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This paper introduces a new one-dimensional chaotic system and a new image encryption algorithm. Firstly, the new chaotic system is analyzed. The bifurcation diagram and Lyapunov exponent show that the system has strong chaotic characteristics and is suitable for the field of image encryption. The chaotic sequence generated by the system is used in image encryption, scrambled according to its sequence value, and several sequences required for DNA coding operation are generated. The encrypted image is obtained by encoding, decoding, and diffusion operation according to the sequence. The initial values and parameters of system are generated by Hash algorithm based on plain image, so it has strong sensitivity and can effectively resist attacks such as selective plaintext attack. Experimental results show that the algorithm has high security and robustness, and can resist common attacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper mainly contributes a bit-level and pixel-level double-permutation image encryption scheme based on DNA coding technology, which can effectively solve the problem that adjacent pixels in an image are difficult to be completely disordered. Firstly, the Hamming distance between image pixel and a value at the same position in a chaotic sequence is calculated and the result is used to be the cyclic shift distance of the pixel to achieve bit-level permutation; secondly, the modified Z curve is used for the first global permutation process, and the image is further permutated by the method of block restructuring to compensate for the shortage of modified Z curve permutation; thirdly, pixel pairs are selected and the pixel pairs are used as information and control positions respectively to DNA encode the image by dynamically selecting the DNA encoding rules, and then diffusing the encoded image following the rules of DNA base manipulation; finally, the diffused image is decoded to complete the image encryption process. We perform simulation experiments on the image encryption algorithm and analyze its security performance, and we could get the conclusion that the encryption algorithm can encrypt images quickly and effectively, the obtained cipher images are highly resistant to noise attacks, cropping attacks, and different attacks, meanwhile, the cipher images have a lower correlation between pixels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Substitution boxes are very important for cryptographic structures. But getting an 8-bit strong s-box is a difficult problem. To address this problem, a new approach is proposed in this study. DNA chains are used in the proposed approach. First of all, a weak s-box is obtained with the help of a chaotic map. Then, a DNA chain is formed with the same chaotic map. In this study, 2000-long DNA chains were produced. Then, two random values consisting of four components are determined from these DNA chains, and these values are addressed to the s-box structure. By changing the places of these values, the s-box structure is improved up to a certain iteration. In this study, 10,000 iterations were examined, and three different strong s-boxes were obtained by using three different DNA chains. The nonlinearity values of these s-box structures were observed as 110.25, 110.5, and 110.75, respectively. The proposed study has proven to work effectively with effective results in three different chains. In addition, it has been proven as a result of the analysis that the proposed s-box structures also have other cryptographic features. The proposed algorithm has surpassed many s-box generation philosophies in the literature. In addition, the proposed algorithm will provide serious gains to cryptographic structures that will be developed in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an improved two-dimensional chaotic mapping is constructed by introducing a Logistic mapping and a Sine mapping. By studying its Lyapunov and bifurcation diagrams, it is proved that the proposed chaotic mapping has better chaotic properties. A new four-dimensional chaotic system is also proposed, and the richer dynamical behavior of the new system is verified by studying the Lyapunov exponent and bifurcation, SE and C0 complexity, and coexisting attractors of the new system. Then, a new color image encryption algorithm is proposed based on an improved two-dimensional chaotic mapping and a new four-dimensional chaotic system and DNA coding. The improved two-dimensional chaotic mapping and the new four-dimensional chaotic system increase the complexity and randomness of the system, giving the encryption algorithm a higher level of security. In this algorithm, the pixel correlation of the three channels of RGB is first broken by ascending arrangement of disorder, the chaotic sequence generated by the iteration of the four-dimensional chaotic system is applied in the DNA encoding encryption. Finally, a comprehensive evaluation of the algorithm performance is presented. In particular, statistical and information entropy analyses verify that the algorithm in this paper is resistant to statistical attacks based on the frequency of pixel values. The results obtained for the resistance to differential attacks are close to the ideal value, indicating that