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To obtain a long-term stable operation of the hollow fiber membrane for using in membrane contact absorption of carbon dioxide (CO2), hybrid polyvinylidene fluoride-silica-hexadecyltrimethoxysilane (PVDF-SiO2-HDTMS) membrane were fabricated via the non-solvent induced phase-inversion method. The surface properties, performance characteristics and long-term stable operation performance of the prepared membranes were compared and analyzed. The results show the outer surface of the prepared membranes exhibited superhydrophobicity because of the formation of rough nano-scale microstructures and the low surface free energy. Due to the addition of inorganic nanoparticles, the mechanical strength of PVDF-SiO2-HDTMS membranes were improved. The long-term stable operation experiments were carried out with the inlet gas (CO2/N2 = 19/81, v/v) at a flow rate of 20 mL/min and the absorbent liquid (1 mol/L DEA) at a flow rate of 50 mL/min. And the result showed that the mass transfer flux of PVDF-SiO2-HDTMS membrane decreased from the initial value of 2.39×10-3 mol/m2s to 2.31×10-3 mol/m2s, which was a decrease of 3% after 20 days. The main benefit is the addition of inorganic nanoparticles, which have strong chemical resistance and high hydrophobicity, thereby preventing structural damage and pore wetting of the membrane. PVDF-SiO2-HDTMS membrane exhibits excellent long-term stable operation performance of CO2.

Molecular engineering of dyes has become a popular and most successful approach towards improvement of photovoltaic power conversion efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). We report the geometrical, optical, and electronic properties for para-substituted triphenylamine (TPA)-based dyes with D-π-π-A architecture. Results were realized through density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) methods. We used B3LYP/6–31 + G(d,p) and CAM-B3LYP/6–31 + G(d,p) level of theory for DFT and TD-DFT, respectively. Six electron-donating (ED) and electron-withdrawing (EW) groups were symmetrically grafted to the para-direction of the phenyl rings. Two anchoring groups namely: cyanoacrylic acid (CA) and hydantoin (HY) were used. Excellent relationships between electronic energies and the Hammett constants (σp) have been reported. The results show that variation of both anchoring groups and substituents significantly affect the absorption of the dyes; maximum absorption for CA dyes was found ranging between 514–571 nm and 470–503 nm for ED and EW groups, respectively, while for HY dyes demonstrated maximum absorption between 502–537 nm and 480–496 nm for ED and EW, respectively. A linear correlation between σp and λmax with R2 > 0.97 was obtained. In addition, the mapping of the HOMO and LUMO energies suggests the intramolecular charge transfer and a strong electronic coupling between dye and semiconductor. Our theoretical calculations show that electron-donating substituents enhance the optoelectronic properties of the dyes. Analysis of chemical descriptors suggests that dyes containing alternative anchoring group HY substituted with –NH2 and –N(CH3)2 may demonstrate improved performance of DSSCs.

Conducting polymer PolyAniline (PANI) was implanted with 75 keV Au and 30 keV Ag ions. The projectile ranges were calculated from SRIM analysis prior to implantations; it is found to be 65 nm for Au and 32 nm for Ag. The optical absorption behaviors are remarkably different from the pristine samples due to combined effects of the defects and metal fillers. The choices behind Au and Ag are due to their strong SPR effects as well as their charge conducting property. Cross-sectional FESEM revealed buried layers of Au and Ag clusters. The difference in diffusion natures are observed for two different kinds of elements. XRD characteristics reveal evolving peaks in consequence with implantation doses. The difference in the optical absorption behavior corroborates the difference in the nature of defects created due to different elements in the two types of samples. Temperature depended DC conductivity studies carried out to investigate the charge transport properties of the composite material along with the defects. A comprehensive analysis of all the measurements reveals that the defect states created by Au and Ag implantation have different behavior which is combined effects of ion energy, doses, property of the matrix and types of implanted ions. The diffusion behavior of the defects and the implanted ion species, both seem to be responsible for the difference in the observed properties of the implanted samples. The results of this study indicate that it is possible to tailor the optical and electrical properties of the composite material by the choice of ion species, implantation energy and doses and it is a novel approach to implant noble metals into conducting polymer PANI whose optical properties are depend on the oxidation states. The details of this investigation and the plausible explanation of the observed behavior are presented in this paper.

