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Pistachio hull (PH), a rich source of tannin, may interact with nitrogen (N) and affect N metabolism in dairy cows. This investigation aimed to assess the effects of feeding PH and two N sources (soybean meal: SBM or slow-release urea: SRU) on milk production, digestibility, and N metabolism in lactating dairy cows. The study utilized a 4 × 4 Latin square design with 12 Holstein dairy cows (body weight = 611 ± 39 kg; 84 ± 14 days in milk; 45.6 ± 5.3 kg/d milk), with treatments arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial configuration. The main factors were (1) the tannin source [without or with dried PH included at 76.5 g/kg of diet DM] and (2) two N sources [SBM vs. SRU]. Crude protein and total phenolic and tannin contents were greater, but NDF was lower in PH than in sugar beet pulp. Feeding diets containing 7.65% PH resulted in reductions in milk yield, milk urea N, and milk efficiency but milk fat and protein concentration increased. Milk yield was similar between SBM and SRU. Feeding PH in replacement to sugar beet pulp did not interact with N sources, except for feed intake, as the PH + SRU diet tended to decrease feed intake (P = 0.09). Feeding PH was also associated with decreased dry matter, crude protein, and NDF digestibility. Dry matter digestibility decreased when a portion of SBM was replaced by SRU. Feeding PH in replacement to sugar beet pulp lowered ruminal ammonia-N concentration and increased acetate-to-propionate proportion. Feeding PH vs. sugar beet pulp had no effect on N intake and N excretion in urine and milk, but it increased the amount of N excretion in feces and decreased apparent N efficiency (milk N/N intake). Alanine aminotransferase was lower in cows fed SRU only in PH- but not sugar beet pulp-containing diets. Blood creatinine was lower when SRU was included in the PH-containing diet, but the opposite was observed in diets containing sugar beet pulp. Feeding PH instead of sugar beet pulp did not affect blood urea-N but resulted in lower glucose and aspartate aminotransferase concentrations. Overall, cows fed PH in replacement to sugar beet pulp were less efficient in converting feed nutrients into milk production, likely because of its negative effect on nutrient digestion. Partial replacement of SBM with SRU had no influence on lactation productivity and urea-N concentration in milk and blood. This may imply the suitability of SRU in providing a sustained supply of N in the rumen, likely qualifying it as a viable source of N to replace a portion of SBM in dairy diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To anchor chelating groups with nitrogen and sulfur atoms on tannin, a novel adsorbent (tannin-thiosemicarbazide-formaldehyde resin) was prepared through Mannich reaction by using blank wattle tannin, thiosemicarbazide and formaldehyde as raw materials. The adsorption behaviour of Ag+ from aqueous solution on the resin was evaluated via batch adsorption experiments. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT–IR) and elemental analysis were applied to verify the successful immobilization. The surface morphology, thermal stability and pore structure of the resin were also characterized. The results showed that the adsorption isotherm of Ag+ for the resin was described well by the Freundlich model. Ag+ adsorption equilibrium was achieved within 180 min, and the kinetic data were better fitted by the pseudo-second-order kinetic equation than by the pseudo-first-order and intraparticle diffusion equations. The adsorption capacity first increased and then stabilized with increasing pH (ranging from 1.0 to 7.0), and the resin exhibited high selectivity towards Ag+ in relation to Pb2+, Cd2+, Ni2+ and Ca2+. After three regeneration and reuse cycles, the adsorption capacity reached 1.68 mmol/g (84.0% of removal efficiency). Based on the experimental results and findings from various characterization techniques, the mechanism of Ag+ adsorption onto the resin could be attributed to inner-sphere complexation and chelation between Ag+ and multiple electron-rich atoms (N, O, and S), in which S atoms played the most important role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enrichment of ultrafine liberated valuable minerals from their associated gangue phases is one of the emerging investigation topics within mineral processing and recycling. Using green flotation reagents and turning processes into eco-friendly systems is also one of the challenges in the green transition of ore beneficiation plants. Starch and Tanin as biodegradable depressants for hematite depression have been commercially used in various iron ore processing plants. However, their depression effects on ultrafine particles were not systemically assessed and compared. To fill this gap, this investigation examined the effects of starch, tannin, their mixtures (different ratios), and their different conditioning sequence on the floatability of ultrafine quartz and hematite (− 15 µm). Since the macromolecular polymer of these biodegradable depressants can bind particles together and flocculate them, turbidity analyses were used to assess their optimum ratio for hematite depression without affecting quartz floatability. Turbidity analyses provided a mixture of tannin and starch might enhance the flotation separation of quartz from hematite. Starch could flocculate ultrafine hematite particles, while tannin could disperse ultrafine quartz particles. Floatability experiments indicated that starch had the highest performance in hematite depression (lowest effect on quartz particles) compared to other conditions. Surface analyses (zeta potential and FTIR) proved floatability outcomes and highlighted starch had stronger adsorption on the hematite surface than tannin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sorghum is an important food crop commonly used for brewing, feed, and bioenergy. Certain genotypes of sorghum contain high concentrations of condensed tannins in seeds, which are beneficial, such as protecting grains from herbivore bird pests, but also impair grain quality and digestibility. Previously, we identified Tannin1 and Tannin2, each with three recessive causal alleles, regulate tannin absence in sorghum. In this study, via characterizing 421 sorghum accessions, we further identified three novel recessive alleles from these two genes. The tan1-d allele contains a 12-bp deletion at position 659 nt and the tan1-e allele contains a 10-bp deletion at position 771 nt in Tannin1. The tan2-d allele contains a C-to-T transition, which results in a premature stop codon before the bHLH domain in Tannin2, and was predominantly selected in China. We further developed KASP assays targeting these identified recessive alleles to efficiently genotype large populations. These studies provide new insights in sorghum domestication and convenient tools for breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Muntingia calabura is a neotropical tree. It is a reforestation tree that grows quickly. It has been neglected as a forest tree for a variety of reasons. However, M. calabura may be a viable alternative food and bioenergy source due to its ability to grow in hard conditions and, the fruit is nutritious. The fruit maturity stage is indicated by color change. There were three stages of maturity: the unripe stage with dull green color, mid ripe stage with green-yellow color, and ripe stage with red color: the total sugars and bioactive components were investigated. Total sugar increased in every maturity stage. The fruits are high in phenolic compounds, which are known for their antioxidant properties. In every stage of fruit ripeness, fructose was the most abundant sugar. M. calabura fruits were combined with the robust yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae used for bioethanol production. The maximum ethanol productivity (30.531 g/L) was achieved after 48 h of fermentation. Overall, this study suggested that M. calabura fruits extract can be utilized for healthy bioactive compounds consumption as well as production of bioethanol in order to meet the energy demands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tannin (TA) is a widely available polyphenolic compound with strong pharmacological activity, which is limited in bioavailability due to its instability to oxygen and temperature. In this study, citric acid-polyethylene glycol-tannin elastomer (CA-PEG-TA) was prepared by the swelling loading method, aiming to improve the stability and bioavailability of TA. The product structure was investigated by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), molecular docking, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TG-DTG). CA-PEG-TA with strong PTIO• clearance was successfully synthesized. With the increase of TA concentration, the loading capacity and encapsulation efficiency of CA-PEG for TA also gradually increased. FT-IR spectroscopy, XRD analysis, and molecular docking all indicated that there was a hydrogen bond interaction between TA and CA-PEG elastomer, which in turn increased the loading capacity of tannins, effectively protecting and exerting the effect of TA. TGA analysis showed