanical switch. We evaluated the efficacy of the proposed virtual touch system with eye gaze switch inside a real car and investigated acceptance of the system by professional drivers using qualitative research. The quantitative and qualitative studies indicated importance of using multimodal system inside car and highlighted several criteria for acceptance of new automotive user interface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, surface engineering has acquired a greater importance in the field of materials technology, particularly in aerospace, automotive, bio-medical and engineering applications. Surface engineering enables enhancing the performance of the materials at an affordable cost to induce functional properties, which otherwise cannot be provided by the substrate material. The degradation of materials properties due to wear and corrosion is estimated to be very high. Since surface engineering can increase the performance of the given materials at a reduced cost, it has enormous potential for providing technological solutions to various engineering problems. Conventionally, several wet-chemical and spray-based processes have been used for the surface modification of engineering materials. These include: electroplating, electroless plating, anodization and various other electrochemical processes, and organic paint coatings. However, environmental issues demand the development of cost-effective eco-friendly surface modification processes. Towards this, in recent times, a lot of superior process techniques such as: chemical vapor deposition, physical vapor deposition, thermal spray, diffusion processes, sol–gel, etc. have been developed. In spite of this, there is still great scope for research in establishing a relationship between the process parameters of the used surface engineering processes and the resulting properties of the modified surface. Further, recent developments in surface engineering using nanostructured coatings/nano-surfaces are expected to carve a niche in many industrial applications. Nevertheless, there is an urgent need to fill the gaps between the research done at the lab level and the plethora of problems faced by the industry. In this article, some of these issues will be addressed with emphasis to the aerospace, automotive and engineering sectors. A glimpse of futuristic surface modification technologies will also be presented, in brief, which will enable in providing cost-effective solutions to a variety of industrial problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

6XXX series aluminum alloys are generally excellent alternatives to steels for many forged parts in aerospace and automotive industries. In this study, the forging performance of the 6082 aluminum alloy is investigated in order to replace the existing material for forged steel parts. The effect of artificial aging of the alloy on the microstructure and mechanical properties is studied. Optimum aging conditions are determined. Results reveal that AA6082 could be a good replacement for applications where shock and vibrational loads exist. The rod end automotive part currently manufactured from AISI1045 can be replaced by AA6082 without any design changes. The major drawback is that the cold forging of the aged alloy is poor due to its brittle nature and crack initiations. Therefore, warm or hot forging is recommended to overcome the poor forgeability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of BHM Berg- und Hüttenmännische Monatshefte is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Various energy and exergy performance parameters of an automotive heat pump (AHP) with R1234yf have been investigated and compared with those of the baseline system with R134a. For this aim, an AHP system was set up from the components of an air-conditioning system employed in a compact car and equipped with instruments for mechanical measurements. It was tested with R1234yf and R134a by changing the compressor speed and air stream temperatures incoming the outdoor and indoor units. Using test data, energy and exergy analyses of the AHP were performed, and its performance parameters were evaluated. The R1234yf system provided conditioned air temperatures in the range of 29.9–59.3 °C, heating capacities in the range of 1.96–3.14 kW and coefficient of performance (COP) values in the range of 2.44–4.56. It yielded 3.3–10.8 °C lower conditioned air temperature, 9.2–15.4% lower heating capacity, 1.6–7.1% lower COP, 13.8–21.6 °C lower compressor discharge temperature, 3.1–19.2% higher total exergy destruction rate per unit heating capacity but significantly less TEWI in comparison with the system with R134a. Moreover, the R1234yf system yielded larger exergy destructions in the outdoor unit, compressor and expansion device but lower exergy destruction in the indoor unit. These findings reveal that R1234yf can be used in AHP systems in expense of less heating capacity, lower COP and higher exergy destruction rate per unit heating capacity in comparison with R134a. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aerodynamic drag is a large resistance force to vehicle motion, particularly at highway speeds. Conventional wheel deflectors were designed to reduce the wheel drag and, consequently, the overall vehicle drag; however, they may actually be detrimental to vehicle aerodynamics in modern designs. In the present study, computational fluid dynamics simulations were conducted on the notchback DrivAer model—a simplified, yet realistic, open-source vehicle model that incorporates features of a modern passenger vehicle. Conventional and air-jet wheel deflectors upstream of the front wheels were introduced to assess the effect of underbody-flow deflection on the vehicle drag. Conventional wheel-deflector designs with varying heights were observed and compared to 45∘ and 90∘ air-jet wheel deflectors. The conventional wheel deflectors reduced wheel drag but resulted in an overall drag increase of up to 10%. For the cases studied, the 90∘ air jet did not reduce the overall drag compared to the baseline case; the 45∘ air jet presented drag benefits of up to 1.5% at 35 m/s and above. Compared to conventional wheel deflectors, air-jet wheel deflectors have the potential to reduce vehicle drag to a greater extent and present the benefit of being turned off at lower speeds when flow deflection is undesirable, thus improving efficiency and reducing emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The automotive market is changing. For many years, cars with internal-combustion engines were dominant. Recently, more cars with alternative drive trains have become available, and their market share has increased, a trend that has had an effect on the remanufacturing industry for automotive parts. This paper aims to describe and evaluate the challenges and opportunities in the coming years for the remanufacturing industry as a result of the increasing number and share of electric vehicles. Both theory and empirical data have been used to meet this aim. From theory, the two different drive train concepts of the internal combustion engine and the battery electric vehicle are described, along with the major differences from a remanufacturing standpoint. These differences and effects are described, evaluated, and fully or partly confirmed by industry experts. The results show that future market actors are unset today, less space-consuming machinery parks will be needed, major investments into knowledge and equipment (especially for testing) will be required, and the necessity to handle different kinds of end-of-use/life solutions, especially the recovery for the electric vehicle battery packs, will be a challenge. As future development is still uncertain, the authors recommend that market actors investigate the challenges and opportunities highlighted in this paper and watch future developments carefully. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, vehicle networks require high bandwidth due to the increasing complexity of electronic control devices for vehicles due to the demand for advanced driving aids, infotainment and V2X communication. Therefore, Ethernet protocol was introduced and vehicle gateway system was newly introduced in vehicle system. The vehicle gateway system provides an interface for continuously connecting and exchanging vehicle data in different communication environments between the Controller Area Network (CAN) protocol and the Ethernet network protocol. There are two types of data exchange in the vehicle gateway. These are direct routing and indirect routing. Vehicle gateways are connected to external networks, which can lead to security vulnerabilities. So it needs security function to ensure message integrity. Recently, vehicle manufacturers have introduced gateway systems with security features that operate to verify the integrity of messages using cipher-based message authentication codes (CMAC). But applying security functions to a gateway system introduces delays in performing security functions. Therefore, in this paper, to design stable and efficient the vehicle gateway system with security function, we have tested and evaluated the latency time that can occur according to the routing methods which are direct routing and indirect routing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TTEthernet is a new high availability network protocol for the automotive domain, providing support for the transmissions of time-critical periodic frames in a time-triggered (TT) traffic and event-triggered frames in a rate-constrained (RC) or best-effort (BE) traffic. The design of a system scheduling with communication over the TTEthernet is not an easy task because of protocol and timing constraints as well as the demand for high quality-of-service and extensibility. In this paper, we study the co-optimization problem of the tasks and signals scheduling for TTEthernet-based time-triggered automotive systems. We propose a Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) framework for optimizing the signal packing, signal scheduling and task scheduling, subject to all protocol, processor and timing constraints with respect to latency- or extensibility-related metrics. Extensive experiments are conducted to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed approach in a variety of scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]