In this study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized concurrently by use of a green method and pulsed liquid laser fragmentation (PLFL). The AgNP’s, which were generated in an extract solution of Spincia Olercea in order to regulate their size, were focused on the laser wavelength of 532 nm. The influence on the characteristics of manufactured NPs of liquid medium concentration and irradiation time were investigated. While the pattern of X-ray diffraction (XRD) verified AgNPs, the UV–VIS spectrophotometry indicated a large absorption peak at about 406 &458 nm attributable to the typical plasm surface resonance (SPR) peak of the AgNPs acquired. The SPR peak changed to a shorter wavelength by increasing the irradiation period and the concentration of spincia olercea extract. This movement shows the size of the NPs being reduced. The influence from transmission electron microscopy images of PLFL was clearly demonstrated on size reduction. The PLFL method decreased the size of the AgNPs produced to less than 10 nm, depending on the experimental conditions. Bacterial growth was also efficiently inhibited by AgNPs. When combined with a chemical reduction procedure, the PLFL approach has shown to be an effective tool for checking the volumes of NPs.

Herein, the chelated precursor solution (Mg/BzAc) was synthesized using magnesium acetate as raw material and benzoylacetone as chemical modifier. The prepared solution was coated on (00 l)-oriented LaAlO3 (LAO) single crystal substrate to fabricate the MgO/BzAc gel films. First, ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy was employed to analyze the ultraviolet photosensitivity of the MgO/BzAc gel films and the characteristic absorption peak corresponding to π-π* transition in Mg/BzAc chelate rings was detected at the wavelength of 329 nm. It is found that the intensity of this peak decreased gradually with increase in UV irradiation time, which indicates that the MgO/BzAc gel films exhibit good ultraviolet photosensitive properties. Then, MgO crystalline films with biaxial texture were prepared by heat-treating MgO/BzAc gel films at 850 °C in air for 60 min. Finally, micro-patterned MgO films with biaxial textures were prepared on the LAO substrate using photosensitive sol-gel lithography in combination with the above heat-treatment process.

The synthesis of chromeno[d]pyrimidine-2,5-dione/thione derivatives has been described by the reaction of aryl aldehydes, urea/thiourea, and 4-hydroxycoumarin using Fe3O4@SiO2@(BuSO3H)3 as catalyst under microwave irradiation (MWI) in H2O. The sensing application of 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-3,4-dihydro-1H-chromeno[4,3-d]pyrimidine-2,5-dione 4b was examined upon addition of different cations by UV–Vis spectroscopy and exhibited excellent sensitivity towards Hg2+ ions by increasing the absorption. The UV–visible absorption spectral data showed good linearity between the UV–Vis absorption of chemosensor 4b and the concentration of Hg2+ with a detection limit of 3.76 × 10–7 M. Furthermore, the chemosensor 4b exhibited an obvious color change from white to light pink in the presence of Hg2+ in EtOH solution.