that the prepared CA-PEG-TA elastomers showed high thermal stability. Studies simulating the release of TA from the terminal intestinal tract in vitro showed that the cumulative release rate of TA gradually increased with time (96.1 ± 4.1% at 330 min). CA-PEG with low TA loading released TA faster than CA-PEG with high TA loading. The release of TA from CA-PEG-TA followed a zero-order kinetic equation. CA-PEG-TA had a stronger 3-oxo-2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxo (PTIO•) clearance compared to the same concentration of free TA. A novel utilization of tannins was provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increased concern surrounding both environmental and health impacts caused by the use of formaldehyde-based wood adhesives has given rise to an urgent need for a shift in focus to alternative wood adhesives. The present study aims to develop environmentally friendly particleboards bonded using bio-based wood adhesive. The purpose of this work is the extraction of chitin (CH) from shrimp shell waste and its application in formulating alternative wood adhesives. The as-extracted CH has been characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared, X-ray powder diffraction, and thermogravimetric analysis. Moreover, the wood adhesives were formulated using corn-starch-Mimosa tannin (CSMT) mixtures with 4, 6, 8, and 10 wt% of CH. The mechanical results showed that the optimum amount of CH, 6 wt.% added to CSMT increased the average of internal bond modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture, and surface of soundness by 26.22; 19.75; 43.61 and 19.89% compared to the control CSMT/CH (100/0; w/w), respectively. Regarding, the physical performances the values of thickness swelling and water absorption of the optimal wood adhesive CSMT/CH (94/6; w/w) were decreased compared to the control CSMT/CH (100/0; w/w), about 46.86 and 24.15% after 2 h, and 22.12 and 15.46% after 24 h of wetting in water, respectively. Contact angle measurement showed that CSMT/CH (94/6; w/w) exhibits hydrophobic character compared to control CSMT/CH (100/0; w/w). Based on the findings, this study suggest that CSMT/CH (w/w) wood adhesive can be used as a renewable and alternative solution for the manufacturing of bio-particleboards for exterior applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tannases are valuable industrial enzymes used in food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, leather manufacture and in environmental biotechnology. In this study, 15 fungal isolates were obtained from Egyptian cultivated soil and marine samples. The isolated fungi were qualitatively and quantitatively screened for their abilities to produce tannase. The selected fungal isolate NRC8 giving highest tannase activity was identified by molecular technique (18S rRNA) as Aspergillus glaucus. Among different tannin-containing wastes tested, the black tea waste was the best substrate for tannase production by Aspergillus glaucus in solid-state fermentation (SSF). Optimization of the different process parameters required for maximum enzyme production was carried out to design a suitable SSF process. Maximal tannase production was achieved with moisture content of 75%, an inoculums size of 6 × 108 spore/ml and sodium nitrate 0.2% (pH of 5.0) at 30 °C after 5 days of incubation. Box–Behnken experiment was designed to get a quadratic model for further optimization studies. Four-factor response-surface method with 27 runs was prepared using independent parameters including (moisture content %, initial pH, substrate concentration (g) and sodium nitrate concentration (g) for tannase model. The F- and P-values of the model were 4.30 and 0.002, respectively, which implied that the model is significant. In addition, the lack-of-fit was 1040.37 which indicates the same significance relative to the pure error. A. glaucus tannase was evaluated by the efficiency of conversion of tannic acid to gallic acid. Moreover, production of gallic acid from SSF process of A. glaucus using black tea waste was found to be 38.27 mg/ml. The best bioconversion efficiency was achieved at 40 °C with tannic acid concentration up to 200 g/L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Generally, red wines made from cold-hardy hybrid grapes have much lower tannin content than Vitis vinifera wines and they are often perceived as being of lower quality. This study evaluated the chemistry and sensory perception of whole-cluster (WC) fermented "Frontenac" and "Marquette" red wines from Iowa (F-ISU, M-ISU) and "Marquette" red wines from Minnesota (M-UMN). Three conditions were compared: Control 0% WC (w/w), 25% WC (w/w), and 50% WC (w/w). The 50% WC wines had significantly higher iron-reactive phenolics, tannin, and anthocyanin contents than control wines. The color intensity in 50% WC wines was maintained after 4 months of aging. A tasting evaluation was conducted with the "Marquette" wines from both states and untrained panelists preferred 50% WC "Marquette" wines over control wines. This study showed promising results on the use of 50% (w/w) whole clusters as a pre-fermentative technique to improve "Marquette" and "Frontenac" red wine quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In nature, the structures and properties of biominerals are frequently precisely and synergistically controlled by two types of additives. However, the combination of two different types of additives has not often been thoroughly examined in the context of chemical, pharmaceutical, and biological crystallization. A combination of a polymeric additive, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and a low-molecular-weight additive, tannin (TA), was employed to explore the potential for crystal engineering with quercetin as an active compound. The nucleation time was significantly decreased by the additives, and the resulting crystals contained significant amounts of PVP and TA. FTIR spectroscopy analysis was used to confirm the specific molecular interaction between quercetin, PVP, and TA, and the results were consistent with the results of broadened peaks of XRPD, which indicated decreased particle size and aspect ratio. The melting point of quercetin was significantly depressed as the heat of fusion decreased. When two or more additives are combined, it is possible to obtain crystals with properties and structures that cannot be obtained by regular crystallization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Coffee bean weevil (Araecerus fasciculatus DeGeer) (Coleoptera: Anthribidae) infestation is a major challenge affecting processed, dried, and stored foods globally. However, the growth performance of this insect pest in processed and stored cassava, plantain, yam, and cocoyam is poorly understood. Resolving this will guide future biotechnological efforts on these food products. In the study, the susceptibility rate of the processed and stored product of cassava, yam, cocoyam, and plantain to the growth performance of the coffee bean weevil at laboratory conditions (20 ± 5 °C and 70 ± 5% R.H.) was investigated. The anti-nutritional (phytate, alkaloids, saponin, tannin, and oxalate) contents of this stored food were used to characterize the survival rate of A. fasciculatus. The study was carried out for 6 months between December 2012 and May 2013. Results: Results show that the adult longevity, growth, and feeding of the adult A. fasciculatus decrease in order from Cassava, Plantain, Yam to Cocoyam. Cocoyam has the highest tannin, alkaloid, and phytate values, which are possible factors that inhibited the growth of the larvae, pupae, and adults' A. fasciculatus. The highest weight loss occurred in cassava followed by plantain. The anti-nutritional factors determine the hatchability of the A. fasciculatus eggs and throughout its development stages. This study revealed that processed and stored products (e.g., cocoyam) with high anti-nutritional factors can survive A. fasciculatus under prolonged storage. Conclusions: From this study, it is observed that high anti-nutritional compounds in the stored food products inhibit the growth of Araecerus fasciculatus, especially in cocoyam. The result is important in food security and management in developing countries where food insecurity has become a major challenge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is well known that accumulation of advanced glycation ends products (AGEs) lead to various diseases such as diabetes and diabetic complications. In this study we showed that hydrolysable tannin from Sumac (Rhus typhina L.)