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The localized surface plasmon resonance metasurface is a research hotspot in the sensing field since it can enhance the light-matter interaction in the nanoscale, but the wavelength sensitivity is far from comparable with that of prism-coupled surface plasmon polariton (SPP). Herein, we propose and demonstrate an ultrasensitive angular interrogation sensor based on the transverse electric mode surface lattice resonance (SLR) mechanism in an all-metal metasurface. In theory, we derive the sensitivity function in detail and emphasize the refraction effect at the air-solution interface, which influences the SLR position and improves the sensitivity performance greatly in the wide-angle. In the measurement, a broadband light source substitutes the single-wavelength laser generally used in traditional angular sensing, and the measured SLR wavelength of broadband illuminant at normal incidence is defined as the single wavelength, avoiding the sensitivity loss from the large angle. The experimental sensitivity can reach 4304.35°/RIU, promoting an order of magnitude compared to those of SPP-sensors. This research provides a novel theory as well as the corresponding crucial approach to achieving ultrasensitive angular sensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photodetectors play a pivotal role in modern technology, particularly in applications requiring precise light detection and imaging. Traditional photodetectors, however, are often constrained by their fixed wavelength ranges, making them inadequate for multi-band detection needs. To address this limitation, phase change materials (PCMs) have emerged as a promising solution. PCMs are notable for their high sensitivity, rapid response times, and their capacity to detect a broad spectrum of wavelengths. These materials can transition between crystalline and amorphous states, allowing real-time adjustment of the detection wavelength. Furthermore, integrating surface plasmon resonance with photodetectors significantly enhances their performance by boosting light absorption and signal strength. This review delves into the fundamental principles, benefits, and challenges of various types of photodetectors. It specifically highlights traditional photodetectors, plasmon-enhanced photodetectors, and recent advancements in PCM-based photodetectors. By examining these innovations, we aim to provide valuable insights that could shape the future development and application of photodetector technology, ensuring they meet the evolving demands of various technological fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to explore the impact of three wavelength-cut (TWC) lenses, which allowed 75% luminance transmittance while blocking wavelengths < 420 nm, approximately 460 nm, and approximately 585 nm, on visual function and color perception, and aging interaction effect. This single-center study enrolled 30 participants into two groups including 15 young participants (age 21.4 ± 1.3 years) and 15 older participants (age 71.7 ± 1.7 years). We used TWC lenses and a neutral density (ND) filter to assess the wavelength-cut effects on visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and cone contrast sensitivity. Visual acuity and contrast sensitivity were assessed under photopic (luminance 85–100 cd/m2) and mesopic conditions (luminance 0.8 cd/m2). Significant interactions between age and lens conditions were observed for contrast sensitivity under photopic conditions (Bonferroni corrected α = 0.025, F(1,28) = 7.98, P = 0.01, η2 = 0.003), suggesting that contrast sensitivity to white and black gratings is better with TWC lenses (75%) than with the ND filter in young participants (F(1,28) = 7.25, P = 0.01, η2 = 0.206). However, the lens condition did not affect visual acuity and had only a minimal effect on cone contrast sensitivity for each cone type. In conclusion, TWC lenses, despite their nearly colorless and transparent appearance, can selectively block specific wavelengths to improve contrast sensitivity, while minimally affecting color perception. However, since the effect size of these interactions is very small, the impact is limited, therefore glasses should be prescribed with caution for young individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a parallel polarization-beam-splitter-based fiber optic filter with adjustable channel spacing is proposed and demonstrated. The transmission characteristics of the proposed filter are simulated and analyzed using the transmission matrix theory. Simulation results show that the filter can generate three different channel spacings by adjusting different polarization controllers (PCs) in front of the polarization beam splitter (PBS). The experiment confirms the feasibility of a multi-wavelength fiber laser (MWFL) constructed based on this filter in achieving channel spacing switching. Its wavelength spacing can be switched between 0.46 nm, 0.66 nm, and 0.88 nm, matching the simulated results of the filter. The power fluctuations between the outputs of the three-channel spacing outputs are less than 1.17 dB, 0.89 dB, and 0.98 dB, and the wavelength fluctuations are less than 0.18 nm, 0.14 nm, and 0.13 nm, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Designing SPADs with high sensitivity in a wide wavelength range is crucial since the applications utilizing SPAD-based sensors target different parts of the spectrum. Here, we introduce a novel technique to achieve a wider sensitivity spectrum through the insertion of a second multiplication region into the depletion region. Thanks to the proposed method, at 5.5 V excess bias voltage, the fabricated devices achieved a PDP of 78% peak at 500 nm and 25.5% at 850 nm wavelength. At the same excess bias, we measured a normalized noise of 3.7 cps/μm2 and a jitter of 165 ps at 517 nm FWHM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We studied morphofunctional features of human platelets exposed in vitro to low-pulse laser radiation (LPLR) with different wavelengths. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) was irradiated at wavelengths of 635, 488, and 355 nm. LPLR with λ=635 nm and 1 W power after 10 min caused degranulation of many platelets, formation of small platelet conglomerates, and accelerated platelet adhesion on glass. LPLR with λ=635 nm and 2 mW and LPLR with λ=488 nm did not cause significant changes in the morphofunctional platelet status. LPLR with λ=355 nm induced massive platelets' deformation, sharp decrease in their morphofunctional status without activation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Y-branch distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) diode lasers with a stable narrowband emission in simultaneous dual-wavelength operation with spectral distances below 3.2 nm are presented. The Y-branch laser consists of two laser branches with different DBR gratings serving as wavelength-selective rear-side mirrors. Therefore, two emission wavelengths with a spectral distance defined by the DBR grating periods can be generated simultaneously. A Y-coupler combines the two ridge waveguide (RW) branches into a single straight output RW. Devices with a spectral distance of 0.6 nm and 2.0 nm emitting around 785 nm are manufactured. Selecting the operation parameters carefully, stable narrowband emission for both wavelengths is obtained. Resistors serving as heaters implemented next to the DBR gratings allow for wavelength adjustment and a tuning of the spectral distance. At an optical output power of 100 mW, the spectral distance can be shifted from 0 to 1.55 nm (0–0.76 THz) for the former device or from 1.00 to 3.15 nm (0.49–1.54 