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After over a hundred years of research, the question whether the symptoms of schizophrenia are rather trait-like (being a relatively stable quality of individuals) or state-like (being substance to change) is still unanswered. To assess the trait and the state component in patients with acute schizophrenia, one group receiving antipsychotic treatment, the other not. Data from four phase II/III, 6-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of similar design that included patients with acute exacerbation of schizophrenia were pooled. In every trial, one treatment group received a third-generation antipsychotic, cariprazine, and the other group placebo. To assess symptoms of schizophrenia, the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS) was applied. Further analyses were conducted using the five subscales as proposed by Wallwork and colleagues. A latent state–trait (LST) model was developed to estimate the trait and state components of the total variance of the observed scores. All symptom dimensions behaved more in a trait-like manner. The proportions of all sources of variability changed over the course of the observational period, with a bent around weeks 3 and 4. Visually inspected, no major differences were found between the two treatment groups regarding the LST structure of symptom dimensions. This high proportion of inter-individual stability may represent an inherent part of symptomatology that behaves independently from treatment status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We studied the strategies exploiting the post-earnings announcement drift, the momentum, and the long-term return reversal in the Saudi stock market and their explanations. Using individual data for all the listed firms over the period 2010–2019, we found that these strategies are significantly profitable regardless of the formation and holding period length, and their profitability generally persists for the subperiods. Two controversial explanations for this profitability were examined using a time series approach: the risk-based rational explanation and the under- and overreaction-based behavioral explanation. We found that the profitability of the three strategies persists after controlling for risk using the Capital Asset Pricing Model, the Fama–French three-factor model, and the Fama–French five-factor model, which rejects the risk hypothesis. To examine the behavioral explanation, we extended the Fama–French five-factor model to include a factor reflecting the underreaction or the overreaction to quarterly earnings announcement based on unexpected earnings. Our findings indicate that the momentum can be explained by the market underreaction to firms' earnings announcement, while the long-term return reversal cannot be explained by the overreaction to a series of similar information conveyed by earnings announcement events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid advancement of digital technology has not only affected the world of work but also students' learning. Digital learning competence (DLC) is one of the essential skills students need for effective learning in a digital environment. Despite the significant presence of secondary vocational school students in China, constituting one-third of the high school demographic, research on their digital learning needs remains sparse. Addressing this gap, this paper attempted to propose the elements and structural model of digital learning competence for secondary vocational school students (V-DLC). A corresponding questionnaire was compiled, and an analysis was carried out with 872 valid survey data of secondary vocational school students achieved by convenient sampling. A five-factor model for the V-DLC was established through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, cross-validity, and criterion validity tests. This paper suggests that evaluating students' digital learning competence in secondary vocational schools can be achieved by considering the dimensions of cognitive processing and reading, technology use, thinking skills, activity management, and will management, combined with students' learning experiences in school and other fields. Given the global focus on digital learning competence, this framework will pave the way for empirical research on digital learning and guide the enhancement of student learning ability in vocational settings, adapting to the digital era. Furthermore, transitioning to a digitalized vocational education system is essential for preparing students for a digitally-driven workforce, aligning with modern job market demands and global trends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need for recovery after work (NFR) is an important warning of work-related fatigue. NFR is linked to prolonged work-related efforts and depletion of resources, creating a need for temporary respite from work demands. The aim of the current study was to investigate the relationships between NFR and the five-factor model (FFM), comprising the personality traits of emotional stability (ES), extraversion (E), agreeableness (A), conscientiousness (C), and openness to experience (O). Perceived job pressure and perceived social support were included as mediators. The study was conducted using structural equation modelling (SEM) on cross-sectional data from a sample of 681 participants from several work sectors (N females = 376, N males = 305; M age = 46.9 years; SD = 11.1). The results showed that NFR was affected both directly and indirectly by FFM traits. High ES and high O contributed directly to reduced and increased NFR, respectively. High perceived social support contributed to reduced NFR, while high perceived job pressure contributed to increased NFR. High ES contributed indirectly to reduced NFR through perceived job pressure and social support, high O contributed indirectly to increased NFR through perceived social support, and high E contributed indirectly to increased NFR through perceived job pressure. A and C were not related to NFR. The findings demonstrate that personality traits, especially ES, are firmly related to NFR and highlight the importance of incorporating personality factors into studies of work environmental factors on NFR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The triarchic model of psychopathy conceptualizes psychopathy as underlain by three distinct trait domains: Boldness, Meanness, and Disinhibition. In addition to the original Triarchic Psychopathy Measure (TriPM), several alternative measures of the TriPM have been developed from existing personality inventories, including the NEO Personality Inventory-Revised, which assesses five-factor model traits. Although proponents of the TriPM have suggested that the FFM domains require reconfiguration to capture the content of the triarchic domains, others have argued that the Boldness, Meanness, and Disinhibition are well-captured by traditional FFM domains. The goal of this paper is to examine the convergence between the triarchic and FFM domains, and to evaluate the extent to which reconfiguring the domains provides additional incremental variance in psychopathy-related outcomes. In the present study, 431 participants completed several measures via Amazon Mechanical Turk, including the TriPM, its alternative scales, measures of the FFM, and criterion scales related to psychopathy. Consistent with previous research, findings indicate strong convergence between Meanness and low Agreeableness, Disinhibition and low Conscientiousness, and Boldness and a composite score of low Neuroticism and high Extraversion. Reconfigured domains did not appear to add significant incremental variance to psychopathy-related outcomes when compared to the traditional FFM domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We model asset prices in Brazil using the five-factor asset pricing model. We show that Gaussian regression models fail to capture the full data dynamics. We then fit Generalized Additive Models for Location Scale and Shape with data-selected underlying laws. They are based on laws related to the Student t distribution, appear to be correctly specified and deliver good data fits. All estimated models are evaluated using performance measures that are standard in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adjusting to university represents a substantial challenge