—3,6-bis-O-di-O-galloyl-1,2,4-tri-O-galloyl-β-d-glucose (C55H40O34) inhibited generation of glycation markers in bovine serum albumin such as AGEs, dityrosine, N′-formylkynurenine and kynurenine under high glucose treatment. This effect was accompanied by stabilization of the protein structure, as was shown using ATR-FT-IR spectroscopy and fluorescence methods. C55H40O34 exhibited also a neuroprotective effect in high glucose-exposed Neuro2A cells suppressing ROS formation and expression of phospho NF-κβ and iNOS. At the same time C55H40O34 increased expression of heme oxygenase-1 and NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase and mitochondrial complex I and V activities. Results from this study demonstrates a potent antiglycation activity of C55H40O34 in vitro and indicates its possible therapeutic application in glycation related diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel tannin compound, 4-(4,5-dihydroxy-3-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzoyloxy)-6-(hydroxymethyl)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yloxy)-3-methoxybenzoic acid (1), along with three known compounds, vanillic acid (2), syringate (3), and acteoside (4), were isolated from the whole herb of the mangrove plant of Acanthus ilicifolius. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analyses (IR, Q-TOF MS, 1D and 2D NMR) and by comparison with those reported. Compound 1 was evaluated for its cytotoxic activity by MTT method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India is the world's second-most populous country and less than half of its population has access to clean and safe drinking water due to over-exploitation of groundwater, poor waste management, and pollution of water sources. Our study focused on developing a membrane filter that uses a combination of Cassia seeds extract and chitosan to improve pond water quality. In this study, the bioactive components of Cassia fistula seeds were extracted with ethanol and acetone (100%, v/v); the phenol content, flavonoids, tannins, and antioxidant content were evaluated. The antimicrobial assay was performed by disc diffusion. The ethanol extract and chitosan were used to develop membrane filters. The morphological and structural properties were analyzed using SEM and FTIR. The physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of filtered water were examined. According to the analysis, phenol and tannin content in ethanol extract was relatively high, while physicochemical analyses of filtered water showed an overall reduction in pH, turbidity, alkalinity, and total dissolved solids. Despite the reduction in carbonate content, the BOD values increased, possibly as a result of the reduced microbiological impact of the membrane filter. FTIR and SEM images clearly showed that chitosan had encapsulated bioactive parts of the seed extract that may have interfered with the antimicrobial properties of the membrane filters. Based on the evidence presented, Cassia seed extract/Chitosan membrane filters could provide an alternative that is eco-friendly, sustainable, and cost-effective for water filtration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sol–gel route was used to synthesize a biophenolic resin from a blend of Kraft black liquor and condensed tannin. The biobased resin has an amorphous structure and diversified surface functional groups. The biomaterial thermal stability was improved by Kraft black liquor, which increased the fixed carbon yield by 19.78% in an oxidant medium and 9.07% in an inert medium. Moreover, the presence of fixed carbon and char is positively related to the material flame retardant property. Additionally, impedance measurements were used to understand the physical phenomena occurring at the polymeric matrix's interface and the material's final properties. The biobased resin characterization and the considerable increase in the presence of micropollutants in surface and water bodies suggest the new biomaterial application in the adsorption process. Thus, its adsorption capacity toward several organic and inorganic micropollutants and its effectiveness in complex water matrices were evaluated. Methylene blue was used as a model compound to assess the influence of the resin composition on the adsorption capacity, and the type H isotherm indicates the high affinity of the biobased resin toward the micropollutant. The adsorption occurs in multilayer by intermolecular interaction and electrostatic forces. The amount of Kraft black liquor favored the adsorption, and the adsorption capacity was greater than 1250 mg g−1. When inorganic compounds were evaluated, the carboxyl and phenol groups favor the biomaterial affinity toward metal ions. Cu2+ and Ni2+ were completely removed from the contaminated water, and the adsorption capacity of the other inorganic compounds was: Pb2+ (36.97 mg g−1), Al3+ (22.17 mg g−1), Ba2+ (12.76 mg g−1), Ag1+ (33.85 mg g−1), and Fe2+ (19.44 mg g−1). In contrast, the adsorption capacity of the organic micropollutants was: 2,4-D (3.09 mg g−1), diuron (5.89 mg g−1), atrazine (2.71 mg g−1), diclofenac (2.04 mg g−1), caffeine (5.79 mg g−1), acetaminophen (4.80 mg g−1), methylene Blue (106.66 mg g−1), and methyl orange (30.48 mg g−1). The results pointed that the adsorption efficiency of organic micropollutants increases with the distribution coefficient (logD), indicating the biobased resin affinity toward more lipophilic compounds and ionized species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, tannins extracted from tamarind shells using water (TWE) and ethyl acetate (TEAE) were introduced into fabricated sol–gel containing 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS) and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) which were subsequently assembled over mild steel surface. The corrosion inhibitive behavior of the prepared layers in 0.5 M HCl was experimented by exploiting potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analyses. Optimized GPTMS-TEOS alkoxysilane films' functional groups were corroborated exploiting Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Surface morphology, elemental composition and wetting property of the optimized coatings were explored via scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and wetting angle studies, respectively. The result of the electrochemical studies revealed that the maximum inhibition efficiency achieved at 1000 ppm was up to 90%. With regards to FTIR spectra, the infrared bands at −1046 and −935 cm−1 confirmed the formation of (Si–O–Si) and (Fe–O–Si) covalent bonds. The presence of this peak indicates the formation of networks between the mild steel substrate and silicate. The study has revealed that tannins doped GPTMS-TEOS silanol matrix enhanced the protection ability by promoting crosslinking reactions of the coatings compared to undoped coatings to a significant extent. Highlights: GPTMS-TEOS coatings were applied on mild steel by self-assembled monolayer method. icorr values of developed coatings were significantly lower than uncoated substrate. Tannin extracts doped (GPTMS-TEOS)/Fe showed higher charge transfer resistance. Developed coatings showed improved hydrophobic characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of new and efficient methods for fertilizing plants is of economic and environmental significance. A 2-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of nano (micro and macro) and chemical fertilizers (N, P, K) on grain sorghum yield and biochemical properties including phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), protein, crude fat and tannin contents under drought stress. The experiment was setup in a split plot randomized complete block design with four replications. The drought stress treatment (main plots) consisted of stoppage of irrigation before (D1) and after flowering (D2), and control (normal) irrigation (D3). The single and the combined use of nano- and chemical fertilizers including control (without fertilization) were used as the sub plots. In control (non-stress) conditions, there were not any differences between nano-fertilizer with chemical fertilizer on nutrient uptake (P and Ca), crop yield, and seed protein content. However, nano-fertilizer enhanced sorghum yield and biochemical properties in drought stress conditions. In D1, grain yield (6240 kg ha−1), and crude fat (5.29%), and in D2, P uptake (3498.87 mg kg−1), protein (21.5%) and tannin (0.373%) were most affected by nano- and chemical fertilizers. Control irrigation and chemical fertilization resulted in the highest grain yield, which was not significantly different from control irrigation with macro- and micro-fertilizer (6213.3 kg ha−1). The tested nano-fertilizers can be used as a suitable source of nutrients for planting sorghum plants in the arid- and semi-arid areas of the world, with economic and environmental benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Giant leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala subsp. glabrata) can be managed as a profusely branched bushy plant by repeated harvest of its foliage for use as fodder. The objective of this research was to determine the effects of soil pH and salinity, age of the leaves, post-harvest storage duration, and psyllid infection on the nutritional qualities of leucaena fodder. To determine the effects of soil pH and salinity on fodder quality, giant leucaena K636 plants were grown in large pots containing soils adjusted to different pH and salinity levels. The effects of age of the leaves, post-harvest storage duration and psyllid infection on fodder quality were studied using leucaena samples collected from Waimanalo Research Station. Among five pH levels tested, pH 6.0 was found to produce the highest amounts of protein and structural fibers in the foliage. Mimosine contents were highest at