THz) for the latter device, respectively. This makes the Y-branch DBR diode laser particularly interesting for the generation of THz beat-note signals, needed to generate THz radiation via photo-mixing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A dispersion-managed femtosecond optical parametric oscillator (OPO) with stable power is demonstrated in this article. The OPO, based on LiB3O5 (LBO) crystal, was synchronously pumped by a frequency-doubled, Kerr-lens mode-locked Yb: CGYA laser. The output signal had a wavelength tuning range of 680 ~ 740 nm, a maximum average power of 1.1 W, and a minimum pulse duration of 105 fs. By inserting ultraviolet fused silica (UVFS) windows into the cavity to introduce additional normal dispersion, the dual-signal-wavelength output was suppressed, and the power stability was significantly enhanced. The RMS of the one-hour power fluctuation decreased to one seventh of its original value, from 2.47% to 0.38%. This work is of particular significance for promoting the engineering application of femtosecond OPOs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have revolutionized artificial lighting, but also exposed the detrimental health effects that stem from insufficient exposure to natural light. Human-centric artificial lighting requires both visual quality and circadian lighting performance that mimics daylight's evolving spectral power distribution (SPD). Here, we present a color-tunable LED-based light source that achieves SPDs similar to various conditions of daylight and incandescent lighting over the range of visible wavelengths. This light source is comprised of a linear combination of light converter channels containing dyes exhibiting thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) fabricated through additive manufacturing, photoexcited by violet-emitting LEDs (VLED). This hybrid light source establishes a new benchmark for state-of-the-art artificial lighting at approximating daylight, with Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) color gamut index Rg values within 3%, IES color fidelity index Rf values within 7% through CCT values ranging from 4277 K to 22,333 K. We propose efficiency metrics to accurately quantify similarity between light sources and the respective reference daylight spectrum encompassing visual and circadian effects, facilitating WLED benchmarking. The efficiency metrics pertaining to circadian lighting performance remain within 10% over the same CCT range. These results advance lighting science to address simultaneously the grand challenges of health and sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uniaxial materials have achieved new prominence in photonics because they can have hyperbolic spectral regions with metallic (ε<0) and dielectric (ε>0) permittivities along different crystal axes. In the lossless case, this results in an open hyperboloid dispersion relation, allowing materials to support highly confined modes with extremely large wavevectors. However, even small losses change the character of the hyperbolic dispersion from open hyperboloids to closed surfaces with finite maximum k, significantly limiting the extent to which highly-confined modes can be achieved. Here, we derive a simple analytic formula for the dispersion relation in the presence of loss and show that for some typical materials the maximum wavevector in hyperbolic materials is roughly ten times the free-space. The scaling of the maximum wavevector is derived, and it is shown that there is a universal scaling relation between the propagation length and the wavelength, which implies that the shortest wavelengths in any hyperbolic material are strongly attenuated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All-optical nonlinear activation functions (NAFs) are crucial for enabling rapid optical neural networks (ONNs). As linear matrix computation advances in integrated ONNs, on-chip all-optical NAFs face challenges such as limited integration, high latency, substantial power consumption, and a high activation threshold. In this work, we develop an integrated nonlinear optical activator based on the butt-coupling integration of two-dimensional (2D) MoTe2 and optical waveguides (OWGs). The activator exhibits an ultra-broadband response from visible to near-infrared wavelength, a low activation threshold of 0.94 μW, a small device size (~50 µm2), an ultra-fast response rate (2.08 THz), and high-density integration. The excellent nonlinear effects and broadband response of 2D materials have been utilized to create all-optical NAFs. These activators were applied to simulate MNIST handwritten digit recognition, achieving an accuracy of 97.6%. The results underscore the potential application of this approach in ONNs. Moreover, the classification of more intricate CIFAR-10 images demonstrated a generalizable accuracy of 94.6%. The present nonlinear activator promises a general platform for three-dimensional (3D) ultra-broadband ONNs with dense integration and low activation thresholds by integrating a variety of strong nonlinear optical (NLO) materials (e.g., 2D materials) and OWGs in glass. Nonlinear activation function (NAF) devices are important for the implementation of optical neural networks. Here, the authors report the integration of 2D MoTe2 with optical waveguides to fabricate broadband all-optical NAF devices exhibiting activation thresholds down to 0.94 μW, a device size of ~50 μm2, and response rates up to 2.08 THz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at the problem of limited transmission energy of liquid crystal tunable filter (LCTF), a dual-wavelength transmission system with high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is proposed in this paper. The proposed transmission factor Qp is the main influence on the number and location of transmission wavelengths as well as the bandwidth of each transmission wavelength for dual-wavelength systems. Dual-wavelength LCTF can improve the effective transmission energy of the system by increasing the number of filtering channels, and the transmission energy can be increased by about 1.8 times and 70% at short and long wavelengths, respectively, which improves the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the system. Moreover, the dual-wavelength LCTF system is even possible to increase the transmission energy by about 7% at a 33% increase in spectral resolution. Therefore, the dual-wavelength LCTF transmission method not only can improve the SNR of target detection with dual-wavelength response features, but also can effectively solve the problem of contradiction between spectral resolution and spectral transmission energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The polarized bidirectional reflectance distribution function (pBRDF) can describe the changes between the Stokes vectors of incident and reflected light. The existing model can only describe the spatial distribution of the target's polarization characteristics at a single wavelength, so further research is needed for the description of the target's polarized spectral characteristics. In this paper, a modified three-component polarized spectral bidirectional reflectance distribution function (pSBRDF) is proposed, which combines Fresnel equation in the specular reflection component with Cauchy's empirical dispersion equation, by introducing the wavelength variable and dispersion constants that do not change with wavelength. The degree of the linear polarization (DoLP) of two types of coated fabric samples was measured at three incident angles and 400 to 760 nm wavelength. The error of the model in describing the spectral and the spatial distribution of DoLP are controlled within 0.00743 and 0.0757 respectively, which proves the accuracy of the model. This research provides the model basis for analysis of the target's polarization characteristics and the theoretical basis for the application of polarization detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work shows how to control the surface density and size of InAs/InP quantum dots over a wide range by tailoring the conditions of Stranski-Krastanov growth. We demonstrate that in the near-critical growth regime, the density of quantum dots can be tuned between 10 7 and 10 10 cm - 2 . Furthermore, employing both experimental and modeling approaches, we show that the size (and therefore the emission wavelength) of InAs nanoislands on InP can be controlled independently from their surface density. Finally, we demonstrate that our growth method gives low-density ensembles with well-isolated QD-originated emission lines in the telecom C-band. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A brief overview is given of the current state of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) or X-ray lithography at a wavelength of 13.5 nm in the world. The problems and prospects for the development of this technology in the next few years are discussed. A new concept of X-ray lithography, developed at the Institute for Physics of Microstructures of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IPM RAS), is reported. The advantages and prospects for the feasibility of lithography at a new wavelength of 11.2 nm for lithography are justified. A brief overview of the domestic level of development of the critical technologies required to create an X-ray lithograph is given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon dots (CDs) have garnered significant attention owing to their fluorescence properties and biocompatibility, especially red fluorescent CDs for bio-imaging and optoelectronics. However, existing red fluorescent carbon dots exhibit limitations regarding shorter red wavelengths, lower fluorescence intensities, and complex preparation procedures. This paper employed the microwave method to synthesize four water-soluble red fluorescent carbon dots, utilizing p-phenylenediamine and urea as precursors. By doping with manganese and adjusting the precursor concentration, we enhanced the intensity and the wavelength of red fluorescence under 365 nm UV light. The manganese-decorated carbon dots (Mn-CDs) showed a 32 nm redshift compared to the original carbon dots (O-CDs). The manganese-decorated/precursor concentration changed carbon dots (Mn/P-CDs) had four times higher intensity and 677 nm wavelength. The enhancement was mainly due to the increased nitrogen content from manganese addition and the decreased precursor concentration. We also synthesized composite polyfluorescent films with four CDs as pigments, exhibiting excellent transparency, flexibility, and luminescence in various media. Importantly, we demonstrated that their luminescent properties remained intact across multiple media. This study provides a valuable method for high-quality red CDs synthesis and a novel perspective for their applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A longwave infrared quantum cascade laser with a peak wavelength of 10.5 μm is reported. The active region features a multi-miniband transition design for broad tuning operation. In pulsed mode and continuous wave mode, the maximum power of the Fabry-Pérot laser is 1.4 W and 0.32 W at room temperature, respectively. In the Littrow external cavity configuration, the wavelength of laser can be tuned in the ranges of λ ~ 8.59–9.67 μm and 10.20–10.68 μm at one fixed voltage of 12.6 V and 10.4 V, respectively, in pusled mode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report numerical analysis and design of a rib waveguide composed of a core of Ge–As–Se–Te chalcogenide glass with upper and lower cladding of ZnSe for on-chip mid-infrared supercontinuum generation. By implementing the Finite Element Method (FEM), we analyzed the impact of geometrical parameters of waveguide on optimizing them in order to minimize the dispersion effects and to obtain a flat dispersion curve. Our design possesses Zero Dispersion Wavelength at 5.76 μm and 10.50 μm. The dispersion value at pump wavelength of 9.8 μm is 1.353 ps/nm/km. Our simulation reports a supercontinuum broadening from 3 to 25 μm, when pumped at 9.8 μm wavelength with pulse width 50 fs and peak power 15 kW in only 10 mm long waveguide, making it a promising candidate for mid-infrared supercontinuum light sources for many non-linear applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Palmprint as biometrics has gained increasing attention recently due to its discriminative ability and robustness. However, existing methods mainly improve palmprint verification within one spectrum, which is challenging to verify across different spectrums. Additionally, in distributed server-client-based deployment, palmprint verification systems predominantly necessitate clients to transmit private data for model training on the centralized server, thereby engendering privacy apprehensions. To alleviate the above issues, in this paper, we propose a physics-driven spectrum-consistent federated learning method for palmprint verification, dubbed as PSFed-Palm. PSFed-Palm draws upon the inherent physical properties of distinct wavelength spectrums, wherein images acquired under similar wavelengths display heightened resemblances. Our approach first partitions clients into short- and long-spectrum groups according to the wavelength range of their local spectrum images. Subsequently, we introduce anchor models for short- and long-spectrum, which constrain the optimization directions of local models associated with long- and short-spectrum images. Specifically, a spectrum-consistent loss that enforces the model parameters and feature representation to align with their corresponding anchor models is designed. Finally, we impose constraints on the local models to ensure their consistency with the global model, effectively preventing model drift. This measure guarantees spectrum consistency while protecting data privacy, as there is no need to share local data. Extensive experiments are conducted to validate the efficacy of our proposed PSFed-Palm approach. The proposed PSFed-Palm demonstrates compelling performance despite only a limited number of training data. The codes have been released at https://github.com/Zi-YuanYang/PSFed-Palm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study on evolutionary dynamics of Mid-Channel Bars (MCBs) under regulated-river regime is surprisingly scanty. To bridging this gap, morphological variables of 32 MCBs and channel parameters of a reach of ∼75.83 km of Bhagirathi-Hooghly River were examined over a time span of 30 years. For quantifying MCBs dimensions, satellite imageries and Google earth pro images were used under GIS environment. Bivariate-Correlation and Variability in MCB parameters were assessed using goodness-of-fit measures (R2) and CV or σ respectively. It is found that over time, the number and area of MCBs has been increased 3.56 times from 9 in 1990 to 32 in 2023. The reach of the river is on the way of transformation form meandering one to the braiding one. Both frequency of MCBs and braiding intensity show an increasing trend towards downstream. It is found that there was more than 1 MCBs within a wavelength in 2023 and it was much less in 1990 (0.3).The temporal variability in size of MCBs shows that smaller MCBs are more variable than larger one. Stability of larger MCBs are attributedto the impact of permanently grown