Three novel pyrimidine azo dyes having hetereoaromatic diazo component were prepared through a diazo coupling reaction between 4,6-dihydroxy-2-methypyrimidine and diazotised 2-amino-thiazole and 2-amino-(6-subtituted)benzothiazole(s). Their chemical structures were confirmed by using FT-IR, proton and carbon NMR spectroscopy, liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, and elemental microanalysis techniques. FT-IR spectra of these dyes in solid state show that they exist in hydrazon tautomeric forms. 1H NMR spectral data in dimethyl sulfoxide indicates that they are predominantly consistent with the hydrazon tautomeric form. The effects of solvent, acid–base, and temperature on the absorption spectra of the dyes were investigated. In the UV–Vis absorption spectra of the dyes in different solvents, there are no linear changing in maximum absorption wavelength values as depending on solvent polarity. The dyes show positive solvatochromism in chloroform and glacial acetic acid (AA) and also one shows more bathochromic shift. UV–Vis absorption spectra recorded at approximately 50 °C of the dyes have no significant change. To detail the properties of the absorption and reveal possible differences on the chemical structure, the data of the dyes were compared with those given for some dyes in the literature. UV–Vis absorption spectra of all dyes in methanol + HCl show that λmax values of literature dyes have more hypsochromic shifts on contrary to those of methanol + NaOH and dyes reported here have less bathochromic shift. The results show that these dyes may be suitable for applications in the textile industry.

Metal nanoparticles of multi-principal element alloys (MPEA) with a single crystalline phase have been synthesized by flash heating/cooling of nanosized metals encapsulated in micelle vesicles dispersed in an oil phase (e.g., cyclohexane). Flash heating is realized by selective absorption of a microwave pulse in metals to rapidly heat metals into uniform melts. The oil phase barely absorbs microwave and maintains the low temperature, which can rapidly quench the high-temperature metal melts to enable the flash cooling process. The precursor ions of four metals, including Au, Pt, Pd, and Cu, can be simultaneously reduced by hydrazine in the aqueous solution encapsulated in the micelle vesicles. The resulting metals efficiently absorb microwave energy to locally reach a temperature high enough to melt themselves into a uniform mixture. The duration of microwave pulse is crucial to ensure the reduced metals mix uniformly, while the temperature of oil phase is still low to rapidly quench the metals and freeze the single-phase crystalline lattices in alloy nanoparticles. The microwave-enabled flash heating/cooling provides a new method to synthesize single-phase MPEA nanoparticles of many metal combinations when the appropriate water-in-oil micelle systems and the appropriate reduction reactions of metal precursors are available.

In this study, gold nanoparticles (CF-AuNPs) were efficiently prepared from aqueous extracts of ripened Capuli (Prunus serotina Ehrh. var. Capuli) fruit by reduction of Au3+ and characterized by a variety of instrumental analyses. A noticeable change in color to ruby red/purple was observed during the formation and stabilization of CF-AuNPs. The UV–Vis spectroscopy has proven the characteristic absorption peaks λmax 544 nm and 934 nm of CF-AuNPs. The biosynthesized CF-AuNPs were spherical and triangular shape confirmed through TEM analysis. The average size of the different CF-AuNPs observed during the DLS and TEM analysis ranged from 30 to 400 nm. The partial crystallinity of CF-AuNPs and their surface binded with phytochemicals is evident from the XRD patterns. Furthermore, synthesized CF-AuNPs have also been applied for antioxidant and photocatalytic applications. This work covers the fundamental principals of green chemistry and joins hands for environmental protection through nanoscience.

The ligation behavior of the chalcone ligand namely (E)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) acrylic acid (ferulic acid) (FA) toward the Cu(II) and Zn(II) ions was determined. The structure of the isolated solid complexes was elucidated by elemental analyses, spectral techniques (IR, UV–Vis, 13C– and 1H-NMR spectra) as well as the conductance measurements and thermal analyses. UV–Vis spectra and magnetic moments had suggested square planar and tetrahedral stereochemistry for Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes, respectively. The kinetic and thermodynamic parameters for some selected decomposition steps have been calculated. Two precise and sensitive spectrophotometric methods were utilized to determine Zn(II) and Cu(II) complexes with ferulic acid using a micellar media of cetylpyridinium bromide (CPB) and sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) with an absorption maxima of 430 and 465 nm for Zn(II) and Cu(II), respectively. Various analytical conditions, for example, the concentration of the reagent, temperature, the sequence and timing of addition were also looked into. Under optimum conditions, the complexes exhibited good linearity in concentration range of 2.0–70.0 and 4.0–140.0 µg mL−1; molar absorptivities 1.3161 × 104 and 8.826 × 103 L mol−1 cm−1; and Sandell’s sensitivity 0.00496 and 0.00719 µg cm−2 for the proposed methods of Zn(II) and Cu(II), respectively. The complexes ratio was found to be 1:2 [Zn(II):FA or Cu(II):FA] and the stability constants were 2.771 × 105 and 2.826 × 105, respectively. Finally, the newly synthesized complexes were shown potent antimicrobial activity.

