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A major limitation of current humanized mouse models is that they primarily enable the analysis of human-specific pathogens that infect hematopoietic cells. However, most human pathogens target other cell types, including epithelial, endothelial and mesenchymal cells. Here, we show that implantation of human lung tissue, which contains up to 40 cell types, including nonhematopoietic cells, into immunodeficient mice (lung-only mice) resulted in the development of a highly vascularized lung implant. We demonstrate that emerging and clinically relevant human pathogens such as Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, Zika virus, respiratory syncytial virus and cytomegalovirus replicate in vivo in these lung implants. When incorporated into bone marrow/liver/thymus humanized mice, lung implants are repopulated with autologous human hematopoietic cells. We show robust antigen-specific humoral and T-cell responses following cytomegalovirus infection that control virus replication. Lung-only mice and bone marrow/liver/thymus-lung humanized mice substantially increase the number of human pathogens that can be studied in vivo, facilitating the in vivo testing of therapeutics.

During the past twelve years the IGME has made, mostly for the Instituto Nacional de Urbanizacion (National Urbanization Institute), geotechnical maps of 60 industrial and residential areas at the 1∶1,000–1∶5,000 scale for a total of over 20,000 ha. The paper includes the aims of that mapping, its methodology and the lessons learnt from it, as well as its main problems and limitations.

In this communication, the evolution, of geotechnical cartography in Spain is analysed first, with special emphasis on the achievements made at a scale of 1∶25,000, useful in planning studies.