in the lives of emerging adults and has been the focus of significant educational and personality psychology research. To date, however, no study has examined university adjustment as a function of sensory processing sensitivity (SPS) - a personality trait characterised by strong emotional reactivity and a heightened ability to detect and deeply process environmental stimulation, but with a consequent risk for debilitating feelings of overwhelm. Using a multiethnic sample of 580 first year South African psychology students, we examined university adjustment differences between students scoring high and low on SPS. Furthermore, we tested whether the effects of SPS on adjustment were a) independent from the five-factor model and b) moderated by levels of early parental care. We found that students scoring high (vs low) on SPS reported significantly worse adjustment to university. Opposite to theoretical claims, we only found a moderating effect for parental care for students low on SPS. By deconstructing SPS into its component factors, we discovered that poor adjustment was driven by a propensity towards negative affect, but the ability of high SPS individuals to carefully and deeply process stimulation served to partially offset adjustment difficulties. Importantly, SPS appeared to capture variation in university adjustment independent of the five-factor model. We conclude that SPS may be a useful personality construct for identifying students who find university adjustment particularly overwhelming and could thus benefit from targeted support and intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our study addresses whether a chief executive officer's (CEO) personality can mitigate financial constraints' negative effect on employee satisfaction. We draw on extant research that establishes this negative effect but add an upper echelon's perspective by examining the potential influence of the CEO's personality traits. Using a multi-source dataset of 1516 observations of S&P 500 firms, novel measures of employee satisfaction based on Glassdoor reviews, and a machine-learning-based linguistic tool on the Five-Factor Model's personality traits, our study reveals that a CEO who has a high level of openness to experience and/or a low level of conscientiousness buffers the negative impact of financial constraints on employee satisfaction. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to adapt the short-form version of the Five-Factor Borderline Inventory (FFBI-SF) in French, a 12-domain questionnaire of 48 items assessing Borderline Personality Disorders (BPD). Participants from the general population voluntarily took part in our study and were separated into two samples: a student (n = 335) and a worker sample (n = 162). They completed four questionnaires randomly distributed: a demographic questionnaire, the FFBI-SF, the Big Five Inventory, the McLean Screening Instrument for Borderline Personality Disorder, and the Borderline Symptom List, Short Form. Our results showed acceptable model fit indices for a 12-factor model and acceptable to excellent reliability indices (overall α =.95 and average α of all domains is.78). Strong correlations were found between FFBI-SF and other BPD measures, suggesting good convergent validity. Moreover, compared with other BPD questionnaires, the incremental validity of the FFBI-SF was between 13 and 23%, showing a substantial additional part of variance explained by the FFBI-SF. Our findings provide evidence for a valid and reliable French adaptation of the FFBI-SF. This study fits with a growing need for clinicians and researchers to benefit from multifacet, accessible, and quickly completed tools that assess subclinical BPD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little research has been done to examine how different personality traits (both "positive" and less desirable attributes) contribute to various aspects of creativity from a domain-specific point of view. The present study thus aimed to investigate the relationships between two types of personality traits (the Big Five and the Dark Triad traits) and three types of indicators of creativity (divergent thinking, creative activities, and creative achievements) among 559 university-level Chinese students. Results indicated that Openness served as a common core of both creative potential (divergent thinking) and real-life creativity (creative activities and achievements) at almost all levels and domains. Extraversion, Conscientiousness, and Agreeableness were found to be significant predictors of real-life creativity in specific domains and levels (i.e., literature and sports). No significant relationship was found between Neuroticism and any indicator of creativity after controlling for the other Big Five traits. Compared to the Big Five traits, the Dark Triad traits had limited influence on creativity, with only Machiavellianism being a significant and positive predictor of literary and performance activities, and Narcissism being a significant and positive predictor of originality. Implications of the findings are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The link between personality and fertility is relatively underexplored. Moreover, there are only a few studies focusing on the prospective association between personality and childbearing. However, none of these studies considered the Five-Factor Model (FFM), which is the most widely accepted measurement of personality. The present study fills this gap by examining the prospective association between the FFM and the hazard ratio of the first and the second childbirth in Germany. Analyses are based on recent data (2005–2017) from the Socio-economic Panel Study. Cox proportional hazard models are applied. Findings demonstrate that personality traits are associated with fertility. Extraversion is positively linked with the first childbirth, but is negatively associated with the second childbirth. These findings are mainly driven by males. Agreeableness is positively linked with the first childbirth across the total sample. Again, this correlation is mainly based on the findings for men, among whom a positive association between agreeableness and the second childbirth is also found. Among women, personality does not seem to be linked with the first childbirth. However, the risk of having a second child is found to be negatively associated with conscientiousness. My study adds to the current understanding of the personality–fertility association by exploring the impact of personality trait scores from the FFM on subsequent fertility behavior. However, further research is needed on the association between personality and childbearing; on the mechanisms through which personality affects fertility; and on how these links differ across cultures, among higher parities, and for births after re-partnering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The bidirectional "gut-brain axis" has been implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). While the influence of stress and depressive symptoms on IBD is well-characterized, the role of personality remains insufficiently investigated.Methods: Personality was assessed in 1154 Swiss IBD cohort study (SIBDCS) patients via the NEO-Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) as well as in 2600 participants of the population-based CoLaus¦PsyCoLaus cohort study (NEO-FFI-revised). The NEO-FFI subcomponents activity, self-reproach and negative affect were associated with higher IBD disease activity and were combined to a NEO-FFI risk score. This risk score was validated and its effect on clinical IBD course and psychological endpoints was analysed in time-to-event and cumulative incidence analyses.Results: In time-to-event analyses, a high NEO-FFI risk score was predictive for the clinical endpoints of new extraintestinal manifestation [EIM, adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 1.64, corrected p value (q) = 0.036] and two established composite flare endpoints (aHR = 1.53-1.63, q = 0.003-0.006) as well as for the psychological endpoints depressive symptoms (aHR = 7.06, q < 0.001) and low quality of life (aHR = 3.06, q < 0.001). Furthermore, cumulative incidence analyses showed that patients at high NEO-FFI risk experienced significantly more episodes of active disease, new EIMs, one of the flare endpoints, depressive episodes and low disease-related quality of