Conventional pesticides are biosynthetic chemicals that are effectively used for the control of weeds, diseases, and pests worldwide. Among them, glyphosate, one of the most commonly used broad-spectrum herbicides, might cause a series of environmental problems and pose a toxicological risk to aquatic organisms; even though many developed countries currently prohibit its use, it is still commercialized and used in some countries. Alternatively, melamine resins have been used as adsorbents for many substances due to their chemical and physical properties. Hence, this study focuses on determining the capacity of melamine resin derivatives to serve as adsorbents of glyphosate. Melamine resin was synthesized using a condensation reaction between melamine and glyoxal. The reaction product was fully characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, thermogravimetry analysis and molecular dynamics simulations. The ability to remove glyphosate from water was tested, and the adsorption efficiency was evaluated. Furthermore, the kinetics and equilibrium of the adsorption process on the resin were studied with Langmuir isotherms. The maximum adsorption of glyphosate by the synthesized resin was 62.1 mg g−1, which is comparable to that by activated carbon.

A simple sensor was developed for the colorimetric determination of captopril (CPT). Herein, hierarchical hollow MnO2 microspheres (HH-MnO2) were applied as nanozymes with peroxidase-mimetic activity. Free cation radicals with a strong absorption signal (λmax at 653 nm) were generated via a redox reaction between 3, 3′, 5, 5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) and HH-MnO2. Captopril could successfully prevent the generation of blue-colored free cation radicals. The influence of CPT concentration on the absorption of the generated radicals was monitored by UV-Vis spectroscopy. The corresponding linear concentration range was from 1.0 to 30.0 μg mL−1 (4.6–138.1 μmol L−1), and the detection limit was found to be 0.26 μg mL−1 (1.2 μmol L−1). As a practical usage, the developed sensor was effectively utilized to measure the content of CPT in pharmaceutical formulations.

Anomalous x-ray scattering (AXS) and extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) were used to determine the local structure of Mo in CrFeCoNiMox (x = 0.11, 0.18, and 0.23), a high-entropy alloy with a face-centered cubic (FCC) lattice. No superlattice peaks were observed down to the 10–4 intensity level. This observation along with the nearly constant decrease of the FCC diffraction peaks above the Mo K absorption edge suggests that Mo atoms have no preferred site occupancy in the FCC lattice. Modeling of the EXAFS data suggests a local chemical order in CrFeCoNiMox, where in Mo-rich samples (e.g., x = 0.23), Mo atoms are preferably surrounded by lighter atoms, such as Cr.

Disiloxane-linked decathiophene and dodecathiophene polymers were prepared and their optical properties were examined. Compared with the monosilane-linked congeners reported previously, these polymers showed slightly redshifted absorption and PL bands in solution. Interestingly, the PL bands were redshifted when the spectra were measured in film, and the redshifts became pronounced as the silicon linkers were elongated from monosilane to disiloxane. This is likely due to the enhanced aggregation of the oligothiophene units, reflecting the improved flexibility of the silicon linkers.

Developing highly efficient oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalyst for the acidic corrosive operating conditions is a challenging task. Herein, we report the synthesis of uniform RuO2 clusters with ∼ 2 nm in size via electrochemical leaching of Sr from SrRuO3 ceramic in acid. The RuO2 clusters exhibit ultrahigh OER activity with overpotential of ∼ 160 mV at 10 mA·cmgeo−2 in 1.0 M HClO4 solution for 30-h testing. The extended X-ray absorption fine structure measurement reveals enlarged Jahn-Teller distortion of RuO octahedra in the RuO2 clusters compared to its bulk counterpart. Density function theory calculations show that the enhanced Jahn-Teller distortion can improve the intrinsic OER activity of RuO2.