pH 6 and 7 and lowest at pH 5.0. The growth of giant leucaena was retarded and the nutritional quality were adversely affected under salinity conditions. Compared to young leaves, old leaves contained 18.5% less protein, 95% less mimosine, 30% less tannin and 40% more structural fibers. Post-harvest storage duration up to 72 h, at room temperature did not seem to affect protein, tannin and structural fiber contents of the foliage; however, mimosine content was reduced by 25%. These results will help to identify ideal soil pH, age of foliage, and post-harvest storage duration for obtaining high forage yield and nutritional quality for giant leucaena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demethylation of guaiacyl/syringyl (G/S)-type (G/S = 1/1) and syringyl (S)-type dehydrogenation polymers (DHPs) using iodocyclohexane (ICH) under reflux in DMF was performed to afford demethylated G/S- and S-DHPs in moderate yields. Along with significant structural changes, such as side-chain cleavage and recondensation, as observed using heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) NMR spectra, the phenolic-OH content of the demethylated DHPs increased, as expected. The tannin-like properties, such as the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging ability, iron(III) binding ability, and bovine serum albumin (BSA) adsorption ability, of the demethylated DHPs increased with increasing reaction time. In particular, the BSA adsorption ability was significantly enhanced by demethylation of the G/S- and S-DHPs, and was better than that of G-DHP reported previously. These results indicate that hardwood lignin containing both G and S units is more suitable than softwood lignin containing only G units for functionalization through demethylation into a tannin-like polymer, which has applications as a natural oxidant, metal adsorbent, and protein adsorbent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel cation–anion adsorbent based on dialdehyde carboxymethyl cellulose (DCMC) and tannin (TA) was produced. The obtained absorbents were characterized by the scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectrometer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The influences of absorbent dosage, pH values, initial concentration and temperature on Cr(VI) adsorption and Ni(II) adsorption were discussed. Adsorption results were evaluated by four kinetic models and four adsorption isotherms fitting. The adsorption capacities of Cr(VI) and Ni(II) on TA/DCMC were 281.94 mg/g and 43.68 mg/g, respectively. The adsorption kinetics of Cr(VI) and Ni(II) on TA/DCMC were both consistent with the pseudo-second-order kinetics model. Besides, the adsorption data of Cr(VI) fitted into the Langmuir model and the adsorption results of Ni(II) fitted into the Freundlich model. Thermodynamic analysis demonstrated the adsorption was endothermic, spontaneous, and entropy increased process. The restrained adsorption followed the order Cl− > NO−3 > H2PO−4 > HCO−3 for Cr(VI) adsorption and Pb(II) > Ca(II) > Cu(II) > Zn(II) for Ni(II). After 4 recycles, the Cr(VI) and Ni(II) adsorption capacities were 52.89% and 68.95% of the absorbent in first use, respectively. The absorbent shows great potential in water treatment field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a polymerized polyurethane foam was formulated from tannins extracted from Pinus radiata as polyol, and copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) at a concentration of 2 % w/w as a nucleating agent. This produced a reinforced foam with better mechanical properties and fire resistance. The impact of the addition of CuO-NPs on the mechanical and thermal properties of the tannin foam was also studied. The properties studied were foaming process, foam density, cell morphology, flammability and thermal conductivity. The results revealed that the CuO-NPs incorporated in the foam formulation act as nucleation centers, which decrease the pore size, strengthen the cell walls, and improve mechanical properties. The tannin samples showed good thermal resistance performance with a limit oxygen index (LOI) higher than 21 %. The results obtained were contrasted with two foams, a commercial foam (SoudaFoam) and a foam generated with the same dissociate, but with a commercial polyol (LHT-112). The foam with NPs had an elastic modulus of 3.7 MPa and stress (max) of 1.13 MPa, which was higher than those of the foams used as controls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glioblastoma (GB) is a highly aggressive and invasive brain tumor; its treatment remains palliative. Tannic acid (TA) is a polyphenol widely found in foods and possesses antitumor and neuroprotective activities. This study aimed to investigate the effect of TA on oxidative stress parameters and the activity of ectonucleotidases in the serum, platelets, and lymphocytes and/or in the brain of rats with preclinical GB. Rats with GB were treated intragastrically with TA (50 mg/kg/day) for 15 days or with a vehicle. In the platelets of the animals with glioma, the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) hydrolysis and the catalase (CAT) activity decreased. Besides, the adenosine diphosphate (ADP) hydrolysis, adenosine (Ado) deamination, and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitrite levels were increased in glioma animals; however, TA reversed ROS and nitrite levels and AMP hydrolysis alterations. In lymphocytes from animals with glioma, the ATP and ADP hydrolysis, as well as Ado deamination were increased; TA treatment countered this increase. In the brain of the animals with glioma, the ROS, nitrite, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) levels increased and the thiol (SH) levels and CAT and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were decreased; TA treatment decreased the ROS and TBARS levels and restored the SOD activity. In the serum of the animals with glioma, the ATP hydrolysis decreased; TA treatment restored this parameter. Additionally, the ROS levels increased and the SH and SOD activity decreased by glioma implant; TA treatment enhanced nitrite levels and reversed SOD activity. Altogether, our results suggest that TA is an important target in the treatment of GB, as it modulates purinergic and redox systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The depletion of fossil fuels, high environmental pollution due to the release of toxic organic compounds, and high cost are some of the challenges regarding the reliance on petroleum-based resins. Natural polyhydroxy resins (from cashew nutshell liquid, castor oil, tannins, among others) are readily available, eco-friendly, low cost, and biodegradable, and offer enhanced properties when deployed on surface coatings. Accordingly, more attention has been paid to utilizing natural polyhydroxy compounds and bio-based polyurethane resins to replace synthetic resins in the last few decades. This review presents state-of-the-art natural polyhydroxy resins and their application as precursors in surface coatings. Bio-based resins from cashew nutshell liquid (cardanol), castor oil, and tannins employed as precursors in bio-based polyurethane coatings exhibit enhanced/excellent impact strength, adhesion, flexibility, water, and chemical resistance, to mention a few. Moreover, natural resins and eco-friendly polyurethane coatings, including their methods of modification, are also reviewed. This review article helps to promote natural polyhydroxy resins as sustainable and promising green materials for the coatings industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmentally friendly products are the need of the hour, particularly in this pandemic situation because synthetic products need such toxic chemicals for their formulation and finishing which are carcinogenic for the globe. The current study is the utilization of waste black tea leaf (BT)–based tannin brown natural colorant for silk dyeing using microwave treatment. Dye (tannin) has been isolated in various media before and after microwave treatment up to 6 min and applied at various conditions. It has been found that 30 mL of aqueous extract of 3.0 pH obtained from 6.0 g of powder containing 3.0 g/100 mL of salt as an exhausting agent after microwave treatment for 5 min, when employed at 55 °C for 45 min, has given good color yield onto silk. Iron (3%) and acacia extract (2%) as pre-chemical and bio mordant, iron (2%) and pomegranate extract (2%) as post chemical and bio-mordant, and Al (3 %) and pomegranate extract (3%) as meta chemical and bio-mordant have given new shades with good to excellent fastness ratings. It is inferred that waste black tea leaves (BTs) in an aqueous medium have an excellent potential to serve as a source of natural tannin brown dye for the coloration of surface-modified silk fabrics under the influence of cost, energy, and time-effective microwave treatment. Additionally, the utilization of a low amount of sustainable chemical and bio-mordants has valorized the dyeing of silk by developing soothing and sustainable shades with good fastness properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel adsorbent consisting of tannic acid (TA) immobilized on graphene