the algorithm has good resistance to plaintext attacks. By calculating the key space and analysing the key sensitivity, it is verified that the algorithm has a strong resistance to brute-force exhaustive attacks. The decryption algorithm can recover the original image by adding noise to the ciphertext image or cropping part of the region, which proves that the algorithm has strong resistance to interference and strong robustness. Test experiments show that this algorithm has high security and is competitive with other algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An Image Encryption Algorithm with the Quantum logistic and lorenz Chaotic map, and DNA Coding (IEA-QCDC) was proposed. Relying on some empirical analyzes and experimental results, the designers of IEA-QCDC claimed that this strategy can led to a significant enhancement in reliability and security. However, we investigate the essential properties of IEA-QCDC, and then propose an efficient chosen-plaintext attack to crack its equivalent permutation and diffusion key. By analyzing the encryption effect of continuous DNA encryption operations, the mathematical properties of some DNA codes were summarized. In addition, we find out that the iterative sequence obtained by the non-chaotic state is not even resistant to only-ciphertext attacks by analyzing the Lyapunov exponent and bifurcation diagrams of the quantum Logistic map. Aiming at the security vulnerabilities existing in IEA-QCDC, suggestions are put forward to improve the security and practicability of encryption algorithms, which will promote the development of cryptographic design to a certain extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a new four-dimensional chaotic system is constructed. Then, the dynamics of the phase diagram, Lyapunov exponent, bifurcation, and complexity of the system are investigated, and the simulation circuit of the system is designed and the trajectory simulation of the system is implemented using a field programmable gate array. National Institute of Standards and Technology tests have verified the randomness of the output of the chaotic sequence by the system. Finally, a new color image encryption algorithm is designed based on this system. In the proposed algorithm, the plaintext information is used to generate the initial value of the system through a hashing algorithm, and the plaintext information is applied to the algorithm, reflecting the idea of algorithmic adaption. The bit-plane decomposition row dislocation breaks the strong correlation between pixels, and finally, the DNA encoding is combined with the diffusion method to complete the complete encryption process. Multiple security analysis methods show that the scheme has a good encryption effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Security issues of digital images have rapidly become a frontier research focus in the past decades. When a chaotic system is applied to encrypt image, it usually requires large parameter space, high ergodicity and easy implementation. In this paper, taking Sine and ICMIC map as seed maps, a novel 2D hyperchaotic Logistic map (2D-SILM) is designed based on the 2D parameter modulation model (PMM). Its dynamics are analyzed by means of attractor diagrams, Lyapunov exponent spectrum (LEs) and complexity diagrams. The results along with NIST SP-800 test prove the feasibility of 2D-SILM. Based on 2D-SILM and DNA coding, a reliable image encryption scheme is proposed with two-round improved permutation-confusion-diffusion operations. SHA-512 function is introduced in the generation of the secret key. After applying the effective permutation process called chaotic grouping shuffle (CGS) on pixels position, DNA sequences procedures varied from different rounds are used to confuse the image pixels value. Finally, a novel diffusion method containing row and column operation is designed. Simulation results of some indexes validate the security and efficiency of the proposed algorithm. It also shows better resistance to typical attacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Classical one-dimensional chaotic map has many ideal characteristics which is quite suitable for many different kinds of scientific fields, especially cryptography. In this paper, we propose an idea of constructing high-dimensional (HD) cyclic symmetric chaotic maps by using one-dimensional (1D) chaotic map. Two constructed 3D cyclic symmetric chaotic maps are taken as the examples, named three-dimensional cyclic symmetric logistic map (3D-CSLM) and three-dimensional cyclic symmetric Chebyshev map (3D-CSCM), respectively. Numerical experiments show that the new maps possesses better dynamical performances, and their parameters have a wider range, compared with the original map. Furthermore, to verify its effect in image encryption, a novel image encryption algorithm based on 3D-CSLM and DNA coding is proposed. DNA method for image encryption can improve the efficiency of permutation and diffusion. Firstly, the algorithm uses 3D-CSLM to generate chaotic sequences for DNA operation rule selection and pixel permutation. Then through the DNA XOR operation to achieve diffusion, and finally form an encrypted image. Several simulation tests results indicate that the proposal has a promising security performance and