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In this study, an emerging type of packaging film containing polyvinyl alcohol and sesbania gum as the matrix and tea tree oil hydroxyapatite microspheres as the active ingredients was developed. The effect of this film on the postharvest quality of the Agaricus bisporus stored for 12 days at 4 °C was investigated. The experimental results revealed that the novel packaging film enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes, such as SOD and CAT, reduced the weight loss in the Agaricus bisporus. On the last day of storage, the hardness was 11.5 N, malondialdehyde content was 1.42 nmol/g, and the total colony count was 5.16 log10 cfu/g, which were better than those of other groups, the mushrooms in this treatment group also maintained a fine whiteness appearance. According to the findings, the packaging film can effectively maintain the quality of Agaricus bisporus, thereby facilitating its use as a novel active packaging material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to fluctuation of the market and several other reasons, most of the parameters related to the production inventory system, like, deterioration rate, demand rate and different costs are not always constants. These parameters involve some sorts of impreciseness which may be represented by stochastic, fuzzy, fuzzy-stochastic, interval, intuitionistic fuzzy, neutrosophic fuzzy, etc. approaches. In this work, a green production model is formulated for deteriorating items in neutrosophic uncertain environment. In this proposed model, customers' demand rates are influenced by their green level and the selling price of the manufacturing goods. Here, it is also considered that the deterioration rate is dependent on preservation investment whereas the production cost is dependent on the product's green level. We have designed, analyzed, and solved the proposed model in crisp, neutrosophic and crispified forms. To illustrate this model numerically, two examples are constructed and solved by an artificial bee colony algorithm. Finally, sensitivity analyses are conducted graphically with respect to some of the system parameters involved in the crispified model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's era of sustainable development, green inventory systems with a motto to reduce carbon emissions are crucial for economic growth and development. Green inventory systems managing deteriorating items need special attention since spoilage and deterioration result in a significant loss of items which hampers customers' satisfaction. The deteriorating items have an adverse impact on demand as the products decay continuously which also has a strong influence on the customers' purchase decision. Thus, a price-sensitive demand is a more realistic assumption. Further, the main sources of carbon emissions in operating the inventory system are based on the storage amount and the frequency of delivery. Besides, in the business world, both the supplier and the retailer accept the credit to make their business position strong, because the credit not only strengthens their business relationships but also increases the scale of their profits. In this paper, we consider a sustainable inventory model for non-instantaneous deteriorating items with price sensitive demand, time varying deterioration rate under bi-level trade credit and carbon tax policy in order to achieve sustainability goals. Besides, to reduce deterioration rate, retailers invest some cost to prevent product degradation/decay, known as preservation technology, is also inserted. In the sequel, not only the supplier would offer fixed credit period to the retailer, but retailer also adopt the trade credit policy to the customers in order to promote the market competition. The retailer can accumulate revenue and interest after the customer pays for the amount of purchasing cost to the retailer until the end of the trade credit period offered by the supplier. Firstly, a mathematical model is formulated for the given scenario so as to determine the optimal replenishment cycle time, selling price, and preservation technology investment strategies which maximize the total profit of the inventory system and some useful theoretical results have been framed to characterize the optimal solutions. An algorithm is designed to derive the optimal solutions of the model. Finally, numerical examples and managerial implications are incorporated to analyze the behavior of the proposed model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the production and inventory management of perishables, environmental considerations are gaining prominence. By reducing carbon emissions from various supply chain processes, such as production, transportation, warehousing, and waste disposal of perishable items, the present study aims to minimize the overall cost to the manufacturer through an optimized investment in green technology. Additionally, cycle time and preservation technology investment are optimized to decrease deterioration and revenue loss in order to minimize cost. The originality of the present research lies in the following considerations. Due to an increase in fuel price, the transportation cost of every subsequent order will also increase, thus resulting in an increase of average delivery cost in a production cycle. We investigate the impact of changes in fuel prices on transportation costs and production inventory model policies due to the volatile nature of fuel prices. The function of transportation cost can be used to calculate transport costs in the future. The deterioration rate is a random variable with a double triangular distribution. Precisely, the demand for any product depends on the product's price; therefore, linear price-dependent demand is considered. Per unit production cost is a function of direct material cost, tooling cost, and manpower cost. Taking into account all the aforementioned parameters, this paper simultaneously