oxide (GO) was proposed and used to remove Hg2+ from desulfurization wastewater. The morphology and physicochemical properties of tannin-immobilized graphene oxide (TAIGO) were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The characterization results showed that TA was successfully immobilized on GO, and that new functional groups were introduced on TAIGO. The effects of contact time, adsorbent dose, pH, and ion components on removal efficiency were evaluated. The adsorption process was found to be complete within 15 min, and the removal efficiency increased with increasing adsorbent dosage. The pH value affected the protonation of TAIGO and the form of Hg2+ in wastewater. High concentrations of Cl− and SO32− hindered the adsorption performance, whereas SO42− and cations had a negligible effect. In addition, the excellent economic benefits of TAIGO were analyzed in an economic evaluation, and the Hg2+ removal efficiency remained at 88% after three recycles. A pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R = 0.9995) was used to fit the adsorption process, and the oxygen-containing functional groups and chelation reaction played critical roles in adsorption. TAIGO is a low-cost adsorbent with high Hg2+ removal efficiency and could be further used in practical desulfurization wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal and sorption properties and morphology of cross-linked tannin-gelatin hydrogels obtained in the presence of FeIII ions are studied. Kinetic regularities of swelling of prepared hydrogels in distilled water and buffer solutions were established on the basis of three different models including pseudo-first- and pseudo-second-order kinetic equations. The stability of the hydrogel composites obtained against degradation in a urea solution was studied. Hydrogels containing 2.1 • 10−4 wt.% FeCl3 showed the best sorption characteristics. This fact indicates that the most ordered structures with the largest free volume are formed at this content of FeCl3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the application of tamarind shell tannin extracts (TSTE) [isolated using methanol (TME) and 70% acetone (TAE)]-doped hybrid sol–gel coatings prepared using (3-Glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (GPTMS) and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) in 0.5 M HCl solution. The anticorrosion properties of these hybrid coatings on the surface of mild steel electrodes were described using potentiodynamic polarization (PD) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. The hybrid sol–gel coatings were characterized via FTIR. Also, the hydrophobicity of the coated plates was determined through water contact angle measurement. Meanwhile, the surface morphology and elemental compositions were determined using SEM/EDX analyses. The electrochemical measurements showed that the mixture of doped TME and TAE hybrid sol–gel coating resulted in higher corrosion resistance. The corrosion inhibition efficiency (CE) was CETME = 94.02% and CETAE = 91.35%, respectively. The Tafel slopes revealed a mixed form of corrosion protection with the main effect at cathodic sites. FTIR absorption bands attained at 945 cm−1 for TME and 961 cm−1 for TAE revealed Fe–O–Si bond formation. The higher corrosion inhibition capability of the coating matrix corroborates to higher water contact angle (θTME = 107.64°, θTAE = 104.62°) values. SEM analysis revealed coatings' improved corrosion protection due to the doping's enhanced inhibitive performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have established that sequential cation-tannin after-treatment on sulfur dyed cotton fabric can improve the oxidative washing resistance against perborate-based laundering regimes. In this investigation, C.I. Sulfur Black 1 dyed cotton fabric was after-treated with a cationic fixing agent (Tinofix ECO) and tannin-based product (Bayprotect CL) and laundered with ISO 105 C09 washing protocol. The dyeings were evaluated for color strength and wash fastness. The surface functionalities and elemental composition of the dyeings were analyzed by using the surface sensitive X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to compare visual changes with surface chemical changes. After-treated and laundered dyeings exhibited higher content of surface sulfur and lower surface oxidation as compared to the untreated counterparts. The S (2p) spectra of after-treated and laundered samples demonstrated reduced over oxidized (S6+) species at 168 eV. The effect of laundering and modification to the surface sulfur dye was related to K/S and % color loss analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The worldwide resurgence of natural dyes in all fields is due to the carcinogenic effects of effluent loads shed by synthetic industries. Coconut coir (Cocos nucifera) containing tannin as a source of natural colorants has been selected for coloration of bio-mordanted silk under the influence of ultrasonic radiations at various dyeing conditions. For extraction of tannin dye from cocos powder, different media were employed, and dyeing variables such as dyeing time, dye bath pH, dyeing bath temperature, and the effect of salts on dyeing were optimized. For achieving new shades with excellent color characteristics, bio-mordants in comparison with chemical mordants were employed. It has been found that acid-solubilized extract after ultrasonic treatment for 45 min has yielded high color strength, when coconut coir extract of 4 pH from 6g of cocos powder, containing 5g/100mL salt solution as exhaust agent, was used to dye silk at 75°C for 65 min. Among bio-mordants turmeric (K/S=13.828) and among chemical mordants iron has shown excellent results (K/S=2.0856). Physiochemical analysis of fabric before and after US treatment shows that there is no change in the chemical structure of the fabric. It is found that ultrasonic waves have excellent potential to isolate the colorant followed by dyeing and environmental friendly mordanting at optimal conditions, but also the usage of herbal-based plant anchors, i.e., bio-mordants, has made the natural dyeing process more sustainable and clean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study assessed the influence of the type of the tropical pastures on lamb body weight (BW) gain and meat quality. Fifty-four lambs were allocated to three grazing pastures: (1) AG — Aruana grass (Panicum maximum cv. IZ-5); (2) PP — pigeon pea legume (Cajanus cajan cv. Anão); and (3) CS — contiguous swards, half of the paddock with AG and half with PP. After 92 days of grazing, the lambs were slaughtered. Carcasses were evaluated and the longissimus muscle was collected to determine color, lipid profile, tocopherol concentrations, and lipid oxidation. Although the pastures present differences in the characteristics of nutritional quality, the animals did not show difference in BW gain. The results show that all forage presented similar concentration of alpha-tocopherol (137 ± 14.37 mg kg−1 of fresh matter), whereas total and condensed tannin contents were greater in PP, intermediate in CS, and the lowest in AG treatment (P = 0.0001). Meat α-tocopherol content was similar among treatments (P = 0.1392), with an average concentration close to the optimal level to reduce the meat oxidation. Meat from AG treatment had 45 and 25% lower n-6/n-3 ratio than meat from PP and CS treatments, respectively. The legume increases the unsaturated fatty acids and the grass can reduce the n6/n3 ratio. The level of condensed tannin concentration did show to have important effect on meat characteristics. Both tropical pastures studied can provide a high amount of alpha-tocopherol, generating a great potential to increase the concentration of this antioxidant in lamb’s meat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among cereals, sorghum, a gluten-free cereal is a rich source of bioactive polyphenols and dietary antioxidants. Sorghum polyphenolic compounds were characterized and quantified in five sorghum genotypes by high performance liquid chromatography. Grain samples of five sorghum genotypes were grounded and subjected top extraction for profile of polyphenols via High Performance Liquid Chromotography. Results showed that red and brown pericarp genotypes had higher total proanthocyanidin and total phenolic content, therefore, resulting in overall high antioxidant activities. The phenolic acids that showed the higher antioxidant activity in red (SSG 59-3) and brown (G-46) genotypes were caffeic acid, taxifolin and apigeninidin. SSG 59-3 (20.55 ± 0.11a, 45.66 ± 0.23b, 15.34 ± 0.10c) had higher antioxidant activity evaluated by DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assay. The concentrations of the sorghum-specific 3-deoxyanthocyanidins luteolinidin and apigeninidin were higher in red sorghum. Correlation analysis showed that antioxidant activity had a linear relationship with their polyphenols. Thus, our findings indicated that there is cumulative effect of both high antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds which may be exploited for human food to improve the nutritional value and health properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Tannins