life. Personalities of IBD patients showed only minor differences from the general population sample (Pearson's r = 0.03-0.14).Conclusions: Personality assessed by the NEO-FFI contained considerable predictive power for disease recurrence, depressive symptoms and low quality of life in IBD patients. Nevertheless, the personalities of IBD patients did not substantially differ from the general population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current paper presents an examination of the associations between Five-Factor Model (FFM) personality facets and Sensory Processing Sensitivity (SPS) to understand which personality facets are especially relevant for SPS. Associations between SPS and the FFM personality domains and facets were examined in older adolescents and young adults (Study 1) as well as older children and young adolescents (Study 2). The most relevant facets were within the Neuroticism and Openness domains, although not all facets were equally important. Especially facets regarding internalizing tendencies and – in older adolescents and young adults – openness to aesthetics showed highest association with SPS. Facets of Extraversion were less associated to SPS. Facets of domains Agreeableness and Conscientiousness showed almost no relevance to SPS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The distinguishing feature of enactivist cognitive science is arguably its commitment to non-reductionism and its philosophical allegiance to first-person approaches, like phenomenology. The guiding theme of this article is that a theoretically mature enactivism is bound to be humanistic in its articulation, and only by becoming more humanistic can enactivism more fully embody the non-reductionist spirit that lay at its foundation. Our explanatory task is thus to bring forth such an articulation by advancing an enactivist theory of human personality. To this end, we synthesize core concepts from cognitive science, personality theory, and phenomenological philosophy in order to develop an Enactivist Big-5 Theory (EB5T) of personality. According to EB5T, personality traits are dispositional tendencies for how we come to optimally grip our distinctly human worlds. Individual differences in personality are therefore reflective of stylistic differences in optimal gripping tendencies between human beings. EB5T affords a non-reductionist understanding of the immanent teleology of the autopoietically embodied human mind as a kind of full-scale optimal gripping process that is achieved along five major dimensions of personality. To the degree that these dimensions are universal, therefore, we argue that our theory offers a viable path forward in advancing enactivist cognitive science beyond the life of a cell and into the mind of a person, a longstanding hope and ambition held by proponents of the enactive approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abbreviated measures of personality have the promise of providing concise measurements of the broad domains. Nonetheless, few abbreviated instruments assess the lower-order traits within these models. The Five-Factor Model Rating Form (FFMRF) is one brief instrument that assesses 30 lower-order facets. Given a tradeoff of abbreviated measures is reduced measurement reliability and fidelity, it is important to determine how well the one-item indicators on the FFMRF fare as stand-alone measures. Using a sample of 530 young adults selected for externalizing psychopathology, we investigated the test–retest stability of the FFMRF over a 12-month period, as well as the correspondence between four specific facets of the FFMRF and conceptually linked impulsigenic facets from the UPPS. The FFMRF facets had a median test–retest correlation of 0.47 over 12 months. These values suggest reasonable measurement precision but are approximately 0.10 to 0.20 lower than lengthier measures, quantifying a tradeoff for brief forms. Further, the four FFMRF facets correlated between 0.43 and 0.63 with the relevant UPPS scales and in each case the convergent value was significantly greater than the discriminant ones. The present findings quantify the stability and validity of the FFMRF facet scales, which helps to contextualize the speed/accuracy tradeoffs of brief personality measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studying multiple human personality traits utilizing modern Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques has recently gained popularity. Past studies regarding human personality assessment have used paper pencil methods, self-reports, and questionnaires. Due to the proliferation of various technologies, advancement in the Internet and use of social media networks, the concept of utilizing images, text, and videos to model human personality is gaining popularity. This work utilizes an AI-based framework to predict human personality with respect to the Big-Five model based on the choice of images made in a real-world setting. For this, the current proposal uses a dataset of real-life images that are directly/indirectly related to positive and negative sides of each of the Big-Five personality traits. Using different image seeking tasks, a data is collected from 77 participants through a custom-built tool. For creating the ground truth (about the personality of these participants), the IPIP-NEO-120 (International Personality Item Pool Representation of the NEO) personality test is taken by the participants. Results recorded are later used to correlate with the trait percentile extracted through image selection tasks. Pearson correlation coefficient is used for computing the correlation between the personality profiles of the participants. The correlation test reveals that 82% of the results are positively correlated with a p-value of 0.02. Using this data, three AI classifiers, namely, Support Vector Machine (SVM), k-nearest neighbors (k-NN), and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) are trained for predicting the personality traits of the participants. Initially, these classifiers are trained to categorize a person being high, average, low or very low in a personality trait. Where, the maximum average accuracy of 83% is achieved by SVM for predicting agreeableness utilizing the polynomial kernel having degree six. Later, these classifiers are trained to predict the dominant personality trait, for which five class labels (i.e., O, C, E, A, and N) are assigned based on the highest percentile among all five traits. Where, SVM outperforms k-NN and ANN with an average accuracy of 70%. The results reveal that different aspects of human personality can be predicted with sufficient accuracy using an individual's choice of images in a real-world setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The M5–50 is a brief 50 item international personality item pool public-domain five-factor model personality instrument. While public-domain instruments can facilitate social justice by allowing access to instruments to those who may not have the financial resources to use a pay-to-use instrument, public-domain measures may lack the scrutiny given to pay-to-use instruments. This study provides scrutiny through examining the concurrent validity evidence of the M5–50 by correlating it to the proprietary NEO-PI-3. Additionally, to provide additional validity, this study also correlates the M5–50 domains with well-documented relationships with religious fundamentalism. Regarding the NEO-PI-3, the domains of Neuroticism and Conscientiousness appear to well represent their NEO-PI-3 domain counterparts, whereas Extraversion and Agreeableness had weak relationships with some facet-level content. Openness to Experience on the M5–50 appears able to align with both the Openness/Intellect model and a unified domain structure suggested by traditional five-factor model literature as M5–50 domains and items most strongly correlate with the Aesthetics and Ideas facets in the NEO-PI-3 Openness domain. Regarding religious fundamentalism, the M5–50 domain of Openness had an inverse relationship with fundamentalism, while extraversion had a positive relationship with fundamentalism. Interpretive recommendations for the M5–50 and recommendations for future development of brief, IPIP-based Openness to Experience domains are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The popular short Dark Triad (SD3) measure was translated into Chinese (SD3-C). In