optimizes green technology investment, preservation investment, and cycle time. To achieve the solution of the proposed sustainable production system, an optimization technique for the nonlinear function is employed. Finally, numerical experiments are conducted to validate the model. A special case of a numerical example demonstrates that the expected value of the total average cost is reduced by 10.723% when investments are made in both green and preservation technology, whereas investments in green technology alone result in a cost reduction of only 2.15%. Then, managerial implications and a discussion of findings are proposed after a sensitivity analysis that examines the model's response to key parameter variation. The study concludes with a discussion of the limitations of current work and possible future scopes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fuzzy and neutrosophic sets are two effective tools to deal with the ambiguities and uncertainties present in real-world problems. To deal with the uncertainties of a real-world scenario, a neutrosophic set is better equipped than a fuzzy set. In this article, we develop a neutrosophic economic order quantity (EOQ) inventory model with the assumption that the market demand is sensitive to the retail price and promotional effort. The supplier and retailer both adopt a partial trade credit policy. We include preservation technology to restrict normal deterioration. We analyse the crisp model first, and then, neutrosophic logic is implemented in the proposed model. De-neutrosophication of total neutrosophic profit is performed based on the removal area approach. The present investigation yields that the de-neutrosophic value of the profit function is convex, that is, a unique solution exists. Mathematical outcomes are generated to efficiently determine the optimal inventory policy for the retailer. To demonstrate numerically and validate the model, a case study is carried out. The findings in this work generalize several existing results, and sensitivity analysis is also reported to support the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article develops an inventory model for deteriorating items with price-dependent stochastic demand. To maintain the freshness of the deteriorating items, preservation technology is being applied. Due to stochastic demand, retailers might face shortages considered partial backlogging. The retailer orders the items based on the forecasting of the stochastic demand, then keeps those items in their warehouse and the remaining items in a rented warehouse. This work aims to develop a suitable inventory model for finding the optimal selling price, cycle time when all items of the rented warehouse are sold, the replenishment cycle time, and the investment cost of preservation technology. We formulate the mathematical model with a solution procedure and provide the related theorems. We illustrate the concavity of the expected profit function using numerical examples. In conclusion, we discuss the implementation of the proposed model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study's motive is to vindicate the result of the preservation of a transportation system for transporting perishable items. We introduce a certain preservation technology (PT) with preservation cost to reduce the rate of deterioration, and then simultaneously to increase the lifetime of such items. Here we initiate a multi-objective solid transportation problem with a connection of PT. To make the problem realistic, we consider various criteria, such as transportation cost, preservation cost, time, and deterioration under a Pythagorean fuzzy environment. Pythagorean fuzzy sets are the extension of intuitionistic fuzzy sets and more flexible than the fuzzy sets, intuitionistic fuzzy sets, or other uncertainty. We introduce two numerical examples to elaborate the appropriateness of our approach, which is then solved in three ways: by the ε -constraint method, by neutrosophic linear programming, and by the fuzzy TOPSIS approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we formulate a mathematical inventory model for deteriorating items with a constant rate of deterioration. The supplier offers the retailer successive discount on purchase of goods if the order size crosses predefined quantity levels. Retailer uses preservation techniques to reduce the deterioration rate. In order to increase the sales, retailer implements promotional strategies. Market demand of the product is influenced by promotional efforts, stock level and selling price of the product. The objective is to find optimum order quantity, cycle time, promotional cost, preservation cost and selling price in order to maximize total profit for the retailer. A numerical example is given to validate the mathematical model. Sensitivity analysis has been carried out to analyze the effect of change of other inventory parameters on decision variables and total profit. Results indicate that due to preservation technology we can see remarkable decrease in the deterioration rate hence cycle time increases and retailer can set a cheaper selling price to increase sales. Promotional efforts help the retailer to enhance sales of the product. Moreover, depending upon the product demand and order size, quantity discounts help retailer to reduce the purchase cost and hence overall profit of retailer increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of sustainable practices, supply chain members are interested in performing well, not only economically but also environmentally. The present paper develops an imperfect production inventory model where items are prone to deterioration. The bad quality items so produced are separated and sold to a different market. However, the deterioration calls for effective techniques to curb the subsequent losses, for which an investment in preservation technology is considered. The carbon emissions associated with the production, storage, and preservation