The formation pathway of aqueous-phase colloidal semiconductor magic-size clusters (MSCs) remains unrevealed. In the present work, we demonstrate, for the first time, a precursor compound (PC)-enabled formation pathway of aqueous-phase CdSe MSCs exhibiting a sharp absorption peaking at about 420 nm (MSC-420). The CdSe MSC-420 is synthesized with CdCl2 and selenourea as the respective Cd and Se sources, and with 3-mercaptopropionic acid or L-cysteine as a ligand. Absorption featureless CdSe PCs form first in the aqueous reaction batches, which transform to MSC-420 in the presence of primary amines. The coordination between primary amine and Cd2+ on PCs may be responsible to the PC-to-MSC transformation. Upon increasing the reactant concentrations or decreasing the CdCl2-ligand feed molar ratios, the Cd precursor self-assembles into large aggregates, which may encapsulate the resulting CdSe PCs and inhibit their transformation to MSC-420. The present study sheds essential light on the syntheses and formation mechanisms of nanocrystals.

Dipyrrolydiketones BF2 complex was synthesized and characterized by NMR, HRMS, and single crystal diffraction. In non-polar environment, this BF2 containing dye emitted bright blue-green fluorescence. No significant spectra shift was observed both in absorption and emission spectra, which indicates the insensitivity of absorption/emission toward environment. The alkyl substituted pyrrole rings lead to its highly emission character in solid state by enhancing the distance between dye molecules. Absolute quantum yields were determined to be 0.51-0.78/0.36 in selected organic medium and solid state, respectively. The emission dynamics was investigated by fluorescence lifetime and both monoexponential and bi-exponential decay was observed.

The luminescent properties of Pr3+ ion-doped t-type LaVO4 phosphor synthesized by the hydrothermal method were investigated. The XRD results shows that the optimum conditions for preparing t-type LaVO4 are 180 oC, 16 h. These particles are homogeneous distribution with uniform particle sizes for various Pr3+ ion concentrations, but the particle sizes seem to be increased with increasing Pr3+ ion contents. For Pr3+ ion-doped m-type and t-type LaVO4 phosphor, the absorption and excitation behavior are almost the same, but there is an obviously difference for emission behavior. The main emission peak is from the 1D2→3H4 transition for Pr3+ ion-doped t-type LaVO4 phosphor. The Commission International de I’Edairage chromaticity coordinates shifted from blue region to white region, and then shift to light-blue region. A single white light emitting phosphor can be obtained if the Pr3+ ion concentration is appropriate.

Cyclodextrins (CDs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are emerging absorbent materials for the removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In this study, we have used combination of modified CDs and levulinic acid to form four DESs analogs, referred to as supramolecular low-melting mixtures (LMMs), to study their absorption characteristics towards five VOCs, namely acetaldehyde, butanone, dichloromethane, thiophene, and toluene. The supramolecular LMMs showed up to 250-fold reduction in the vapor-liquid partition coefficients compared to water. The overall absorption capacity found to be synergistic and seemed to be dictated by the hydrophobicity of the VOCs. Toluene and dichloromethane were absorbed at 99 and 95% by the supramolecular LMMs, respectively, even at higher concentrations, with a linear relationship between the concentration and absorption capacity. The LMMs also retained their absorption capacities even after five absorption/desorption cycles.