two large samples (total N = 950), we evaluated its psychometric properties, including: (a) factorial structure, and (b) reliability estimates and intercorrelations of the three subscales. The nomological network was explored by showing links with established personality models, namely, the Five-Factor and HEXACO models. Congruence coefficients showed a correspondence of factor loadings across English and Chinese versions as a first hint at measurement invariance. Overall, our results suggest that scores derived from the SD3-C behave similarly to the English SD3 and can be used for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) assesses emotion regulation among adults and adolescents, in healthy as well as clinical populations. However, its factor structure is a widely debated issue. Although earlier studies replicated the original six-factor structure, they pointed out psychometrically poor items in the DERS. The issue is further complicated by the findings of recent studies reporting a five- or even a four-factor structure of the DERS. Further, several studies have questioned the validity of the Awareness dimension of DERS and suggested excluding this dimension. Against this backdrop, the present study attempts to examine the factor structure of the Hindi version of the DERS (DERS-H) on 434 healthy participants (303 females, 131 males) of middle socio-economic status. Findings of the exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) did not support either of the one-, six- or five-factor solutions. After excluding five psychometrically poor items (poor loadings and higher standardized residuals), the CFA though yielded a satisfactory fit for first-order six-factor model, the second-order model did not fit well. However, after removing the Awareness dimension, the first-order as well as the second-order modified five-factor models provided apt fits to the data. This modified DERS-H (and its five sub-domains) showed satisfactory reliability and validity as well as factor structure invariance across gender and age. The findings suggest that the modified DERS-H is a psychometrically sound tool (with stable factor structure) to measure the second-order construct of emotion regulation difficulties as well as its five first-order subdomains, particularly in the Indian cultural context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Personality factors have been associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and dementia, but they have not been examined against markers of regional brain glucose metabolism (a primary measure of brain functioning) in older adults without clinically diagnosed cognitive impairment. The relationship between personality factors derived from the five-factor model and cerebral glucose metabolism determined using positron emission tomography (PET) with [18F]-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose (18F-FDG-PET) was examined in a cohort of 237 non-demented, community-dwelling older adults aged 60–89 years (M ± SD = 73.76 ± 6.73). Higher neuroticism and lower scores on extraversion and conscientiousness were significantly associated with decreased glucose metabolism in brain regions typically affected by AD neuropathological processes, including the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. Furthermore, while there were significant differences between apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele carriers and non-carriers on 18F-FDG-PET results in the neocortex and other brain regions (p < 0.05), there was no significant difference between carriers and non-carriers on personality factors and no significant interactions were found between APOE ε4 carriage and personality factors on brain glucose metabolism. In conclusion, we found significant relationships between personality factors and glucose metabolism in neural regions more susceptible to AD neuropathology in older adults without clinically significant cognitive impairment. These findings support the need for longitudinal research into the potential mechanisms underlying the relationship between personality and dementia risk, including measurement of change in other AD biomarkers (amyloid and tau imaging) and how they correspond to change in personality factors. Future research is also warranted to determine whether timely psychological interventions aimed at personality facets (specific aspects or characteristics of personality factors) can affect imaging or other biomarkers of AD resulting in delay or ideally preventing the onset of the cognitive impairment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over recent years, numerous studies have examined the relationship between Problematic Internet Use (PIU) and the Big Five personality traits. However, detailed studies have yet to analyze the relationship between PIU and the Five-Factor Model (FFM) while considering (1) the domains and specific facets of the FFM and (2) the components of PIU. This study analyzes data collected from 910 adolescents who were administered the Internet Addiction Test (IAT) and the JS-NEO-S questionnaire to measure the domains and facets of the FFM. The results show that high levels of Neuroticism and Extraversion and low levels of Agreeableness, Openness, and Conscientiousness predict PIU. This study allows for the determination of the specific facets of the Big Five that are associated with an increased risk of PIU. Furthermore, it suggests that different traits are associated with each of the PIU components: low Agreeableness predict Emotional Investment in Internet use, while high Neuroticism, high Extraversion, and low Conscientiousness predict a decrease in Performance and Time Management. Therefore, these results suggest that distinct personal mechanisms may be involved in the different dimensions making up PIU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Clinicians in neuroscientific disciplines may present distinct personality profiles. Despite of potential relevance to clinical practice, this has not yet been studied. We therefore aimed to compare personality profiles of physicians working in the three main disciplines of clinical neuroscience, i.e., neurologists, neurosurgeons, and psychiatrists, between each other, across levels of training and to other specialties. Methods: An online survey using the Ten-Item Personality Inventory (TIPI), an internationally validated measure of the five-factor model of personality dimensions, was distributed to board-certified physicians, residents, and medical students in several European countries and Canada. Differences in personality profiles were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance and canonical linear discriminant analysis on age- and sex-standardized z-scores of personality traits. Single personality traits were analyzed using robust t tests. Results: Of the 5148 respondents who completed the survey, 723 indicated the specialties neurology, neurosurgery, or psychiatry. Compared to all other specialties, personality profiles of training and trained physicians in these three main clinical neuroscience disciplines ("NN&P") significantly differed, with significantly higher scores in openness to experience. Within NN&P, there were significant differences in personality profiles, driven by lower neuroticism in neurosurgeons, higher conscientiousness in neurosurgeons and neurologists, and higher agreeableness in psychiatrists. Across levels of training, NN&P personality profiles did not differ significantly. Conclusion: The distinct clinical neuroscience personality profile is characterized by higher levels of openness to experience compared to non-neuroscience specialties. Despite high variability within each discipline, moderate, but solid differences in the personality profiles of neurologists, neurosurgeons and psychiatrists exist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growing interest in using personality variables in business and economic research has led to the question of whether personality, as measured by psychology, is useful to predict behavior. While personality can undoubtedly influence large-scale outcomes, it is less clear if personality variables can also be used to understand micro-behavior in games. We experimentally test the impact of personality factors (measured using the Big Five model) on behavior in the Trust Game. Overall, we find that personality can contribute to explaining the behavior of the first player, the trustor, whereas, the behavior of the second player, the trustee, cannot be explained by their personality. In fact, the trustee's behavior is instead affected by the first player's behavior, i.e., the second player's response depends on whether or not the first player has trusted the second player. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the effects of empirical keying on scoring personality measures. To our knowledge, this is the first published study to investigate the use of empirical keying for personality in a selection context. We hypothesized that empirical keying maximizes use of the information provided in responses to personality items. We also hypothesized that it reduces faking since the relationship between response options and performance is not obvious to respondents. Four studies were used to test the hypotheses. In Study 1, the criterion-related validity of empirically keyed personality measures was investigated using applicant data from a law enforcement officer predictive validation study. A combination of training and job performance measures was used as criteria. In Study 2, two empirical keys were created for long and short measures of the five factors. The criterion-related validities of the empirical keys were investigated using Freshman GPA (FGPA) as a criterion. In Study 3, one set of the empirical keys from Study 2 was applied to experimental data to examine the effects of empirical keying on applicant faking and on the relationship of personality scores and cognitive ability. In Study 4, we examined the generalizability of empirical keying across different organizations. Across the studies, option- and item-level empirical keying increased criterion-related validities for academic, training, and job performance. Empirical keying also reduced the effects of faking. Thus, both hypotheses were supported. We recommend that psychologists using personality measures to predict performance should consider the use of empirical keying as it enhanced validity and reduced faking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pathological gaming is the recurrent, persistent, and excessive involvement of an individual with online or offline video games. According to the Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution Model of Brand, Young, Laier, Wolfling, and Potenza, pathological gaming is a consequence of interactions between the person's core characteristics, coping styles, and conditioning processes, which leads to behavioral addictions. Studies have shown that personality traits strongly influence video gaming behaviors. In this study, 1026 Filipino gamers completed the NEO-Five-Factor Inventory-3 and the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale. The results with the Five-Factor Model Traits showed Neuroticism to be positively correlated with pathological gaming, while Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness and Conscientiousness were negatively correlated with pathological gaming. Forward stepwise regression also indicated that Agreeableness and Conscientiousness were negative predictors, with Conscientiousness being the strongest predictor among the five factors. The findings of the study can help raise awareness about pathological gaming, and the importance of its prevention and possible rehabilitation, among Filipino gamers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mania, narcissism, antisocial personality disorder/psychopathy, and substance use (including alcohol use) disorders have been linked through the dominance behavioral system, a biologically based system guiding dominant behavior and responses to perceptions of power (Johnson et al. 2012). We examined the structure and correlates of measures of psychopathology linked to dominance in two studies utilizing student ( N = 309) and mixed community/outpatient samples ( N = 255), the latter of which incorporated multi-method assessment. Results indicated that grandiose narcissism and some mania-relevant measures are defined by overlapping positive emotionality content (e.g., seeking acclaim, feeling fearless) that shows strong relations with traits related to dominance (e.g., assertiveness, immodesty). Antisocial trait measures also were linked to dominance to some degree, although less strongly than indicators of mania and narcissism. Lastly, even though substance use indicators overlap with other measures of psychopathology showing more substantial relations to dominance, these measures were weakly related to dominance-related traits. These results establish an important and novel connection between grandiose narcissism and mania-relevant measures via their assessment of dominance. Furthermore, results indicate that substance use measures do not assess dominant attitudes and behaviors. However, the extent to which antisocial traits are defined by dominance is less clear, especially given that these studies did not incorporate assessment of social boldness, a construct central to some conceptualizations of psychopathy (Patrick et al. 2009). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the results of an experiment designed to determine the effects of psychological proximity-proxied by awareness of pain (empathy) and friendship-on moral reasoning. Our study tests the hypotheses that a moral agent's emphasis on justice decreases with proximity, while his/her emphasis on care increases. Our study further examines how personality, gender, and managerial status affect the importance of care and justice in moral reasoning. We find support for the main hypotheses. We also find that care should be split into two components, one related to protection (or compassion) and the other to the preservation of relationships. Although gender does not affect moral reasoning directly, we find that it does so indirectly via personality, controlling for age, professional status, and professional background. We do not find a significant effect of managerial status on ethics of justice, but do find that holding a managerial position has a negative impact on ethics of care. Regarding personality, we detect significant positive effects of conscientiousness on ethics of justice and of neuroticism on ethics of care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: We investigated how job applicants' personalities influence perceptions of the structural and social procedural justice of group selection interviews (i.e., a group of several applicants being evaluated simultaneously). We especially addressed trait interactions between neuroticism and extraversion (the affective plane) and extraversion and agreeableness (the interpersonal plane). Design/Methodology/Approach: Data on personality (pre-interview) and justice perceptions (post-interview) were collected in a field study among job applicants ( N = 97) attending group selection interviews for positions as teachers in a Norwegian high school. Findings: Interaction effects in hierarchical regression analyses showed that perceptions of social and structural justice increased with levels of extraversion among high scorers on neuroticism. Among emotionally stable applicants, however, being introverted or extraverted did not matter to justice perceptions. Extraversion did not impact on the perception of social justice for applicants low in agreeableness. Agreeable applicants, however, experienced the group interview as more socially fair when they were also extraverted. Implications: The impact of applicant personality on justice perceptions may be underestimated if traits interactions are not considered. Procedural fairness ratings for the group selection interview were high, contrary to the negative reactions predicted by other researchers. There was no indication that applicants with desirable traits (i.e., traits predictive of job performance) reacted negatively to this selection tool. Originality/Value: Despite the widespread use of interviews in selection, previous studies of applicant personality and fairness reactions have not included interviews. The study demonstrates the importance of previously ignored trait interactions in understanding applicant reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a study on the validity of the Five-factor model (FFM) personality disorder (PD) prototype from Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI). Topics include the evaluation of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Personality disorders (DSM PDs) using the FFM among undergraduate students, the creation of Neuroticism-Extraversion-Openness Inventory-Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) PD profiles for DSM PD, and the correlativities of FFM PD and PAI scales.