processes are considered. Moreover, some amount of waste is produced as a by-product of every production process, this waste is sent for proper disposal at a cost. Further, an attempt is made to implement sustainable production policies for minimizing carbon footprints. Hence, an inventory framework is proposed to meet the current environmental and economic challenges, and formulate policies that contribute to sustainable development. The study jointly optimizes the non-production time and invested amount in the preservation process to minimize the total costs. Numerical investigation and sensitivity analysis are done to establish key model features. Findings suggest the decision-makers with better insights to deal with deterioration effectively and at the same time remain environment savvy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An inventory model with stock-dependent demand and non-instantaneous deterioration is developed in this paper. It is assumed that the item starts deteriorating at a constant rate after a certain period of time from the instant of receiving the delivery by the retailer. The retailer can reduce the rate of deterioration by investing in preservation technology. Depending on the fact that the on-hand stock may be finished before or after deterioration starts, two different inventory scenarios have been considered and analyzed. Optimal length of an inventory cycle as well as investment in preservation technology have been obtained in both the scenarios. Certain conditions have also been derived to identify situations where the retailer should or should not invest in preservation technology. The proposed model is illustrated with a numerical example. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have designed an inventory model for seasonal products in which deterioration can be controlled by item preservation technology investment. Demand for the product is considered price sensitive and decreases linearly. This study has shown that the profit is a concave function of optimal selling price, replenishment time and preservation cost parameter. We simultaneously determined the optimal selling price of the product, the replenishment cycle and the cost of item preservation technology. Additionally, this study has shown that there exists an optimal selling price and optimal preservation investment to maximize the profit for every business set-up. Finally, the model is illustrated by numerical examples and sensitive analysis of the optimal solution with respect to major parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The profile of the strawberry polyphenols was analysed on fresh strawberry, immediately after freezing or after pasteurization and during frozen storage of strawberry at −20 °C for 360 days. Freezing increased the extractability of (−)-epigallocatechin gallate (60 %), (−)-epicatechin (48 %) and ellagic acid (51 %) and decreased the pelargonidin-3-glucoside (18 %). Direct pasteurization of fresh strawberry increased the extractability for (−)-epigallocatechin gallate (73 %), (−)-epicatechin (45 %) and ellagic acid (143 %) and decreased for pelargonidin-3-glucoside (16 %). During storage at −20 °C for 360 days the extractable levels of pelargonidin-3-rutinoside, (−)-epigallocatechin gallate, (+)-catechin, (−)-epicatechin and ellagic acid decreased by 17, 20, 37, 65 and 80 %, respectively, while those of pelargonidin-3-glucoside increased 13 %. Changes in polyphenols content, produced by pasteurization after 360 days frozen storage, were minimal. Polyphenols content decreased during storage of strawberry pieces at −20 °C for 360 days, while the thermal treatment applied after freezing storage did not induce any significant change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we consider the effect of preservation technology cost investing on preservation equipment for reducing deterioration rate under two-level trade credit. The preservation technology cost is allowed for periodical upward or downward adjustments due to the time varying demand and the strategy of trade credit within the planning horizon. We establish a deterministic economic order quantity model for a retailer to determine his/her optimal preservation technology cost per replenishment cycle, the trade credit policies, the replenishment number and replenishment schedule that will maximize the present value of total profit. A particle swarm optimization with constriction factor is coded and used to solve the mixed-integer nonlinear programming problem by employing the properties derived from this paper. Some numerical examples are used to illustrate the features of the proposed model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with a stochastic deteriorating item inventory model with preservation technology and trade-credit finance. The planning horizon of many seasonal or fashionable items stochastically varies to some extent. On the other side, the demand of such items increases in initial phase followed by a constant. This type of demand pattern can be modeled as ramp-type demand. Deterioration of such products is a characteristic, which can be reduced by making the investment on latest equipment and technology. Consumption of such items within shelf life prevents to deterioration, which can be achieved by bulk sale. In order to stimulate the selling, trade-credit policy is also considered here. In these regards, this study examines the joint effect of preservation technology investment and trade-credit policy, wherein shortage is allowed and mixture of partial backlog and lost sales. Six cases may arise depending upon three parameters of time μ (demand increases up to μ), T (when on-hand inventory reaches to zero) and M (trade-credit period). The mathematical models are mainly categorized in two cases: (i) μ≤M and (ii) μ>M. The model is illustrated through numerical experiments, sensitivity analysis, and graphical representation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]