The management of radioactive carbon (C-14) from spent nuclear fuel (SNF) in a voloxidation process is vital to prevent radioactive contamination of the environment. Thus, a double alkali method was applied to absorb the gaseous phase of C-14 (CO2) and to immobilize radioactive carbon into a stable structure. Based on the two-film theory, mass transfer and enhancement factor were evaluated for CO2 absorption in NaOH solution with regards to the effects of operating conditions such as the solution concentration, CO2 partial pressure, and gas flow rate on the absorbing performance. The absorption tests were carried out targeting the successful capture of CO2 released from SNF with a high decontamination factors (DF) more than 103. Causticization with Ca(OH)2 leads to the immobilization of absorbed carbon into a scalenohedral calcite (CaCO3) crystal, and its stable and nonporous characteristics suggested that calcite is a suitable structure for preparing waste forms stored in a geological repository.

The applicability of stationary liquid phases for gas–liquid chromatography was evaluated. The scale for quantitative one-parameter estimation of their polarity was chosen. Absorption and luminescence spectra of the five indicators coumarin 153, coumarin 314, coronene, 4-dicyanomethylene-2-methyl-6-[4-(dimethylamino)styryl]-4H-pyran (DCM), and 3-aminophthalimide in solvents of different polarity were obtained at room temperature. The dependence of the fluorescence and absorption maxima wavelengths on the medium polarity was evaluated. Various spectroscopic polarity scales were compared to show that the coronene fluorescence scale was most appropriate. This scale was used to assess the polarity of some widespread phases (squalane, polydimethylsiloxane PMS-100, 3,3′-oxydipropionitrile, 2-ethylhexylsebacate, etc.) for gas-liquid chromatography. This approach was shown to be promising for preliminary selection of chromatographic stationary phases.

PURPOSE: Metal contamination in water is a worldwide persistent problem. We developed a nano-adsorbent, TEPA-MIL-101(Cr) that exhibits effective removal of heavy metals from real water samples. METHODS: MIL-101(Cr) was synthesized under solvo-thermal condition. Then MIL-101(Cr) was dehydrated and degassed at high temperature under vacuum to generate the coordinately unsaturated sites which are used for tetraethylene pentamine (TEPA) grafting. The structures, morphologies, and compositions of the sorbents have been characterized. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were applied for describing the adsorption process onto TEPA-MIL-101(Cr). RESULTS: The successful grafting of TEPA on MIL-101(Cr) was verified by Fourier transform infrared. The results of X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and CHN analysis show that the structure of TEPA-MIL-101(Cr) retains the original structure of MIL-101(Cr). Thermogravimetric analysis indicates thermo-stability of the adsorbent up to 300 °C. Optimal conditions for adsorption were determined as pH = 6.5 and contact time = 1 h. The adsorption capacities of TEPA-MIL-101(Cr) for Pb(II), Cu(II), Cd(II), and Co(II) from aqueous samples were 227.5, 217.7, 221.4, and 215.6 mg/g respectively, which is on average more than 8 times that of MIL-101(Cr). Analysis of Langmuir and Freundlich models for describing the adsorption isotherms of TEPA-MIL-101(Cr) reveals that the metal ions were absorbed onto TEPA-MIL-101(Cr) by a favorable physical absorption process. CONCLUSIONS: TEPA-MIL-101(Cr) was synthesized successfully by a simple, and cost-effective method. The removal efficiency of TEPA-MIL-101(Cr) for the metal ions achieved more than 95 % in real water samples, which in addition to its thermal stability character make it a promising candidate for water treatment purposes.

Sensitive and selective detection of antibiotic residues is an important issue for human health, environment, and public safety. In this work, the spectral-luminescent properties of the sulgin and methylene blue complex in water are studied. Methods of electronic absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy are used to assess the properties of the molecules that enter into specific, van der Waals, hydrophobic, and electrostatic interactions between sulgin and methylene blue. It is shown that the sulgin and methylene blue interaction constant is equal to 2.5·103 M–1.