strong anti-attack ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the era of big data, a large number of digital images face the risk of content leakage and illegal access. Chaos has good randomness, which is suitable for image encryption. To improve the security and efficiency of multiple-image transmission, this paper proposes a multiple-image encryption algorithm based on chaos and gene fusion. Firstly, the chaotic sequence is used to scramble the pixel positions in the k plain images; secondly, the chaotic image generated by chaotic system is used to control the pixel cyclic shift of multiple images to obtain scrambled images; thirdly, the DNA rule controller generated by the chaotic system is used to control the selection of encoding, operation and decoding rules for each image; finally, the diffusion process among multiple images is achieved through the gene fusion to obtain the final encrypted images. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can encrypt four image with 3.7763 s, and the information entropy is 7.9995 on average. The algorithm analyses show that the proposed algorithm has the strong security and encryption efficiency, and can resist some common attacks, such as the statistic attack, differential attack and plaintext attack. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposed an image encryption algorithm combining compressive sensing and DNA coding. Firstly, the plain image is divided into three high-frequency blocks and one low-frequency block by haar wavelet transform. Then the chaotic sequence generated by Logistic map is used to scramble all the blocks. Next, the high-frequency blocks are measured by a measurement matrix which was constructed by using the Chen chaotic system. After that, we apply dynamic DNA coding and addition operation on all blocks, and DNA addition operations on the low-frequency block and high-frequency blocks are different specifically. Finally, we combine all blocks by row and scramble it by the Logistic map. What's more, the initial conditions of the used chaotic maps are calculated by the SHA256 value of the plain image which improved the algorithm's ability to resist known/chosen plaintext attacks. We analyze key space and sensitivity, information entropy, histogram, correlation coefficient of two adjacent pixels, differential attack, noise attack and occlusion attack of our algorithm with typical test images in different size. Experimental simulation results and analysis illustrated that the proposed algorithm has good performance of compression and encryption, showing that the proposed scheme is secure and robust to various typical attacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, advances in technology have led to the expansion of the use and exchange of digital data, which places great importance on the security of these data. The protection of exchanging messages, passwords of email accounts, bank accounts and many others requires the security of textual data. Likewise, the security of medical images, personal images, captures from military satellites, plans to build banks and many others require the protection of digital images. Thereby, jointly based on the special randomness generated by a chaotic Jerk system with hump structure and DNA coding, a cryptosystem is proposed in this article for both text and image encryption. A preliminary study on the dynamic properties of a Jerk system as well as DNA coding is carried out, respectively, for the exploration of the phenomena and the implementation of the encryption technique. Through standard nonlinear analysis tools, the full dynamics of the system is explored and feasibility is confirmed through PSpice investigations. The simulated experimental results, as well as the security analysis, show quantitatively and qualitatively that the proposed encryption technique does not only offer better performance in comparison with some existing algorithms but is also sufficiently fast for practical applications while resisting the known attacks but also. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With advances in modern technology, the security of information, including the protection of digital images, is of particular interest. Due to the type of special storage format of images and the fateful dimension of 1D map that have a small secret key space, in this paper, a joint-based encryption technique on the pseudo-random and sophisticated character of hyperchaotic behavior and DNA coding is proposed. The entire dynamics of a financial hyperchaotic system is studied for a better selection of the sequence key using nonlinear analysis tools. A rich dynamic of this analysis reveals a plethora of phenomena such as multistability and offset boosting, which, to our knowledge, have not yet been the subject of a study on financial hyperchaotic systems. The set consisting of the pseudo-random aspect of the financial hyperchaotic system used in all stages of encryption, DNA coding (algebraic operations, complementation, and DNA rules), and the scrambling of the positions of each image pixel is exploited to reinforce the effectiveness of the confusion and diffusion of digital images. To analyze the security and robustness of the proposed algorithm, some security tests such as histogram analysis, correlation, information