vegetation. Dynamics in MCBs shape do not show any significant spatio-temporal trend. The larger MCBs are more circular than smaller ones attributing to the lateral accumulation of sediments under vegetated MCB margins. This work suggests that continued investigation into the MCB dynamics is to be substantiated by more advanced technology-based interdisciplinary approaches based on robust data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A metal-insulator-metal waveguide-based square-ring resonator plasmonic refractive index sensor is designed and optimized for achieving high sensitivity. The sensitivity of the sensor critically depends on the physical dimension and the geometrical parameters of the resonator. Systematic studies on varying geometrical parameters of the resonator reveal that the sensitivity increases with the number of concentric square-rings. Moreover, the full-width-half-maxima of the resonance line is found to increase with the number of square rings. Importantly, variations in the coupling length affect the transmitted intensity as well as the full-width-half-maxima of the resonance spectra in a characteristic fashion. An initial exploration of the optimized sensor for nanoplastic detection for a range of volume fractions 0.15625–0.625% shows a systematic linear increase in the resonance wavelength with changing refractive index of the surrounding medium. This offers the possibility of ultrasensitive detection of extremely small change (∼ 0.00025) in the local refractive index as the signature of a minute level of plastic contamination. This was achieved by using an optimized sensor design with a sensitivity of 2700 nm/RIU and a full-width-half-maxima of 333 nm. Results presented in the paper demonstrate the considerable promise of the proposed plasmonic refractive index sensor towards nanoplastic detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rest wavelengths of diffuse interstellar bands (DIBs) are parameters of fundamental importance owing to the lack of unambiguous identification for these mysterious features. Usually the wavelengths of DIBs are estimated using known interstellar atomic or molecular lines serving to shift the spectrum to the rest wavelengths velocity scale. However, the latter may not share in fact the same parts of a cloud which the carriers of diffuse bands occupy. Here we argue that the narrowest known diffuse interstellar band 6196 Å is the best reference feature for building the "interstellar" wavelength scale. Also, we offer the geometrical center of gravity (the effective wavelength) of the diffuse bands as a rest wavelength measurer for these generally asymmetric features. We assessed the magnitude of variation of the center of gravity of the diffuse bands at 5780, 5797, 6284, and 7224 Å measured in 41 lines of sight in the broad range of interstellar reddening ( varies in the range of 0.13–1.06 stellar magnitudes) with the lack of evident Doppler-split in the profiles of interstellar atomic/molecular lines. We demonstrated that diffuse bands show gradual broadening of their profile widths, accompanied with the red-shift of the center of gravity, i.e., the red wing of the profiles is their most variable part. To estimate the width of the diffuse bands, we offer to apply an "effective width" parameter , which is the relation of the equivalent width () to the depth of the feature. In contrast to habitual half width at half maximum (), the parameter originally introduced by us in 2008 (Galazutdinov, LoCurto, Krełowski) is not sensitive to the profile shape irregularities. provides lower measurement uncertainties than the does. The gradual increase of , accompanied with the red-shift of the center of gravity of the profile, may suggest populating of higher transitions of the P branch of the bands of molecules, assuming the latter are DIB carriers. It is also shown, that diffuse bands are broader although more shallow in the harsh conditions of -clouds, where atomic and molecular lines are weakened and/or totally absent. The difference of the effective width of DIBs in and clouds is discussed as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently a data set containing linear and circular polarisation information of a collection of six hundred pulsars has been released. The operative radio wavelength for the same was 21 cm. Pulsars radio emission process is modelled either with synchroton/superconducting self-Compton route or with curvature radiation route. These theories fall short of accounting for the circular polarisation observed, as they are predisposed towards producing, solely, linear polarisation. Here we invoke (pseudo)scalars and their interaction with photons mediated by colossal magnetic fields of pulsars, to account for the circular part of polarisation data. This enables us to estimate the pseudoscalar parameters such as its coupling to photons and its mass in conjunction as product. To obtain these values separately, we turn our attention to recent observation on 47 pulsars, whose absolute polarisation position angles have been made available. Except, a third of the latter set, the rest of it overlaps with the expansive former data set on polarisation type and degree. This helps us figure out, both the pseudoscalar parameters individually, that we report here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an effective and feasible method, inverse design has been widely used in the design of silicon-based photonic devices. We propose a silicon-based wavelength diplexer in the form of a bullet-shaped structure using subwavelength grating (SWG) for 1.55 and 2 μm wavelengths based on the inverse design. Since the embedded SWG can significantly shorten the beat length corresponding to the two wavelengths, the device length can be shortened by adjusting the effective refractive index while maintaining the device with low insertion loss (IL) and high contrast (C). When the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is used to optimize the relevant parameters of the wavelength diplexer, the optimal length of 12.6 μm is obtained. The results show that the IL and C of the wavelength diplexer successfully designed by PSO are 0.19/0.54 dB and 21.21/21.33 dB at 1.55/2 μm, respectively, and its bandwidth is greater than 118/85 nm when C > 15dB and IL < 1dB. The inverse design has been proved to be effective and can be extended to other device designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We demonstrated a wavelength discretely tunable laser with outputs at 572.6 nm, 589.1 nm, 603.8 nm, and 611.8 nm using external cavity Ng-cut KGW Raman conversion and intracavity frequency mixing. The multiple visible wavelengths were generated by utilizing this specially cut KGW crystal and the g[mm]g Raman configuration, as well as the temperature-dependent phase-matching characteristic of the LBO crystal. The maximum output powers at 572.6 nm, 589.1 nm, 603.8 nm, and 611.8 nm were measured to be 227 mW, 175 mW, 258 mW, and 103 mW respectively, with nearly fundamental Gaussian beam profiles. This work provides a monolithic setup capable of producing tunable yellow-red laser outputs through Raman and χ 2 frequency conversions for various applications such as air detection, optogenetics, biomedicine, and chemical analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anisotropic conductive film (ACF) is an essential layer used in Micro-LEDs and is applied through laser processing during the repair process. However, research related to the repair process using step-by-step morphology processing of ACF has hardly been conducted so far. Therefore, in this study, we proposed and thoroughly investigated a processing morphology