Current problems involving the use of flax product waste for obtaining products utilized for the production of cosmetics with sunscreen and antioxidant properties were examined. Ethanol lignin was obtained from flax shives as well as from raw materials subjected to alkaline pulping or biochemical modification. The bioprocessing included a stage of enzymatic degradation of the noncellulose polysaccharides to give aldoses and a stage of isothermal aging at 95°C. Chemical transformations in the polymer were studied by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) with resolution of the spectral curve into elementary vibrational bands of the main atomic groups. The spectra were analyzed using the C–C-stretching vibrational band of the aromatic ring at 1510 cm–1 as the internal standard. The enhanced absorption of the hydroxyaryl groups in the spectra of hydrolyzed lignin corresponds to the increase in intensity of the C=C-bond stretching and deformation vibrational bands. The increase in the auxochromic effect of the double bonds adjacent to the aromatic ring is seen in the increase in the absorption in the near-ultraviolet and visible light ranges. The biochemical preparation of the raw material led to disappearance of the IR bands for the double bonds in the carbonyl and alkene groups accompanied by a 1.5–2-fold enhancement of the absorption of alkyl hydroxyl groups and a 3–4-fold enhancement of the absorption of the hydroxyl group in the hydroxyaryl units. These results are consistent with the analytical data obtained upon biomodified preparation by the differential UV spectroscopic method and indicate greater photostabilizing capacity of lignin combined with absolute transparency in the visible range.

The process of making single-layer graphene is encumbered by price and includes hazardous chemicals. The graphite layers, which are weakly bonded by van der Waals force, can be Segregated or exfoliated into less than three layers via mechanical or chemical exfoliation. The electrochemical exfoliation of graphite is eco-friendly, affordable, and straightforward. Various types of electrolytes can be used to perform this process, but here we have taken 1 molar ammonium sulfate solution in deionized water which incorporates a trace of sulfur into the graphene layers as well. This sulfur-doped material forms a composite type structure (EG/sulfur) where the amount of sulfur can be increased via further processing and the sulfur absorption makes this exfoliated graphite different from the chemically exfoliated graphite. We have performed an electrochemical exfoliation of graphite in ammonium sulfate solution in different voltage conditions and 12 V was found to be an ideal voltage during the exfoliation and to produce two- to three-layer graphene.

This study investigates the effects of organic acid on the simultaneous absorption of SO2 and NO2 in the packed column. Organic acids, i.e., formic acid, acetic acid, and propionic acid, were used as additives. In the case of the absence of additives, when SO2 and NO2 were simultaneously absorbed into the limestone slurry, both SO2 and NO2 contributed to increasing the mutual absorption efficiency. In the simultaneous absorption of SO2 and NO2 with addition of additives, the SO2 removal efficiency appeared in the order of formic acid

During copper smelting using a flash furnace, the solid magnetite (Fe3O4) phase that stagnates at the slag/matte interface inhibits the absorption of the suspended matte in the slag into the matte, resulting in copper loss. However, the phenomena that occur at the magnetite/matte interface are complex, and the effect of gas formation at the interface on the removal of magnetite has not been studied. In this study, we elucidated the effect of gas formation on the dissolution of the magnetite phase into the matte by directly observing the high-temperature reaction interface through the magnetite thin film. In contrast to the rapid dissolution of magnetite into FeS in the absence of gas formation, magnetite dissolution was strongly inhibited at the Cu2S/magnetite interface by the generation, agglomeration, and accumulation of SO2 gas bubbles. A quantitative analysis of the dissolution rate of the magnetite phase into Cu2S indicated that the mass transfer rate of Fe in the matte is extremely low. We also discuss the contribution of the generated SO2 gas to the inhibition of the interfacial reaction.

In this work, a new material containing chitosan(CS)-hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HP) composite was synthesized with polyphosphoric acid as the cross-linking agent for the effective removal of uranium(VI) from aqueous solution. The prepared material was characterized by FTIR, EDS, SEM, BET and XPS. According to batch experiments, its adsorption equilibrium (Qe = 398.8 mg g−1) was reached within 50 min at pH 6.0. The adsorption process could be well fitted to the pseudo-second-order model and the Langmuir model. The thermodynamic analysis indicated that the adsorption was an exothermic and spontaneous process. Furthermore, the CS-HP has superior absorption reusability. This study proved that CS-HP could be considered as the highly efficient and sustainable material for removal of uranium(VI) from aqueous solution.