entropy, as well as key analysis are carried out. The values of correlation coefficients of the encrypted images using the proposed scheme are close to zero, The entropy values of the test images are overall greater than 7.99 and the key space of the is greater than 2100. Besides, differential analysis shows that the number of pixel change rate (NPCR) and unified average change intensity (UACI) for the proposed technique are greater than 99.50% and 30%, respectively. Furthermore, the quantitative analyses of occlusion and data loss attacks as well as the results of comparison with some advanced algorithms show the efficiency and security of the proposed cryptosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a new image encryption algorithm based on 3D chaotic system and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) coding. It uses two keys, an external one of 128 bits long and an internal one of 64 gray values coming from the plain image. The initial conditions come from the two keys and vary from one line of the image to the other and from one image to the other and consequently the sequences of substitutions too. In general, in image encryption based on 3D chaotic systems, each chaotic variable is used independently of the others in one phase of the encryption. Here we use the zigzag process to combine the sequences from all the variables before using them simultaneously in the encryption process. DNA coding generally uses one of the 24 DNA rules and one of the 16 join operations to perform the encryption. Here we use all the 24 rules dynamically as well as the 16 join operations in the encryption. Also we apply the chaotic permutation on DNA chain. The logical DNA operations are used according to an algorithm similar to that of the Fast Walsh Transform (FWT) in those 24 DNA rules. The algorithm has been evaluated. It has good statistical properties of cipher images. The proposed system presents high sensitivity on the encryption-decryption keys and on the plain images. These latter features make the proposed algorithm very efficient, robust and resistant against brute force attacks and good for the future secure image communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integrity and authenticity of the message, and it's nonrepudiation, are provided by digital signatures. We introduce quantum digital signature schemes based on Quantum Dots, where DNA coding is used to increase the intricacy of phase space. We attain the optimal security standard by constructing a deterministic dynamic system in a finite phase space with n points and by using symbolic dynamics. Also, given the chaotic Substitution box(S-box), a confusing step has been added for greater security. The introduced quantum dynamical map is used to create procedures to resistance again the common attacks in the digital signature such as non-repudiation, unforgeability, and transferability. Its security depends on the length of the signature, directly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are several issues with existing chaotic encryption schemes for images. These include singularity, unidirectionality, and the complexity of the algorithm. The result is that the encrypted image has low security and acquiring discrete chaotic sequences is time-consuming. In order to solve these problems, a multi-channel chaotic encryption algorithm for color images based on DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) coding is proposed. Firstly, a six-dimensional discrete hyperchaotic system is used to generate six sets of chaotic key sequences. Secondly, RGB color components of the color image are extracted. DNA matrices are obtained by DNA coding for each component and merged to construct a combined DNA matrix. After scrambling the DNA matrix, it is split into three same size matrices. The other three matrices are obtained by XOR of the chaotic key matrices. DNA coding is performed for the other three matrices to obtain the corresponding DNA matrices. DNA calculation is performed on two groups of DNA matrices in one-to-one correspondence. The result of DNA calculation is performed by DNA decoding. Finally, multiple round diffusion encryptions are performed on the decoding matrices. Experimental results show that, compared with other methods, the proposed encryption algorithm provides better encryption, can resist different types of attacks, and has higher security. In addition, chaotic sequences can be generated directly by the discrete chaotic system, and the algorithm execution efficiency could be improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The faster proliferation of software-defined cloud environments across the world for efficiently hosting enterprise-grade applications has led many organisations to embrace the cloud paradigm in a significant way. The cloud storage opportunities and possibilities are consistently expanding, wherein multimedia storage occupies the entire stage in the cloud. An essential emphasis on security owing to the nature of multiuser access to cloud credentials in many situations is necessary. The security and safety of data, while in transit, in rest, and while being used by applications, have to be guaranteed through proven technology solutions. Typically, image encryption is the standard way of