The article presents a study that provides information about the nomological networks of the personality dimensions related with the triarchic conceptualization of psychopathy. In the study, participants were 633 to 637 college students from a Midwestern University who completed anonymous questionnaires in exchange for course credit or extra credit.

The nomothetic thrust of personality research has been the subject of some significant recent criticism. One major problem is the failure in much personality research to sufficiently scrutinize its methods and its background beliefs. This produces conceptual schematizations of personality that do not sufficiently take into account the disunity and plasticity that affects what is construed as personality; it also underplays the necessity of more fully theorizing the network of infrapsychic and transpersonal systems, processes, structures, templates, interfaces, flows of stimuli, qualities of embodiment and contingencies that dynamically manifest as personality. It is through unfolding the complexity inherent in this network that personality theorization can move forward in new ways. This paper provides a provisional, beginning taxonomy of this network in order to start a research dialogue about personality that doesn't begin with the operative background beliefs of nomothetic methodology, that doesn't tacitly or overtly construe the individual to be a self-regulating, homeostatic system, and that resists presupposing personality as a cohesive, stable quality of personhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined the relationship between the 'Big-Five' personality factors and levels of mindfulness at baseline, and the predictive value of these personality factors on changes in mindfulness after eight weeks of mindfulness-based training. All participants were followed-up for eight weeks. Sixty-three incarcerated adult males with drug abuse disorders completed self-report assessments of mindfulness, depression, and personality. Four of the five personality factors (Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism) were significantly associated with Decentering of mindfulness at baseline. Neuroticism and OPENNESS to Experience were significantly related to Curiosity. There was a significant baseline-to-post-course difference on the Decentering subscale; however, the results unexpectedly contradicted our hypothesis. There were no significant baseline-to-post-course differences on the Curiosity subscale. After controlling for post-course depression, none of the Big-Five personality factor traits significantly predicted post-course Curiosity and Decentering. The effects of the Big-Five personality factors on outcomes of mindfulness-based intervention for drug abusers were preliminarily confirmed, but a randomized longitudinal study is required to reconfirm our findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alexithymia is a personality construct characterized by a cognitive and an affective deficit in recognizing and communicating emotional states. The present research investigated the relations between alexithymia, well-being, and romantic relationships in 437 undergraduates. High levels of alexithymia were found in 18.5 % of the sample and were associated with high levels of depression and negative affect, and low levels of life satisfaction, happiness and positive affect. Alexithymia was also negatively correlated with the quality of romantic relationships and with commitment, romance, trust, satisfaction and love in romantic relationships. The relation between alexithymia and subjective well-being was mediated in part by the poor quality of their romantic relationships. Alexithymia accounted for significant portions of the variance in depression (19.0 %), negative affect (17.4 %), life satisfaction (14.4 %), happiness (20.4-29.8 %) and positive affect (20.1 %). However, alexithymia failed to account for variance in either negative or positive well-being above and beyond the variance accounted for by the Big Five personality traits. These results are consistent with the position that alexithymia can be thought of as a constellation of extreme levels of normative personality traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experimenters explored how religious fundamentalism related with religious orientation, irrational thinking, and immature defense mechanisms. They also explored the possible moderational role of the Big 5 personality factors. The participants were predominantly Greek Orthodox College students from a Cypriot University. The experimenters employed a cross-sectional design and required participants to complete a series of self-report measures. Religious fundamentalism significantly predicted irrational thinking. Intrinsic and personal extrinsic religious orientations significantly predicted religious fundamentalism. The results provide support for the idea that the more dogmatically one holds their religious beliefs, the more likely they are to think irrationally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An 'Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorders' was published in Sect. III of DSM-5, while the identical categories and criteria from DSM-IV for the personality disorders (PDs) are in Sect. II. Given strong shifts from categorical diagnoses toward dimensional representations in psychiatry, how did the PDs end up 'stuck in neutral,' with the flawed DSM-IV model perpetuated? This article reviews factors that influenced the development of the new model and data to encourage and facilitate its use by clinicians. These include recognizing 1) a dimensional structure for psychopathology for which personality may be foundational; 2) a consensus on the structure of normal and abnormal personality; 3) the clinical significance of personality; 4) PD-specific severity required to establish disorder; 5) disruption, discontinuity, and perceived clinical utility of the Alternative Model may not be problems; and 6) a way forward involving collaborative research on neurobiological and psychosocial processes, treatment planning, and outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depression and psychological distress are known to be associated with diabetes development as well as the disease progression including glycemic control and chronic complication, but relationship of personality with diabetes is controversial. We examined whether personality trait and the presence of abnormal glucose regulation (AGR; diabetes and pre-diabetes) are associated in young women. A total of 1,617 young women aged 19-39 years without previously diagnosed diabetes were participated voluntarily. Personality trait was assessed by self-reported questionnaire using the five-factor model (neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness and conscientiousness) consisting of five-point scale ranging from 'strongly disagreeable' to 'strongly agreeable.' Glucose tolerance status was assessed by standard 75-g oral glucose tolerance test. One hundred and eleven women were newly diagnosed with AGR (6.9 %). Among five factors, only extraversion trait was significantly associated with AGR. Multiple linear regression analysis showed significant negative association between extraversion trait and 2-h post-load glucose after adjustment for age, BMI, systolic blood pressure, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol and family history of diabetes ( β = −0.16, P = 0.026). Multiple logistic regression showed extraversion trait having a significant association with the presence of AGR after adjustment for the same covariates (OR 0.97, 95 % CI 0.95-0.99, P = 0.011). The frequency of AGR was significantly increased according to the decrease in extraversion score ( P for trend with exact test = 0.047). In conclusion, extraversion may be an important personality trait having a beneficial effect on decreasing the risk of AGR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Personality theories, as Giordano () argues, often treat Western versions of the self as having universal import. Eastern notions of self, however, offer a dramatically different basis for thinking about what personality might be. This paper, nonetheless, seeks to offer a general framework for theorizing about the epiphenomenon of personality in any culture, asserting that it is an effect of specific histories of ideological practices, semiotic networks and systems, and affect, which engage each other in dialogic and dialectical ways. The interactions of these factors, guided by ideology, regularize behavior and affective dynamics, largely in non-personal ways. Subjects are produced and reproduced from these complex interactions, which are situationally specific and simultaneously transpersonal. The subjects formed through these interactions are the basis for the folk psychology of personality, which treats the transient, varying effects of these interactions as more or less reified qualities that form a basis for the construction of selfhood, however conceived. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An important objective of personality psychology is to provide compelling descriptions and explanations of intraindividual personality dynamics that capture the unique qualities of persons. Among contemporary Western personality theories, the Five-Factor Model enjoys prominence in describing individual differences in personality traits. It falls short, however, in its ability to work with intraindividual personality function. This article argues that classical Confucianism, originating 2500 years ago in mainland China, offers Western personality psychologists important theoretical resources for capturing the complex and dynamic processes inherent in human personality. The Confucian perspective emphasizes a behaviorally anchored, continuous, stochastic, process-oriented understanding of the self as relationally constructed and proposes an elegant description of the relational virtuosity of exemplary persons. The article concludes with five characteristics of a Confucian inspired model of personality and questions the viability of a universal theory of personality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidence from our systematic literature review revealed numerous inconsistencies in findings from the Pair Programming (PP) literature regarding the effects of personality on PP's effectiveness as a pedagogical tool. In particular: i) the effect of differing personality traits of pairs on the successful implementation of pair-programming (PP) within a higher education setting is still unclear, and ii) the personality instrument most often used had been Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), despite being an indicator criticized by personality psychologists as unreliable in measuring an individual's personality traits. These issues motivated the research described in this paper. We conducted a series of five formal experiments (one of which was a replicated experiment), between 2009 and 2010, at the University of Auckland, to investigate the effects of personality composition on PP's effectiveness. Each experiment looked at a particular personality trait of the Five-Factor personality framework. This framework comprises five broad traits (Openness to experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism), and our experiments focused on three of these - Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Openness. A total of 594 undergraduate students participated as subjects. Overall, our findings for all five experiments, including the replication, showed that Conscientiousness and Neuroticism did not present a statistically significant effect upon paired students' academic performance. However, Openness played a significant role in differentiating paired students' academic performance. Participants' survey results also indicated that PP not only caused an increase in satisfaction and confidence levels but also brought enjoyment to the tutorial classes and enhanced students' motivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Careerism refers to an individual’s propensity to achieve their personal and career goals through nonperformance-based activities (Feldman, The Indus Org Psychol 39–44, 1985 ). We investigated the role of several dispositional predictors of careerism, including Five-factor model (FFM) personality traits, primary psychopathy, and exchange ideology. Based on data from 131 respondents, as expected, we observed that emotional stability was negatively correlated with careerism. Primary psychopathy and exchange ideology explained additional variance in careerism after accounting for FFM traits. Relative importance analyses indicated that psychopathy (relative weight percentage of explained variance = 42.1 %) and exchange ideology (relative weight percentage = 44.1 %) were equally important in predicting careerism. We highlight the need for future research efforts investigating the combined effects of contextual factors—particularly, human resource practices—and individual differences to understand careerism in the workplace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Past research has increasingly suggested that CEO/TMT personality can play a relevant role in influencing various external (e.g. firm performance) and internal (e.g. firm organizational structure) management outcomes. These promising results need appropriate systematization and discussion, which we aim at providing through a literature review based on rigorous inclusion/exclusion criteria. Our analysis shows great heterogeneity in regard to both the personality traits and the personality based management outcomes explored by the investigated population of studies. Thus, we specifically use the framework provided by the Five-Factor Model (FFM) of personality to codify the publications and this framework allows us to identify some possible theoretical trajectories. These trajectories mainly regard the empirical testing of the highlighted associations between CEO emotional stability, extraversion and conscientiousness with bureaucratization, strategic pro-activity and firm performance. Our article is primarily intended for those scholars and practitioners who want to improve their knowledge about psychology-based decision making and behavioural corporate governance through the understanding of how CEO/TMT personality can affect their strategic decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a review of the research that has informed the proposed changes to the DSM-5 conceptualization of personality psychopathology with a focus on implications for social work practice and research. A paradigm shift to a dimensional model is likely to replace the current categorical model of personality disorders and will have profound implications for the profession. While establishing a diagnostic system that is grounded in empirical knowledge is the primary benefit, this tool will also be more consistent with social work's orienting theories and values. Social workers should gain knowledge about the proposed changes and actively participate in the review process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several meta-analyses using twelve studies were conducted, combining different forms of the belief in a just world (BJW) and the five-factor model in order to determine possible relationships between personality factors and individual differences regarding justice. As expected, the general ( n = 2579) and personal ( n = 1346) forms of BJW were negatively associated with neuroticism, and positively associated with extraversion and agreeableness. Summary effect sizes for neuroticism, extraversion, and agreeableness were r = −0.08, r = 0.10, and r = 0.09 concerning the general BJW, and r = −0.25, r = 0.18, and r = 0.10 concerning the personal BJW, respectively. Although no causality could be determined, possible interpretations of the relationships include BJW as a personal resource that increases emotional stability, BJW and extraversion's reciprocity in the developmental process, and trust as an origin of both agreeableness and just world beliefs. In addition, the associations were significantly stronger when the personal BJW was used, as opposed to the general form, but only regarding neuroticism and extraversion. Attitudes concerning others and their well-being may explain the differential gap of associations when using BJW for the self or for others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Personality