are convoluted, constrictive, and deliquescent polyphenols, with bioavailability that reduces intestinal absorption. Besides, tannins pose a few well-being results viz. hostile to dietary impact, decreased breakdown, genotoxic and deleterious drawback and persuader, hepatotoxic movement, and advocate a few illnesses.As it may, later considerations have investigated and affirmed various well-being aids such as flavonoids, anticarcinogenic, non-irritating, antiphlogistic, vermifuge, and microbicidal exercises.Due to their astringency, they have limited applications in nutrition, despite their many uses in the pharmaceutical industry.The purpose of this study is to draw attention to the tannins' classification, sources, events, effects on health, mechanical applications, and safe usage restrictions.Findings: Tannins are convoluted, constrictive, and deliquescent polyphenols, with bioavailability that reduces intestinal absorption. Besides, tannins pose a few well-being results viz. hostile to dietary impact, decreased breakdown, genotoxic and deleterious drawback and persuader, hepatotoxic movement, and advocate a few illnesses.As it may, later considerations have investigated and affirmed various well-being aids such as flavonoids, anticarcinogenic, non-irritating, antiphlogistic, vermifuge, and microbicidal exercises.Due to their astringency, they have limited applications in nutrition, despite their many uses in the pharmaceutical industry.The purpose of this study is to draw attention to the tannins' classification, sources, events, effects on health, mechanical applications, and safe usage restrictions.Application of Tannin: Tannins are convoluted, constrictive, and deliquescent polyphenols, with bioavailability that reduces intestinal absorption. Besides, tannins pose a few well-being results viz. hostile to dietary impact, decreased breakdown, genotoxic and deleterious drawback and persuader, hepatotoxic movement, and advocate a few illnesses.As it may, later considerations have investigated and affirmed various well-being aids such as flavonoids, anticarcinogenic, non-irritating, antiphlogistic, vermifuge, and microbicidal exercises.Due to their astringency, they have limited applications in nutrition, despite their many uses in the pharmaceutical industry.The purpose of this study is to draw attention to the tannins' classification, sources, events, effects on health, mechanical applications, and safe usage restrictions.Aim of the Study: Tannins are convoluted, constrictive, and deliquescent polyphenols, with bioavailability that reduces intestinal absorption. Besides, tannins pose a few well-being results viz. hostile to dietary impact, decreased breakdown, genotoxic and deleterious drawback and persuader, hepatotoxic movement, and advocate a few illnesses.As it may, later considerations have investigated and affirmed various well-being aids such as flavonoids, anticarcinogenic, non-irritating, antiphlogistic, vermifuge, and microbicidal exercises.Due to their astringency, they have limited applications in nutrition, despite their many uses in the pharmaceutical industry.The purpose of this study is to draw attention to the tannins' classification, sources, events, effects on health, mechanical applications, and safe usage restrictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information on Phaseolus vulgaris L. resistance categories and mechanisms to the Mexican bean weevil Zabrotes subfasciatus Boheman (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae) is important for breeding and subsequent commercialization of improved P. vulgaris genotypes. Using resistant genotypes in the bruchid beetles control may reduce insecticide applications, environmental risks, and production costs. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate antixenosis and antibiosis of P. vulgaris genotypes to Z. subfasciatus and the relation of bromatological components on resistance. Free- and no-choice tests were carried out in a climate-controlled room (temperature 25 ± 1 °C, relative humidity 70 ± 10%, and 12:12 h light:dark photoperiod). Host selection for oviposition, total and viable numbers of eggs, emerged adults, egg to adult period (life cycle), adult longevity, and dry mass consumed of Z. subfasciatus were evaluated on 10 P. vulgaris genotypes. Bean samples of P. vulgaris genotypes were subjected to a bromatological analysis to determine possible resistance mechanisms. In the oviposition antixenosis, none of the P. vulgaris genotypes showed resistance to Z. subfasciatus. Contrastingly, the genotypes Raz 59, 173, 177, 179, 283, 284, 361, and 364 showed resistance in the categories of feeding antixenosis and/or antibiosis to Z. subfasciatus. On average, these genotypes reduced the number of emerged adults in 95.9%, the dry mass consumed in 88.3%, and increased the Z. subfasciatus life cycle in 40.3% compared to susceptible genotypes (IAC Alvorada and 178). Crude protein content in the resistant genotypes was on average 10.9% higher than in the susceptible genotypes. Some proteins, such as arcelin, have antibiotic effects on bruchid beetles, indicating that a higher protein content in resistant genotypes may have been one of the mechanisms responsible for antibiosis of these genotypes to Z. subfasciatus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study determined the thermal conductivity (λ) and transmittance coefficients (U) of Scots pine, chestnut and oak wood—widely preferred in the woodworking industry—modified with a natural tannin solution. The 150 samples were prepared with dimensions of 20 mm × 295 mm × 295 mm in accordance with TS EN ISO 13788 (TS EN ISO 13788 (2012) hydrothermal performance of building components and building elements internal surface temperature to avoid critical surface humidity and interstitial condensation—Calculation methods. https://www.iso.org/standard/51615.html Accessed 10 November 2020) standards. Experimental samples were dipped in a natural tannin solution for 3 or 6 h, and a natural tannin solution was applied by a 3- or 6-layer brushing process. These four groups were modified with the tannin-based wood preservative, and unprocessed (control) samples were conditioned (alternating) between a temperature and humidity of 20 °C/65%, 40 °C/35% and 10 °C/50%, respectively. Samples were tested with a heat transfer device based on each wood type, climatic condition and process type. These samples were used to measure the thermal conductivity coefficient, λ, and thermal transmittance coefficient, U. The study found that the type of wood, modification process and climatic condition variables and their interactions were found to be significant. The lowest thermal conductivity (λ) and transmittance coefficients (U) were measured to be 0.1049 W/mK and 5.914 W/m2K for Scots pine brushed with 6 layers of tannin, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of incorporation of two different mineral mixtures and/or oak leaves was studied on nutrient utilization and reproductive performance in anestrous heifers. Twenty-one anestrous heifers (18.2 ± 1.45 months; 229 ± 14.2 kg body weight) were randomly distributed into three similar groups. Heifers in control (T1) and first treatment group (T2) were fed concentrate mixture incorporated with Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) specific mineral mixture and a customized mineral mixture developed specially for Kumaon hills (MMKH), respectively, along with local green grass (Pennisetum orientale). In the second treatment group (T3), concentrate mixture was the same as that of T2, while the source of roughage was local oak (Quercus leucotricophora) leaves containing 3.35% condensed tannin. A digestibility trial was conducted after 120 days of study. The feed intake was similar among the groups. Digestibility coefficient of crude protein (CP) was lower in T3 than T2 and comparable to T1. Feeding oak leaves improved absorption of calcium as compared to grass-fed animals. Bioavailability of copper and zinc was higher (P < 0.05) in oak leaves and MMKH fed group (T3) as compared to T1, but similar to T2. Conversely, absorption of iron had the reverse trend and was reflected in serum Fe concentration. Hematological, biochemical, enzyme and hormonal profiles were not influenced by any of the treatments. The relative occurrence of estrus cyclicity and conception rate was more in groups T2 and T3, respectively, than other groups. It was concluded that feeding oak foliage-based diet containing 1.87% tannin along with customized mineral mixture developed for Kumaon hills improved certain nutrient utilization and reproductive performance as compared to local green grass supplemented with BIS-specific mineral mixture or MMKH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clarification of sugarcane juice is one of the most important steps in the sugar manufacturing process, considering that an efficient clarification may result in highly beneficial effects on the quality and yield of the final product, crystal or refined sugar. Currently, depending on the industrial plant and intended product, the use of calcium hydroxide, phosphoric acid and sulfur dioxide as auxiliary agents for clarification has been consolidated, the latter being questioned for causing adverse health reactions. In this context, the present study evaluated the performance of the natural black Acacia (Acacia mearnsii) tannin extract as an alternative for the sugarcane juice clarification. The results showed that tannin dosages between 300 and 500 ppm along with liming applied at pH 7.3 and 3 ppm of anionic flocculant provided the best performance, resulting in 32–34% of color removal and 89–93% of turbidity removal. Under these conditions, starch and dextran removal increased, 90 and 98%, as compared to 69% and 96%, obtained with conventional treatment. The performance of the tannin also reduced the calcium hardness of clarified juice by up to 18% compared to the conventional treatment, which in turn may prevent fouling in the subsequent steps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ticks are hematophageal ectoparasites that transport major pathogens around the world. Glutathione S-transferases (GST) are involved in resistance to acaricide and redox balancing during the life cycle of the tick. The inhibition of tick GST enzymes by certain phenolic compounds, such as phenolic acids and tannins, can be a promising approach to tick control. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of Punica granatum red peel and Acacia saligna leaf extracts on Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus GST activity in order to reduce the resistance of cattle to acaricide. The results showed that P. granatum ethanol extract (70%) contained the highest total phenol content (350 ± 1.2 μM GAE g−1), the highest condensed tannin content (270 ± 1.3 μM CE g−1) and the highest hydrolysable tannin content (70 ± 5.0 μM TAE g−1). Adult immersion test with a dosage of 100 mg ml−1 of A. saligna ethanol extracts had a significant mortality of 50% and 75% after 24 h and 96 h, respectively (p < 0.01). A simple and reproducible procedure was established to purify the whole R. annulatus GST (wRaGST) while a full-length cDNA of GST was cloned from a cDNA library of the local Egyptian cattle tick R. (B.) annulatus (rRaGST). Aqueous extracts of P. granatum inhibited both wRaGST and rRaGST with values of IC50 = 0.114 and 0.07 µg ml−1, respectively, compared to A. saligna extracts (IC50 values = 2.08 and 1.35 µg ml, respectively). These inhibitory effects were attributed to the presence of a high tannin concentration (≥ 80%). HPLC analysis indicated the presence of gallic acid and catechin in both extracts, in addition to the rutin, which was only observed in A. saligna extracts. The addition of a tannin inhibitor, polyethylene glycol, suggested the existence of other phenolic compounds in combination with catechins responsible for inhibiting the activity of these extracts. Non-competitive behaviour of catechins may be helpful in preventing, or at least delaying, the development of chemical acaricide resistance in R. annulatus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of intumescent coatings based on chemically modified tannin in passive fire protection. For this purpose, chemical modification of tannins was carried out with phosphorus pentoxide or phytic acid. Following this, a set of paints were formulated, each of which contained one of the tannins in combination with expandable graphite and ammonium polyphosphate as pigments. The chemical modification of the tannins was evidenced by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis, and the thermal protection of mild steel samples coated with the prepared organic coatings was evaluated after the exposure of samples to a Bunsen torch. During the tests, temperature data and thermographic images of the steel surface were collected. The coatings and the chemically modified tannins were also evaluated using thermogravimetric analysis and microscale combustion calorimetry. It was found that all coatings provided good fire protection, and the temperature of the steel substrate after 30 min of the experiment did not exceed 130°C in the formulations where only the chemically modified tannin with the expandable graphite was used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was designated to correlate protein, tannin and total phenolic content with textural features of sorghum grains from the individual color channels R, G, B, U, V, H, S, I, L, a, b, X, Y, Z. The highest correlation coefficient (R = 0.83) for protein content was observed for texture LATeta4 from channel L. The quantity of protein was not significantly correlated with any of the features from channels G, a, H and I. The highest negative correlations between textural features and tannin content were found for textures SS5SV1SumEntrp and SS5SH1SumEntrp (R = − 0.91) from channel S and the strongest positive correlation coefficients were obtained for bS5SN3AngScMom and bS5SZ1AngScMom (R = 0.86) from channel b. The tannin (%) in sorghum grains was not significantly correlated with any of the textural features from channels R, G, L, H, I, X and Y. The highest correlation for total phenolic compounds was observed from color channel S.; the highest positive one (R = 0.91) for textures SS5SZ5AngScMom, SS5SN5AngScMom, SS5SH5AngScMom and SS5SV5AngScMom and the highest negative for texture SS5SV1SumEntrp (R = − 0.95). Moreover, no statistically significant correlation between total phenolic compounds and textures from channels R, L, H, I, X and Y was determined. The quantity of protein, tannin and total phenolic compounds (%) was regressed on selected textures. The highest coefficients of determination for equations estimating protein, tannin and total phenolic compound were 0.68, 0.83 and 0.90, respectively. This study suggests image processing as an alternative approach to the laboratory methods for quantification of protein, tannin and total phenolic compounds of sorghum grain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the nutritive value of the leaves harvested from Anagyris foetida in terms of chemical and mineral compositions and in vitro gas production. The effects of two sampling periods (March and June) and four treatments: P (control), PP (plant + polyethylene glycol), PC (plant + concentrate) and PPC (plant + polyethylene glycol + concentrate), were studied in 2 × 4 factorial design. The gas production was determined at 0, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h of incubations. The crude protein (CP) content of Anagyris foetida leaves significantly decreased in June (171.48–120.74 g/kg DM). The NDF concentration in March was 332.15 g/kg DM, while it was 371.79 g/kg DM in June. The highest ash content was determined in June. The condensed tannin (CT) concentration of Anagyris foetida leaves ranged between 16.06 to 18.78 g/kg DM. The P concentration significantly decreased (3.65–1.79 g/kg DM) in June, while the Mg concentration significantly increased (4.86–10.03 g/kg DM). The in vitro gas production did not change during the sampling periods. The in vitro gas production, however, was significantly affected by the treatments. The lowest gas production was obtained from P (control) during 96 h of incubation. In conclusion, Anagyris foetida had a poor feeding quality in June; therefore, this study suggests that Anagyris foetida shrub should be browsed or harvested in March. Concentrate feed, PEG or their mixture can be used to enhance rumen fermentation conditions during browsing of Anagyris foetida. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monolithic, optically transparent silica was synthesized for the first time by a green-chemistry method using tannin as a template. Silver nanoparticles were produced in silica mesopores by the reduction by the remaining tannin. After the removal of tannin, silica was coated with titania, which was transformed into anatase by annealing at 500°C. The obtained nanocomposite demonstrated high photocatalytic activity, which was enhanced by the combination of titania and nanosized silver. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humic-like substances are essential components of soluble organic matter in tannery wastewater. However, the tannery process can promote the abiotic humification in wastewater. Therefore, it is of great significance to clarify the pathway and degree of abiotic humification and the properties of the as-derived humic acid-like (HAL) complex polymers in the tannery process in order to control the refractory organic compounds. In the present study, considering the catechol-Maillard system and commercial humic acid (HA) as control, the polyphenol-Maillard humification in the tannery process was simulated under the catalysis of MnO2. Moreover, physicochemical and spectroscopic techniques were used to characterize the separated fractions of HAL further. As a result, it was found that the catechol-Maillard system with small molecule organic matter as precursor had higher humification degree. Furthermore, the ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectrum of humic acid-like 0 (HAL0) derived from it was different from those of humic acid-like 1 and 2 (HAL1 and HAL2) of polyphenol-Maillard system, indicating the differences of polymer structure between them. In the polyphenol-Maillard system, tannin was the skeleton of polymerization or polycondensation reaction, and the high content of N and the H/C value of HAL2 indicated that in adding to amino acids, proteins promoted the humification, forming industry-specific HAL polymers with a high degree of aliphatic nature. Therefore, it can be concluded that controlling the raw materials in the tannery process (especially tannins), in order to reduce the occurrence of abiotic humification may be the key to improve the efficiency of wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper is focused on the dyeing of silk fabrics with a natural dye extracted from Celosia flower and banana pseudostem sap as a biomordant. The dyeing process was carried out by three different techniques i.e. pre-, post-, and simultaneous mordanting method. The effect of dyeing process parameters namely mordant concentration, pH, and temperature on the dye absorption and fastness properties of dyed silk fabric have been investigated for each dyeing method. Optimal values of dyeing process parameters have been categorized based on the highest value of dye absorption in terms of K/S value. Optimum mordant concentration was found to be 18 % for all sets of dyeing methods. The optimum pH was examined to be 4.5, 4.0, and 4.0 and dyeing temperature was 70 °C, 70 °C, and 65 °C for the pre-, post-, and simultaneous mordanting dyeing methods, respectively. The color fastness to light, washing, and rubbing of dyed silk fabrics was investigated. Fastness values of light and rubbing showed fair-to-good fastness level, whereas the color fastness to washing was found to be good to very good. The antibacterial activity of the banana sap mordanted and simultaneously dyed silk fabrics was evaluated. The dyed silk fabric exhibited moderate antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was intended to investigate the presence of major chemical components in seaweed extracts by using of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and to explore the antibacterial and in vitro anti-inflammatory (membrane stability) properties of ethanolic extracts of nine different seaweeds collected from the Ramewaram coastal region. Total flavonoid content (TFC) and total tannin content (TTC) of ethanolic extracts were determined using spectrometric method. Antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extracts was tested against six bacterial strains using the disc diffusion method. Study of the preliminary anti-inflammatory activity of seaweed extracts was performed by the HRBC membrane stabilization method. Turbinaria ornata shows the highest TFC and TTC among all the studied seaweed species. Significant differences were observed in anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extracts from various seaweeds investigated using the human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization method. HRBC membrane stabilization activity of ethanolic extracts of seaweeds exhibited dose dependency and increased with increasing concentration of the extract. Ethanolic extract of T. ornata had the strongest growth inhibition against Proteusmirabilis. FTIR spectroscopy analysis of three seaweeds provided a detailed report of major functional constituents and chemical components. It can be concluded that seaweeds are rich in polyphenols to which acquire potent antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity. Seaweed extracts are a major breakthrough for pharmaceutical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to screen the nutritive value and the effects of anti-nutritional secondary compounds (condensed tannins) on in vitro rumen fermentation and methane mitigation of Algerian steppe browse species: Albizia julibrissin (pods), Acacia nilotica (pods), Punica granatum (leaves and pericarp), Vicia faba (leaves), Artemisia herba-alba (aerial part), Attriplex halimus (leaves) and Calligonum azel (bark). Chemical composition, and in vitro digestibility, and rumen fermentation kinetics and end-products accumulation in batch cultures were determined. Polyethylene glycol (PEG), a tannin binding agent was used to measure the biological activity of tannins. Protein content was high for A. julibrissin and V. faba and low for the pericarp of P. granatum and bark of C. azel. The highest concentrations of total extractable phenols and tannins were observed in P. granatum, whereas A. halimus showed the lowest concentrations. A. nilotica, C. azel and A. julibrissin showed the highest and A. halimus and A. herba-alba the lowest total condensed tannin contents. Vicia faba was the most digestible forage. All the browse species used in the current study, with the exception of C. azel bark, can be used as alternative feedstuffs for ruminant nutrition. The most promising forage in terms of reduced methane emissions is Atriplex halimus foliage, because the decreased methane production is not associated to a reduced rumen degradation and fermentation of this forage in the rumen. However, in vivo studies are warranted to confirm its potential to be included in ruminant diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chinese gallnut (Galla chinensis) is rich in hydrolyzable tannins, which, when mordanted with ferrous ions, produces intense black color on keratinous fiber and makes it a desirable natural hair dye in Asian countries. However, extracted tannins from Chinese gallnut are susceptible to chemical degradation by physicochemical factors (heat, UV, and high pH) that limited the utilization and commercialization of this plant colorant in color cosmetics. Hence, this study was aimed to improve the storage and application stability of Chinese gallnut extract by spray-drying microencapsulation. Different combinations of maltodextrin (MD) and gum arabic (GA) were used as encapsulating agents and the effects on the encapsulation efficiency, morphology, physicochemical properties, in vitro toxicity, and stability were investigated. The results showed that an increase of MD proportions in the wall matrix resulted in the production of more spherical shaped particles with larger size, decreased bulk density, and improved solubility in water. Furthermore, microcapsules covered with MD alone showed the maximum stability with respect to heat, UV, and formulation at alkaline pH. When applied for dyeing of human gray hairs, intense black color could be achieved by using the MD-covered microcapsule formulations and the dyeings are stable to multiple washings and simulated sunlight. Therefore, this study examines a promising strategy for stabilizing tannin-rich extract from Chinese gallnut while maintaining its dyeing efficiency, which will in turn promote its utilization in hair coloring cosmetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Aspergillus fumigatus CAS21 tannase was spray dried with β-cyclodextrin, Capsul® starch, soybean meal, lactose, and maltodextrin as adjuvants. The moisture content and water activity of the products ranged from 5.6 to 11.5% and from 0.249 to 0.448, respectively. The maximal tannase activity was achieved at 40–60 ºC and pH 5.0–6.0 for the powders containing β-cyclodextrin and Capsul® starch, which was stable at 40 ºC and 40–60 ºC for 120 min, respectively. For all the dried products, tannase retained its activity of over 80% for 120 min at pH 5.0 and 6.0. Salts and solvents influenced the activity of the spray-dried tannase. The activity of the spray-dried tannase was maintained when preserved for 1 year at 4 ºC and 28 ºC. Spray-dried tannase reduced the content of tannins and polyphenolic compounds of leather effluent and sorghum flour and catalyzed the transesterification reaction. The spray drying process stabilized the tannase activity, highlighting the potential of dried products for biotechnological applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intake, digestion and nitrogen retention were measured in fifteen 1-year-old Black Belly rams that had an average weight of 35.3 (± 1.59) kg and that consumed mixed diets. Diets consisted of old Dichanthium spp. hay distributed ad libitum, combined with 500 g (dry matter basis) of green or pelleted cassava foliage. Alfalfa pellets were used as a control for foliage supplement. The experiment was run in a 3 × 3 Latin square design. Total dry matter intake was lower (P < 0.05) with the green foliage cassava diet compared with the alfalfa pellet diet. Differences were not significant (P < 0.12) with the green cassava foliage diet compared with the cassava foliage pellet diet. Total tract digestion of organic matter, crude protein and cell wall components in cassava green foliage and cassava foliage pellet diets were significantly lower than in the alfalfa diet. Crude protein total tract digestion was similar for cassava green foliage and cassava foliage pellet diets, while fibre digestion was lower with cassava green foliage diets. Retained nitrogen was significantly higher with the alfalfa diet compared with cassava diets—between which there were no differences. Urinary nitrogen excretion was similar between all diets. In conclusion, pelleting does not decrease the feed value of cassava foliage, but this value is nevertheless lower than the feed value of alfalfa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]