suitable for the repair process through step-by-step processing using femtosecond lasers with wavelengths of 1026 (NIR), 513 (Green), and 257 (DUV) nm. By appropriately processing the ACF according to the intended purpose, it is expected that the desired repair process can be applied and can also be applied to all fields where ACF is utilized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability to analyze blunt-force trauma is crucial for deciphering valuable clues concerning mechanisms of injury and as evidence for medico-legal investigations. The use of alternate light sources (ALS) has been studied over the past decade, and is proposed to outperform conventional white light (CWL) during bruise assessments. In response to the growing interest of the technology worldwide, a systematic review of the literature was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) to address the ability of ALS to detect and visualize bruising. From an initial 4055 records identified, ten studies met the eligibly criteria and were selected for this review. Evaluation also included a novel framework, referred to as SPICOT, to further systematically assess both scientific evidence and risk of bias in forensic literature. Analysis reveals that narrowband wavelengths within in the infrared or ultraviolet spectral ranges do not significantly outperform CWL in visualizing or detecting bruising. However, wavelengths within the visible spectrum, particularly 415 nm combined with longpass or bandpass yellow filters, are more effective. However, the majority of selected studies only address the sensitivity of ALS, and therefore, results may only be considered valid when the location of a bruise is known. Further investigation is required to understand the specificity of ALS, in particular how the use of topical cosmetic products, previous wounds/scar-tissue, tattoos, moles and freckles may affect detection. The ethical concern regarding the interpretation of enhanced visualized trauma should also be considered in prospect discussions prior to implementing ALS into routine practice. Nevertheless, this review finds that narrowband ALS within the visible spectrum demonstrates potential for improved injury documentation, outperforming CWL in the detection and visualization of bruising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A rapid and non-destructive machine learning approach was developed to identify the geographical origin and predict nutrient contents of dried wolfberries by analyzing the hyperspectral images. 1826 images of dried wolfberry samples from four different geographical origins in China were collected and used as the database for this study. The raw spectral data was pre-processed and the characteristic wavelengths between 370 and 1043 nm was extracted to establish the datasets applicable for the analysis. The novel lightweight neural network model was developed based on group convolution and average pooling. By comparing the new approach with the other two existing neural network methods, it shows that the new model performs as well as or better than the existing algorithms. This study demonstrates the feasibility of identifying the geographic origin classification and nutrient prediction based on hyperspectral data of dried wolfberries. The non-invasive method provides a reference for future research of other similar products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perfect absorption with adjustable Q factor and wavelength is essential in both theory and application. To address this issue, a structure composed of an epsilon-near-zero (ENZ)- SiO2 grating and a multilayer dielectric structure was designed. In the structure, the intrinsic loss is related to the ENZ thickness, while the external leakage depends on the grating parameters. By adjusting the ENZ film thickness, the intrinsic loss rate was tuned to match the external leakage rate corresponding to different grating parameters, realizing the critical couplings with different Q factors and wavelengths. Under critical coupling, the absorption rate reached a maximum of 99.999%, demonstrating ultra-perfect absorption. The Q factor was adjusted from 4350 to 35800, and the absorption wavelength was modified from 1050 to 1282 nm. The design work may provide new ideas for developing wavelength- and Q-selective absorbers, optical modulators, dielectric sensors, and photodetectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multicolor tuning of persistent luminescence has been extensively studied by deliberately integrating various luminescent units, known as activators or chromophores, into certain host compounds. However, it remains a formidable challenge to fine-tune the persistent luminescence spectra either in organic materials, such as small molecules, polymers, metal-organic complexes and carbon dots, or in doped inorganic crystals. Herein, we present a strategy to delicately control the persistent luminescence wavelength by engineering sub-bandgap donor-acceptor states in a series of single-phase Ca(Sr)ZnOS crystals. The persistent luminescence emission peak can be quasi-linearly tuned across a broad wavelength range (500–630 nm) as a function of Sr/Ca ratio, achieving a precision down to ~5 nm. Theoretical calculations reveal that the persistent luminescence wavelength fine-tuning stems from constantly lowered donor levels accompanying the modified band structure by Sr alloying. Besides, our experimental results show that these crystals exhibit a high initial luminance of 5.36 cd m−2 at 5 sec after charging and a maximum persistent luminescence duration of 6 h. The superior, color-tunable persistent luminescence enables a rapid, programable patterning technique for high-throughput optical encryption. Persistent luminescence is typically confined to discrete wavelengths. Here, the authors can fine tune emission color from green to orange through blending isostructural compounds in single-phase Ca(Sr)ZnOS crystals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the Fresnel holography, one of the main methods used for recording three-dimensional images in medicine, biology, and machine building. It is shown that, in using the Fresnel holograms, the transverse and longitudinal scales of reconstructed images change, which leads to the inaccurate reconstruction of the three-dimensional structure of the object and affects the quality of analysis and interpretation of the obtained data. It is indicated that, for the classical quadratic relationship between longitudinal and transverse dimensions of the image, it is impossible to change the scale of the image without distortions. The method for changing the classical relationship between transverse and longitudinal scales of optical images is theoretically justified. An optical scheme of the device aimed at the realization of this method is proposed. The optimal conditions for recording and reconstruction of the Fresnel holograms guaranteeing more accurate high-quality reconstruction of three-dimensional images are determined. The scaling transformations of the image are analyzed for the optical schemes of Fresnel holography with the use of spatially incoherent radiation. The condition for reconstruction of the undistorted images is obtained in the form of the relationship determined by the parameters of the optical scheme of recording of the holograms. It is shown that the recorded Fresnel hologram makes it possible to vary the relationship between the transverse and longitudinal scales of the reconstructed image within fairly wide ranges. The accumulated results can be used in the fields of science and technology, where it is required to create images reproducing