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Some consequences of adverse events early in life for labor market outcomes may emerge early and others only later in adult life. We use data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe to investigate how early life circumstances—childhood health and socioeconomic status (SES)—are associated with various labor market outcomes over an individual’s entire life cycle. Our main new finding is that these associations change significantly over the life cycle. For instance, the association of childhood SES with lifetime earnings is shown to become stronger over the life cycle and to operate through both working years and annual earnings. We discuss how our findings can explain some of the mixed evidence on these associations in previous literature. Our results also shed light on the potential gains in the different labor market outcomes of public policies that invest in children’s health and parents’ SES.

The infraorder Nepomorpha is one of the most specialized groups of heteropterans, with most of its species spending the entire life cycle within the water. True water bugs include ten families, 52 genera, and approximately 730 species in the Neotropical region, which shelters about 30 % of the global diversity of the group. Despite this fact, little is known about their biology, ecology, and geographical distribution in the Neotropics. Several genera need to be revised and many species remain with outdated descriptions. The systematics of the infraorder, although has received little attention in recent years, remains with various unresolved questions, and no phylogenetic study was conducted for any endemic group of this region.

Legal regulation may support the protection of resources. The development of resource protection law is currently in flux. Overall, the issue has been neglected to date. Some starting points do, however, exist in the (German) legal system. It is now important for the law to reflect the increased importance of resource protection. To address this, some basic terms and their interrelations must first be clarified. Ulrich Smeddinck’s contribution then moves on to legal innovations and projects

Product carbon footprint (PCF) is an ecological profile of a product only focused on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. PCF aims primarily at generating environmental profile of a product. Another aim is to identify key parameters of a product in its entire life cycle. In this paper, PCF of an existing personal computer (PC) and alternative PC were quantified and key issues identified. Typical energy consumption during the entire life cycle of the alternative PC was reduced by approximately 15% compared with that of the existing PC. Energy consumption during the use stage was identified as key parameter for both PCs.

Buildings have diverse effects on the environment during their entire life cycle. Although the tangible impacts are visible only after construction begins, decisions made on the drawing board have long-term environmental consequences. To achieve environmental sustainability in the building sector, architects must be educated about environmental issues during their professional training. University faculties have to foster environmental awareness, introduce students to environmental ethics, and develop their skills and knowledge base in sustainable design. In spite of the urgent need, teaching materials specifically designed for sustainable architecture have been virtually non-existent.

There has been an increasing recognition that many environmental efforts of the past have succeeded only in transferring pollution from one medium to another — from water to air, or from air to solid waste. It has become clear that more holistic approaches to solving environmental problems are needed. The emphasis on pollution prevention has led those in industry and government to look beyond their own fences at the causes of pollution both upstream and downstream from the production process — during the entire life cycle of products and their constituents.

To some degree, all polymer films tend to stick to themselves. This adhesion is termed ‘blocking’. The primary causes of blocking are pressures or temperatures that the film may encounter during extrusion, use, or storage. The degree or severity of the blocking is a function of the film’s characteristics as well as the effects of outside forces acting on the film. Blocking can affect the film’s entire life cycle, from processing during manufacture of the film to its performance during end use.

The effect of sublethal levels of methylparathion (0,1, 3, 5, 7 mg 1−1) on the freshwater rotifer, Brachionus calyciflorus, during their entire life cycle was studied. Rotifers were fed on two species of unicellular algae: Nannochloris oculata and Chlorella pyrenoidosa; both algal concentrations were 5 × 105 cell ml−1.

The previous chapter discussed product control which differs from development control in that it acknowledges responsibility for the maintenance of products developed in the past. Control of the product is extended from development only to its entire life cycle. This chapter discusses yet another change; that from product control to multiproduct control. Multiproduct control expands its control focus from one product to a family of products. Characteristics of multiproduct control will be discussed in section 5.6 and 5.7. One important characteristic is the emphasis on software reuse. The sections 5.2 to 5.5 discuss various aspects of reuse.

Rates of change are, of course, rates seen in relation to time. Sometimes, progressions of rates or ratios may be plotted against quantities other than time.