securing and safeguarding images. The proposed three-layer image encryption scheme uses DNA coding along with chaotic logistic and tent maps for confusion and diffusion operations. Upon verification of user credentials, the storage of encrypted image is accomplished in Amazon S3 web services. The strength of encryption has been evaluated based on the parameters namely brute force attack, statistical, encryption quality, occlusion attack and computational complexity analyses which have proved the suitability of proposed scheme to secure cloud storage of images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose a novel parallel multi-image encryption algorithm based on cross-plane DNA operations. Firstly, a two-dimensional chaotic system, 2D-SCIM, is constructed. Secondly, for a set of images, whether they are color images, grayscale images, or their combinations, we perform bit-plane decomposition according to the channels without limitations on quantity and arrangement order. Subsequently, the low and high bit planes are paired and encoded into DNA planes using chaotic sequences. Next, the DNA planes undergo two rounds of cross-plane diffusion and cross-plane cyclic shifting in parallel threads, where the chaotic sequence controls the encoding, direction, order, and operations of diffusion and cyclic shifting. Finally, the original image structure is used to combine the bit planes and obtain the encrypted image set. Security analyses, including key sensitivity, histograms, correlations, information entropy, differential attacks, noise attacks, and encryption speed, are conducted on the algorithm. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed image encryption algorithm effectively withstands various attacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose an image encryption scheme based on pseudorandomly enhanced logistic map, random permutation and deoxyribonucleic acid coding in this paper. The scheme consists of two main phases: permutation and diffusion. Firstly, a random pixel permutation phase is carried out by a random permutation function to enhance the diffusion and statistical performance. Secondly, a DNA-based diffusion is performed via randomly selected DNA algebraic operations between the randomly permuted image matrix and a chaotic key matrix to produce the cipher image. Pseudorandomly enhanced logistic map is used to produce the key matrix while the direct logistic map is used to select DNA encoding/decoding rules and DNA algebraic operations. The chaos maps are driven by a SHA-256 hash value of the plain image. Experimental results based on several analyses including statistical, differential, key analyses, etc. show that the proposed scheme achieves robust encryption and provides sufficient resistance to various forms of attacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of network and information technology, people are paying more attention to the security of information, particularly digital image protection, and numerous image encryption algorithms have been proposed. Because of the non-periodicity and sensitivity to the initial value, chaotic map seems to be a tool that can be used for image encryption. Recent work has shown that the quantum chaotic map is very sensitive to a slight change in the initial conditions. The sensitivity of the quantum chaotic map can extremely increase the complexity of the encryption algorithms. At present, a wide variety of image encryption algorithms based on DNA encoding have been proposed, where the image pixel values are encoded by four base pairs of DNA to achieve image pixel diffusion, but most of the methods in selecting the DNA encoding rules are fixed. In this paper, we present a new image encryption algorithm with the quantum chaotic map, the Lorenz chaotic map and DNA coding, which uses four base pairs of DNA dynamically select eight types of DNA encoding rules and eight types of DNA addition and XOR rules. This strategy has led to a significant enhancement in reliability and security. Through simulation experiments, the results of the histograms, correlations and the number of pixels change rate (NPCR) analyses indicate that the proposed algorithm possesses a high level of security and can successfully resist different attacks such as brute-force attacks and statistical attacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a color image encryption algorithm based on DNA encoding combined with logistic map and spatial map is proposed. Firstly, the algorithm carries out scrambling by logistic map for R, G, B channels. Then, XOR is operated between channels pixel and sequence matrix controlled by spatial map. After that, realizes the addition of R, G, B by DNA addition after DNA encoding and carries out complement operation by using the DNA sequence matrix controlled by spatial map. What is more, R G B channel images are got after DNA decoding. Finally, gets the encrypted R, G, B images by reconstructing R, G, B components. The results of several experimental, statistical analysis and key sensitivity tests show that the proposed image encryption algorithm provides an efficient and secure way for real-time image encryption and transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant breeders' rights are undergoing dramatic changes due to changes in