the objects of real world with the maximum possible accuracy (without distortions), e.g., in the field of medical visualization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we analyze and interpret light curves obtained by observing with the HST telescope the transit of exoplanet HD 189733b across the disk of the star. Observations are carried out in a wide wavelength range of 5500–10 500 Å, which makes it possible to identify the relation between the wavelength and the data obtained during the interpretation of the radius of the planet. It is also shown that this dependence can be explained by the presence of a Rayleigh atmosphere on the planet while the possible parameters of this atmosphere are also approximately estimated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A gravitational field can cause a rotation of the polarisation vector of light. This phenomenon is known as the gravitational Faraday effect. We study the gravitational Faraday effect of linearly polarised light propagating in the gravitational field of a weak plane gravitational wave (GW) with " + ", " × ", and elliptical polarisation modes. The corresponding gravitational Faraday rotation angle is proportional to the GW amplitude and to the squared distance traveled by the light and inversely proportional to the GW squared wavelength. The Faraday rotation is maximal if the light propagates along directions perpendicular to the GW propagation and tilted by π / 4 to the directions of its polarisation. There is no a gravitational Faraday rotation when light and a GW propagate along the same directions, or when light propagates along directions of a GW polarisation. Helicity of an elliptically polarised GW gives cubic order contribution to the Faraday rotation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, coherent manipulation of conductivity-dependent sensitivity of the surface plasmon polariton waves(SPPs) is theoretically investigated at the interface of silver metal and conductive atomic medium based on grating geometry using wavelength interrogation. It is reported that the sensitivity of SPPs depends on the phase and amplitude of the complex conductivity of the conductive atomic medium as well as the parameters of driving fields. The conductivity-dependent wavelength interrogation of sensitivity with respect to the refractive index is written as d λ / d n d (σ) and is a function of complex conductivity. A useful control in sensitivity is investigated with variation of phase and amplitude of complex conductivity as well as probe and control field detunings and Rabi frequency as well as decay rates. The order of diffraction and grating period play an important role in the manipulation of the sensitivity. The sensitivity increases with increasing grating period and decreases with increasing order of diffraction. A maximum value of sensitivity is reported to 600 nm/RIU with amplitude and phase of complex conductivity. The reported results have benefits in sensor devices and plasmonster technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Laser Hemorrhoidoplasty (LHP) is a minimally invasive surgical option for the management of hemorrhoidal disease that has been increasingly adopted by surgeons over the last decade. Two wavelengths; 980 nm and 1470 nm have been employed in LHP. However, no data exist comparing the effects of these two wavelengths for this indication. This systematic review investigates both wavelengths for the management of hemorrhoids via the LHP procedure. Methods: This systematic analysis and meta-analysis was performed following the PICOS and PRISMA guidelines. A systematic research of MEDLINE, Scopus, Clinicaltrials.gov, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, CENTRAL and Google Scholar databases from inception until March 2024 was performed. Results: Overall, 19 studies including seven randomized control trials (RCT) and 12 non-randomized control trials with a total of 2492 patients were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The duration of LHP with both wavelengths was significantly shorter compared to open hemorrhoidectomy, postoperative pain and the rate of postoperative complications were significantly lower following LHP. There was no statistically significant difference in the rate of recurrence between LHP with the 980-nm wavelength and open hemorrhoidectomy. However, LHP with 1470-nm wavelength resulted in significantly higher recurrence rate compared to hemorrhoidectomy. Conclusion: Although no direct studies have compared the two wavelengths used in LHP, the outcomes of LHP seem to be independent of the wavelength used. Both wavelengths, when correctly used provide similar results, which are mostly better compared to open hemorrhoidectomy in terms of postoperative complications and postoperative pain, but not in terms of recurrence, where at least for the 1470-nm wavelength, LHP seems to show a higher recurrence rate when compared to open hemorrhoidectomy. Although a direct comparison of both wavelengths was not possible, technical issues regarding number of shots and energy per pile represent relevant parameters for recurrence after LHP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Visual systems have evolved to discriminate between different wavelengths of light. The ability to perceive color, or specific light wavelengths, is important as color conveys crucial information about both biotic and abiotic features in the environment. Indeed, different wavelengths of light can drive distinct patterns of activity in the vertebrate brain, yet what remains incompletely understood is whether distinct wavelengths can invoke etiologically relevant behavioral changes. To address how specific wavelengths in the visible spectrum modulate behavioral performance, we use larval zebrafish and a stereotypic light-search behavior. Prior work has shown that the cessation of light triggers a transitional light-search behavior, which we use to interrogate wavelength-dependent behavioral modulation. Using 8 narrow spectrum light sources in the visible range, we demonstrate that all wavelengths induce motor parameters consistent with search behavior, yet the magnitude of search behavior is spectrum sensitive and the underlying motor parameters are modulated in distinct patterns across short, medium, and long wavelengths. However, our data also establishes that not all motor features of search are impacted by wavelength. To define how wavelength modulates search performance, we performed additional assays with alternative wavelengths, dual wavelengths, and variable intensity. Last, we also tested blind larvae to resolve which components of wavelength dependent behavioral changes potentially include signaling from non-retinal photoreception. These findings have important implications as organisms can be exposed to varying wavelengths in laboratory and natural settings and therefore impose unique behavioral outputs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In integrated photonic circuits, microring resonators are essential building blocks but are susceptible to phase errors due to fabrication imperfections and optical power fluctuations. Conventional active phase tuning methods are power-intensive and challenging to integrate into densely packed photonic chips. This study proposes a solution by integrating a thin 2D layer of In4/3P2Se6 (InPSe) onto silicon microring resonators (Si-MRR). This approach mitigates sensitivity to laser power and achieves non-volatile wavelength trimming. Under bias voltage, the device exhibits electro-optic behavior, offering a non-volatile phase trimming rate of −2.62 pm/V to −4.62 pm/V, corresponding to InPSe thicknesses of 45 nm to 120 nm. Low optical losses of 0.0091 to 0.0361 dB/μm were also measured, corresponding to thicknesses of 30 nm to 120 nm. The devices demonstrate stable in-situ resonance wavelength stabilization and bidirectional trimming, ensuring cyclic stability for non-volatile phase control. This advancement enhances the performance of silicon photonics across diverse applications, facilitating high-capacity, high-power operation in compact designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the effects of red and infrared wavelengths, separately and combined, on the inflammatory process and collagen deposition in muscle damage caused by B. leucurus venom. 