traits are rather stable dispositions in adulthood, while self-efficacy and adherence may be modified through targeted interventions. Health-related quality of life (HRQL) serves as a vital outcome measure. The present aim was to explore the function of self-efficacy and adherence as mediators for the influencing effect of personality traits on HRQL in people with chronic disease. Methods: An epidemiological sample of 786 persons completed questionnaires on personality, general self-efficacy, adherence behaviour and HRQL. Data were statistically analysed using descriptive statistics, correlation analyses and path models. Results: Self-efficacy mediated the effect of Extraversion and Conscientiousness on mental HRQL. Neuroticism had a direct effect on both physical and mental HRQL. Adherence partially mediated the effect of both Agreeableness and Conscientiousness on mental HRQL. Conclusions: The mental HRQL in people scoring low on Extraversion or low on Conscientiousness could be improved by strengthening general self-efficacy. Increasing adherence in people scoring low on Agreeableness or Conscientiousness could improve their mental HRQL, but the improvement was small and may be of lesser clinical relevance. These results argue for personalized interventions intended to positively affect health outcomes in people with chronic disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: When English-speaking people listen to the Deutsch 'high-low' word illusion, they report hearing English words. Whether Chinese-speaking people report Chinese words when listening to the illusion, or whether any reported words might be correlated with personality traits as previous investigations have demonstrated for listening to music in other cultures, is open to question. The present study aimed to address this. Methods: A total of 308 right-handed, healthy volunteers (177 women and 131 men) were given the illusion test and asked to answer the Zuckerman-Kuhlman personality questionnaire (ZKPQ). Their depressive tendency was measured by the Plutchik-van Praag depression inventory (PVP). Results: There was no gender effect regarding either the PVP score or the number of reported Chinese words from the illusion. Women scored higher on ZKPQ neuroticism-anxiety than men. The number of meaningful Chinese words reported was correlated with the ZKPQ impulsive sensation-seeking, aggression-hostility, and activity scores. Some words reported by participants who scored higher on these three traits were related in meaning to those scales. Conclusion: Our preliminary results suggest that when Chinese-speaking people listen to the Deutsch 'high-low' word illusion, they might use personality-related, specific cognitive schemata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes in personality traits in late adolescence and young adulthood are believed to co-occur with changes in identity, but little research is available that supports this hypothesis. The present study addressed this relatively understudied area of research by examining longitudinal associations of Big Five personality traits (i.e., Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness) with dimensions of identity formation (i.e., identification with commitment and exploration in depth) in the domain of education. For this purpose, we used four annual waves of longitudinal data on 485 Belgian late adolescents (87.4% female; mean age at T1 = 18.6 years) covering a 3-year period. Multivariate growth models revealed that changes in Big Five personality traits were related to changes in identification with commitment and exploration in depth. Cross-lagged panel models uncovered that, except for Openness, all Big Five traits predicted educational identity dimensions. Educational identity dimensions only predicted Neuroticism. In addition, adolescents with higher levels on the personality trait of Conscientiousness faced fewer study delays. In sum, the present study adds to the growing literature that explores the antecedents, correlates, and consequences of personality trait development by uncovering the interplay of personality traits, educational identity dimensions, and academic progress in late adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The association between the Five-Factor Model of personality (FFM) and antisocial personality disorder (APD) symptoms was investigated in a sample of young males with a history of severe antisocial behavior. Results were compared against those of an expert-consensus study (Lynam and Widiger Journal of Abnormal Psychology 110:401-412, ) and those of a recent meta-analysis (Samuel and Widiger Clinical Psychology Review 28:1326-1342, ) based primarily on non-antisocial samples. A high degree of similarity was observed across the three. Multivariate analysis indicated two FFM facets, Compliance and Activity, to be associated with APD symptoms. The contribution of these facets to the prospective prediction of antisocial behavior over and above that of APD symptoms and past antisocial behavior was evaluated. Compliance alone explained 8.7% of the unique variance in future antisocial behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Personality traits are summarized by five broad dimensions with pervasive influences on major life outcomes, strong links to psychiatric disorders and clear heritable components. To identify genetic variants associated with each of the five dimensions of personality we performed a genome-wide association (GWA) scan of 3972 individuals from a genetically isolated population within Sardinia, Italy. On the basis of the analyses of 362 129 single-nucleotide polymorphisms we found several strong signals within or near genes previously implicated in psychiatric disorders. They include the association of neuroticism with SNAP25 (rs362584, P=5 × 10−5), extraversion with BDNF and two cadherin genes (CDH13 and CDH23; Ps<5 × 10−5), openness with CNTNAP2 (rs10251794, P=3 × 10−5), agreeableness with CLOCK (rs6832769, P=9 × 10−6) and conscientiousness with DYRK1A (rs2835731, P=3 × 10−5). Effect sizes were small (less than 1% of variance), and most failed to replicate in the follow-up independent samples (N up to 3903), though the association between agreeableness and CLOCK was supported in two of three replication samples (overall P=2 × 10−5). We infer that a large number of loci may influence personality traits and disorders, requiring larger sample sizes for the GWA approach to confidently identify associated genetic variants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study examines the relation between psychopathy and the Big Five dimensions of personality in two samples of adolescents. Specifically, the study tests the hypothesis that the aspect of psychopathy representing selfishness, callousness, and interpersonal manipulation (Factor 1) is most strongly associated with low Agreeableness, whereas the aspect of psychopathy representing impulsivity, instability, and social deviance (Factor 2) is associated with low Agreeableness, low Conscientiousness, and high Neuroticism. Data from 13- and 16-year-old boys and their mothers from two samples of the Pittsburgh Youth Study are used to test these hypotheses. Results were consistent across age and rating source in supporting the initial hypotheses, providing support for the construct of juvenile psychopathy and the interpretation of psychopathy as a constellation of traits drawn from a general model of personality functioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes a meta-analysis of 33 studies that examined the relationship between the Five-Factor Model and symptoms of clinical disorders. The typical pattern found associated with clinical disorders or measures of clinical disorders was high Neuroticism, low Conscientiousness, low Agreeableness, and low Extraversion. Comparisons of diagnostic groups and norm groups showed higher levels of Neuroticism and lower levels of Extraversion than did studies of correlations between measures of the level of a disorder and measures of the five factors. Studies of observer ratings of the five factors showed lower levels of Neuroticism and Openness than did studies of self-report ratings. These and other findings relating to type of scale and type of comparison group have possible clinical implications and raise several questions worthy of further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]