patent rights in terms of plant variety rights protection. Although differences in the interpretation of »breeder's exemption«, termed research exemption in the 1991 UPOV, did exist in the past in some countries, allowing breeders to use protected varieties as parents in the creation of new varieties of plants, current developments brought about by patenting conventionally bred varieties with the European Patent Office (such as EP2140023B1) have opened new challenges. Legal restrictions on germplasm availability are therefore imposed on breeders while, at the same time, no practical information on how to distinguish protected from non-protected varieties is given. We propose here a novel approach that would solve this problem by the insertion of short DNA stretches (labels) into protected plant varieties by genetic transformation. This information will then be available to breeders by a simple and standardized procedure. We propose that such a procedure should consist of using a pair of universal primers that will generate a sequence in a PCR reaction, which can be read and translated into ordinary text by a computer application. To demonstrate the feasibility of such approach, we conducted a case study. Using the Agrobacterium tumefaciens transformation protocol, we inserted a stretch of DNA code into Nicotiana benthamiana. We also developed an on-line application that enables coding of any text message into DNA nucleotide code and, on sequencing, decoding it back into text. In the presented case study, a short command line coding the phrase »Hello world« was transformed into a DNA sequence that was inserted in the plant genome. The encoded message was reconstructed from the resulting T1 seedlings with 100 % accuracy. The feasibility and possible other applications of this approach are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Secure communication has always been important ever since ancient times. Both encryption and steganography are effective ways for secure communication. Inspired by the central dogma that regulates the transfer of genetic information in molecular biology, this paper introduces a coding and substitution frame for both encryption and steganography. The frame consists of three parts: the construction of the pseudo-codon table, the encoding of the original media and additional data, and the substitution. After the original media is encoded, it is substituted codon by codon according to the encoded additional data and a constructed pseudo-codon table. Hyper-chaotic systems have been used in the construction of the pseudo-codon table, the encoding of original media and additional data, and the substitution, all of which have offered more randomness and larger key space to the frame. To demonstrate the validity and efficiency of the frame, this paper offers the implementation of the frame in image encryption and in image steganography. The frame offers more security to steganography algorithms and better efficiency to encryption algorithms. Experiments and analysis demonstrate the excellent performances of the steganography and encryption schemes under the proposed frame. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a novel image encryption scheme based on DNA sequence operations and chaotic system. Firstly, two-dimensional logistic chaotic map is employed to modify each pixel of the image, and then, the DNA encoding rules are adopted to encode and generate a DNA matrix. Secondly, pseudo-random sequences generated by two-dimensional logistic map are transformed into another DNA matrix. Thirdly, DNA addition, subtraction and complementary rules are used to control the operations between two DNA matrices for obtaining the ciphered results. Finally, the ciphered image is obtained by decoding the DNA matrix formulations into binary formulations. Experimental results and theoretical analysis show that the scheme is extraordinarily high secure to resist various attacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper proposes an improved reversible substitution method to hide data into deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequence, and four measures have been taken to enhance the robustness and enlarge the hiding capacity, such as encode the secret message by DNA coding, encrypt it by pseudo-random sequence, generate the relative hiding locations by piecewise linear chaotic map, and embed the encoded and encrypted message into a randomly selected DNA sequence using the complementary rule. The key space and the hiding capacity are analyzed. Experimental results indicate that the proposed method has a better performance compared with the competing methods with respect to robustness and capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conventional way of identifying DNA motifs, solely based on match alignment information, is susceptible to a high number of spurious sites. A novel scoring system has been introduced by taking both match and mismatch alignment information into account. The mismatch alignment information is useful to remove spurious sites encountered in DNA motif searching. As an example, a correct TATA box site in Homo sapiens $$H4/g$$ gene has successfully been identified based on match and mismatch alignment information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]