112 mice were inoculated with diluted venom (0.6mg/kg) in the gastrocnemius muscle. The animals were divided into four groups: one control (CG) and three treatments, namely: 1) red laser (λ=660 nm) (RG), 2) infrared laser (λ=808 nm) (IG) and 3) red laser (λ=660 nm) + infrared (λ=808 nm) (RIG). Each group was subdivided into four subgroups, according to the duration of treatment application (applications every 24 hours over evaluation times of up to 144 hours). A diode laser was used (0.1 W, CW, 1J/point, ED: 10 J/cm2). Both wavelengths reduced the intensity of inflammation and the combination between them significantly intensified the anti-inflammatory response. Photobiomodulation also changed the type of inflammatory infiltrate observed and RIG had the highest percentage of mononuclear cells in relation to the other groups. Hemorrhage intensity was significantly lower in treated animals and RIG had the highest number of individuals in which this variable was classified as mild. As for collagen deposition, there was a significant increase in RG in relation to CG, in RIG in relation to CG and in RIG in relation to IG. Photobiomodulation proved to be effective in the treatment of inflammation and hemorrhage caused by B. leucurus venom and stimulated collagen deposition. Better results were obtained with the combined wavelengths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies have proved the usability of the nonlinear S0 lamb mode without satisfying the phase velocity matching criteria, and the possibility to extend its application to varying thickness plates. Based on that, this work proposes an experimental study of the inspection of macro scale localized defects with a size smaller than the used wavelength, via the second and third harmonics generation. Results were obtained on verifying their cumulative effect with varying the defect's width and also on finding that the third harmonic is better suited for larger scale inspection using the nonlinear lamb waves, and identifying the propagating modes in the plates using the wavelet transform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silicon nitride membranes were experimentally obtained as substrates for biological samples, which are examined using a microscope with an operating wavelength of 13.8 nm. The free-hanging films obtained have a size of up to 1.5 × 1.5 mm2, which makes it possible to select an area of interest for investigation on the sample on the order of tens to hundreds of microns. The mechanical strength of the membranes satisfies that the samples do not tear the membranes and withstand transportation. The results obtained are an import-substituting technology for the manufacture of Si3N4 membranes. The resulting membranes have a transparency of more than 40% in the range of the "water transparency window" (2.3–4.4 nm) and EUV (13–15 nm). The developed technology will become the basis for creating cuvettes for living biological samples for soft X-ray microscopy studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A switchable and wavelength interval adjustable multi-wavelength erbium-doped fiber actively Q-switched fiber laser based on EOM and improved Lyot filter is proposed. In the experiment, stable and switchable laser outputs of single to quintuple-wavelength can be achieved by adjusting the polarization controllers and the wavelength intervals are adjustable between 2 nm, 3 nm and 6 nm. With the increase of the pump power, the number of output wavelength reaches nine. Moreover, the single-dual and dual-pulse sequences can be observed in a modulation period and the dual-pulse interval can be tuned from 14.7 to 11.1 µs. The wavelength interval of the proposed laser and the pulse interval of the dual-pulse can be adjusted more flexibly. It has a broad application prospect in the fields of optical measurement and laser imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

UV-B radiation can substantially impact plant growth. To study UV-B effects, broadband UV-B tubes are commonly used. Apart from UV-B, such tubes also emit UV-A wavelengths. This study aimed to distinguish effects of different UV-B intensities on Arabidopsis thaliana wildtype and UVR8 mutant rosette morphology, from those by accompanying UV-A. UV-A promotes leaf-blade expansion along the proximal–distal, but not the medio-lateral, axis. Consequent increases in blade length: width ratio are associated with increased light capture. However, petiole length is not affected by UV-A exposure. This scenario is distinct from the shade avoidance driven by low red to far-red ratios, whereby leaf blade elongation is impeded but petiole elongation is promoted. Thus, the UV-A mediated elongation response is phenotypically distinct from classical shade avoidance. UV-B exerts inhibitory effects on petiole length, blade length and leaf area, and these effects are mediated by UVR8. Thus, UV-B antagonises aspects of both UV-A mediated elongation and classical shade avoidance. Indeed, this study shows that accompanying UV-A wavelengths can mask effects of UV-B. This may lead to potential underestimates of the magnitude of the UV-B induced morphological response using broadband UV-B tubes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract—The influence of the bottom on an echo signal from spherical scatterers is studied. The bottom is modeled by a liquid absorbing half-space. The emitter/receiver is located in the aqueous half-space. The distance between the emitter/receiver and scatterer is assumed to be large compared to the acoustic wavelengths in the water and bottom. Numerical results are obtained for acoustically rigid spherical scatterers with the same radius. The interaction between scatterers is not taken into account. The echo signal from one sphere in a wide frequency range is calculated using the method proposed in papers by R.H. Hackman and G.S. Sammelmann, an important step in the implementation of which is calculation of the scattering coefficients of the sphere. To calculate them, the authors use asymptotic formulas obtained with the saddle point method. The resulting asymptotic expressions for the scattering coefficients of the sphere make it possible to significantly reduce the number of terms in the formula for the echo signal form function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous clinical studies have shown that pulsed dye laser (PDL) and intense pulsed light (IPL) are effective for treating erythematotelangiectatic rosacea(ETR). This article aims to compare the efficacy and safety of PDL and IPL at three different wavelength bands (broad-band, single-narrow-band, and dual-narrow-band) in treating ETR. Sixty subjects with ETR were randomly categorized into four groups and received one of the following laser treatments: PDL (595 nm), IPL with Delicate Pulse Light (DPL, 500–600 nm), IPL with M22 590 (590–1200 nm), or IPL with M22 vascular filter (530–650 nm and 900–1200 nm). Four treatment sessions were administered at 4-week intervals, with one follow-up session 4 weeks after the final treatment. The efficacy of the four lasers was evaluated by comparing the clinical symptom score, total effective rate, VISIA red area absolute score, and RosaQoL score before and after treatment. The safety was evaluated by comparing adverse reactions such as pain, purpura, erythematous edema, and blister. All 60 subjects completed the study. Within-group effects showed that the clinical symptom score, VISIA red area absolute score, and RosaQoL score of all four groups were significantly reduced compared to before treatment (p < 0.001). Between-group effects showed no statistically significant difference among the four laser groups. Safety analysis showed that all four lasers were safe, but the incidence of blister was higher in the M22 vascular group. Nonpurpurogenic PDL, DPL, M22 590, and M22 vascular were equally effective in treating ETR and were well-tolerated. ClinicalTrial.gov Identifier: NCT05360251. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new all-optical multi-channel wavelength division multiplexer (WDM) based on a two-dimensional photonic crystal (2D PC) waveguide structure with square rods, which has the output flat-top bands was proposed. The bandpass WDM creates an appropriate folded structure that possesses resonance frequencies with the flap-top output bands, high transmission efficiency and less crosstalk within the photonic crystal bandgap region. This numerical results show that the proposed PC multi-channel WDM can filter out certain wavelengths in the optical communication region with flat-top output bands. This performance of the proposed PC waveguide structure does not affect by external environment factors because of the flap-top output bands. We proposed the seven-channel PC WDM optical waveguide structure and it also achieves the CWDM specifications which are defined by ITU-T Recommendation G. 649.2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During development, cortical activity is organized into distributed modular patterns that are a precursor of the mature columnar functional architecture. Theoretically, such structured neural activity can emerge dynamically from local synaptic interactions through a recurrent network with effective local excitation with lateral inhibition (LE/LI) connectivity. Utilizing simultaneous widefield calcium imaging and optogenetics in juvenile ferret cortex prior to eye opening, we directly test several critical predictions of an LE/LI mechanism. We show that cortical networks transform uniform stimulations into diverse modular patterns exhibiting a characteristic spatial wavelength. Moreover, patterned optogenetic stimulation matching this wavelength selectively biases evoked activity patterns, while stimulation with varying wavelengths transforms activity towards this characteristic wavelength, revealing a dynamic compromise between input drive and the network's intrinsic tendency to organize activity. Furthermore, the structure of early spontaneous cortical activity – which is reflected in the developing representations of visual orientation – strongly overlaps that of uniform opto-evoked activity, suggesting a common underlying mechanism as a basis for the formation of orderly columnar maps underlying sensory representations in the brain. How the cortex forms spatially structured modules during development is poorly understood. Here, the authors show that activity in early developing cortex is self-organized though local-excitation and lateral inhibition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Topographic Rossby waves (TRWs) dominate the low-frequency variability of deep ocean currents and play a crucial role in energy exchange and material mixing. On the continental slope of the southwestern South China Sea, a deep-water mooring was deployed to observe TRWs for a period of ~ 40 days. The TRWs, with a wavelength of 109 km, account for 41.3% of the subinertial variations. A ray-tracing model was applied to investigate the propagation and energy source. The results showed that the TRWs propagated from the northeast of the mooring location and were most likely caused by the mesoscale eddy disturbances off the Vietnam coast. This study provides a new perspective on examining the impact of mesoscale eddies off Vietnam on abyssal currents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indistinguishable single photons in the telecom-bandwidth of optical fibers are indispensable for long-distance quantum communication. Solid-state single photon emitters have achieved excellent performance in key benchmarks, however, the demonstration of indistinguishability at room-temperature remains a major challenge. Here, we report room-temperature photon indistinguishability at telecom wavelengths from individual nanotube defects in a fiber-based microcavity operated in the regime of incoherent good cavity-coupling. The efficiency of the coupled system outperforms spectral or temporal filtering, and the photon indistinguishability is increased by more than two orders of magnitude compared to the free-space limit. Our results highlight a promising strategy to attain optimized non-classical light sources. Carbon nanotube-based single photon emitters allow for room-temperature operation, but suffer from vanishing indistinguishability due to strong dephasing. Following a theoretical proposal, the authors tackle the problem experimentally by using a cavity to enhance the photon coherence time and the emission spectral density in the regime of incoherent good cavity-coupling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we report a multi-wavelength passively Q-switched fiber laser based on reconfigurable Lyot ring filter (RLRF) and Erbium-doped fiber (EDF) saturable absorber (SA). The gain saturable absorption characteristics of the EDF are analyzed in the experiments. When EDF is used as SA, EDF exhibits different nonlinear characteristics at different pump powers. Through the observation of the experimental data, we discuss the relationship between the multi-wavelength and passively Qswitching, in view of the position of the wavelength excitations and the presence or absence of the corresponding pulse sequence. The RLRF in the structure uses a 2 m long polarization maintaining fiber (PMF), and the wavelength interval between 1.5 and 3.0 nm can be effectively switched by adjusting the polarization controller (PC). The laser elaborated can flexibly switch from a single to seven wavelengths, with a corresponding pulse repetition rates of 24.11 – 59.38 kHz, a minimum Qswitched pulse width of 1.16 μs, a maximum average output power of 46.98 μW, and a maximum single pulse energy of 9.64 nJ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we propose a wavelength-switchable Thulium-doped fiber laser (TDFL) based on an all-fiber Mach–Zehnder (MZ) filter. The MZ comb interferometer is designed and manufactured by welding two mismatched fiber cores. The proposed ring-cavity TDFL has a working threshold of 140 mW. Single-wavelength switchable laser emission is achieved in the range of 1841.5 to 1892.36 nm, with a minimum wavelength spacing of 3.66 nm and a side-mode suppression ratio (SMSR) of over 32.41 dB. In the experiment, four different dual-wavelength switchable and stable lasers are generated within a 44.56 nm range with 7.12 dB power shifts. Additionally, a triple-wavelength laser at 1864.77, 1888.1, and 1896.76 nm is obtained, with an SMSR of over 30.06 dB. The designed TDFL successfully achieves stable single, dual, and triple-wavelength laser emissions with power fluctuations smaller than 0.51, 1.22, and 1.32 dB, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]