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As stated in Sect. 4.9, the axisymmetry of the load for a circular cylindrical shell means that the axial load component \( p_{x} \) and normal load component \( p_{z} \) are uniformly distributed along the circumference, and the circumferential load component \( p_{\uptheta } \) is zero. This chapter deals with the analysis of circular cylindrical shells with edges for \( x = {\text{constant}} \) under axisymmetric loading. We put \( p_{x} \) to zero, so consider only a normal load \( p_{z} \).

In what follows we make a study of the elastic parallelepiped subjected to the action of a normal load; the result thus obtained will be then particularized for the elastic strip and for the elastic layer.

In this chapter, two types of processes are addressed which have little in common, except that they both induce geometrical changes in the fracture where they take place, and in turn, changes in its transport properties.

Two-point contact interaction between the wheel of a railway vehicle and rail takes place in many instances. It is important for the investigation of rail strength and fatigue to determine the contact loading occurring for two-point contact interaction. An approach to prediction of contact loading has been presented, which employs the ellipticization procedure of non-Hertzian contact between wheel and rail for the description of contact in vehicletrack model and reverts to non-Hertzian contact problems to calculate detailed surface stress distributions after interaction forces and creepages have been predicted.

A comparison is made between the frictional properties of single particles and those of gross bodies. It is shown how relatively simple models can be developed to adequately predict the friction of powders against smooth walls when they flow as a plug. The bulk deformation of powders occurs through internal shear planes which are many particle diameters in thickness. The internal coefficient of friction associated with these planes is rather more difficult to model and involves Coulombic interlocking. However, computer simulation has proved a viable technique. This is exemplified for estimating the fracture strength of particulate solids which is greatly influenced by the extent of interparticle friction arising from the stress field in the vicinity of the propagating crack tip.

The sialon and silicon carbide ceramics are noted for their hardness and resistance to wear in certain applications. However, there is little published information concerning the wear behaviour of these materials. We report here the results of a study of wear behaviour and associated wear mechanisms, for one material of each class.