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Context: Climate and land-use changes affect species ranges and movements. However, these changes are usually overlooked in connectivity studies, and this could have adverse consequences in the definition of effective management measures. Objectives: We evaluated two ways to incorporate landscape dynamics: (i) by analyzing connectivity as a fluctuating phenomenon (i.e., time-varying connectivity); and (ii) by analyzing species movements from past to current ranges (i.e., spatio-temporal connectivity). We also compared these dynamic approaches with traditional static connectivity methods. Methods: We compared the overall connectivity values and the prioritization of critical habitat patches according to dynamic and static approaches using habitat availability metrics (Probability of Connectivity and Equivalent Connected Area). This comparative research was conducted for species associated with broadleaf forests of the different ecoregions of the Iberian Peninsula. We considered species habitat preferences during movement and a wide range of dispersal abilities to assess functional connectivity. Results: Static approaches generated varying overall connectivity values and priority patches depending on the time snapshot considered and different from those generated by dynamic approaches. The two dynamic connectivity approaches resulted in very similar priority conservation patches, indicating their potential to guide enduring conservation measures that enhance connectivity between contemporary habitat patches at multiple time snapshots but also species range shifts in time. Conclusions: Connectivity is affected by landscape changes, and only dynamic approaches can overcome the issues associated with these changes and provide valuable information to guide improved and enduring measures in changing landscapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Landscape connectivity plays a key role in determining the persistence of species inhabiting fragmented habitat patches. In dynamic landscapes, most studies measure connectivity at multiple time steps, but pay less attention to explicitly quantifying its temporal dynamics to gain insights into its role in biodiversity patterns, thereby enabling more effective operational outcomes. Objectives: This article aimed at making an overview of the existing methods for the assessment of the temporal dynamics of connectivity. By analysing their differences and possible applications, we aimed to highlight knowledge gap and future research directions. Methods: We conducted a systematic review of literature dealing with the assessment of the temporal dynamics of connectivity and obtained 32 studies. Results: We presented two main approaches based on graph theory and compared them from conceptual and operational perspectives. The first widely used approach, accounting only for the spatial dispersal of organisms, quantifies temporal changes in spatial connectivity. Based on two or multiple time steps in the time series, this approach enables assessment of the sense and magnitude of the temporal changes in spatial connectivity. The second recently developed approach quantifies spatio-temporal connectivity, thus accounting for both spatial and temporal dispersal. So far, this holistic assessment of spatio-temporal connectivity only covers two time steps. Conclusion: Existing methods for the assessment of the temporal dynamics of connectivity provide indicators to advance our understanding of biodiversity patterns, and to be able to implement measures to conserve and restore connectivity. We propose future directions to develop these methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]