This study investigates the effect of organic solvents and colloidal nanostructure generated through micelles and reverse micelles on the linear and nonlinear properties of epsilon blue dye. The colloidal nanostructure was prepared by cationic, anionic, and non-ionic surfactants and nanodroplets of water confined in oil, and their effect on epsilon blue was studied. The results showed that the quantities of nonlinear absorption and nonlinear refractive index of epsilon blue only changed by an increase in the concentration of non-ionic surfactant. The results revealed that an increase in the size of nanodroplets of water confined in oil leads to an increase in the nonlinear quantities of the dye, which can be the effect of light scattering on the size increase of the droplets.

Metal oxide nanoparticles attract huge attention nowadays. In the current study, zirconium nanoparticles were prepared and impregnated on cotton gauze fabrics by the reduction of zirconium oxychloride. The synthesized zirconium nanoparticles (ZrNPs) were analyzed using UV–Vis absorption, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results revealed that the ZrNPs were spherical in shape and crystalline in nature and ranged in size from 10 to 80 nm. Cotton gauze fabrics containing ZrNPs were studied for antimicrobial properties. ZrNPs were uniformly distributed and a high deposition density was observed on the surface of the cotton. Cotton fabrics loaded with the synthesized ZrNPs showed remarkable antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Therefore, the current work may aid to further investigate the zirconium nanoparticles synthesized using Piper betel for their potential applications in wound dressings.

As important parts of microbe–mineral associations, microalgae–montmorillonite composites are common in nature environment, which have been overlooked for a long time. In this study, the binding of Cd(II) in the montmorillonite, microalgae and their 1:5, 1:10 mass ratio composites interface were investigated. The results showed that maximum adsorption capacity of 1:5 and 1:10 mass ratio binary composites were 65.25 mg g−1 and 55.49 mg g−1, respectively, which both higher the theoretically calculated capacity from single montmorillonite and microalgae at pH 5.5. Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses indicated that phosphoryl and carboxyl functional groups on the algal cellular surface played major roles in both microalgae–montmorillonite composite formation and Cd(II) adsorption. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) further probed that higher sorption on composites were attributed to Cd(II) bridging between microalgae and montmorillonite, in which monodentate phosphoryl-Cd and carboxyl-Cd complexes on microalgae side, leading Cd(II) to a more stabilized state. In addition, the montmorillonite promoted dispersion of microalgae, releasing more carboxyl and phosphoryl functional groups as Cd(II) binding sites on the microalgae surface. These findings highlight the function of microalgae in the microalgae–clay mineral associations for Cd(II) fixation and provide further insight into the sequestration and migration of toxic metals in natural environments.

Three different ionic liquids based on 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium were prepared and used to synthesize Ag/AgX (X = Cl, Br, & F) nanoparticles-decorated reduced graphene oxide (rGO). The formation of the Ag/AgX-rGO composites were confirmed from the powder XRD patterns of the samples and the absorption peaks at 220 nm, 280 nm, and 352 nm in UV–visible spectroscopy. The functional groups in rGO and decoration of Ag/AgX on rGO sheets were established by the peaks in FT-IR at 1192 cm−1, 1270 cm−1, and 1569 cm−1. The ID/IG ratios in micro-Raman analysis, and FE-SEM images witness the above observation. The endothermic peak at 956 °C in DSC analysis indicates the presence of silver in the samples. The natural visible light photocatalytic properties of these materials were studied with the degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye. The samples with Ag/AgX structures have better photocatalytic properties than AgX and rGO. This is due to the increased utilization of sunlight by the plasmonic Ag in the Ag/AgX-rGO samples and the fast charge separation by rGO. The samples GIA1 and GIA3 are showing better dye degradation efficiency, these samples degrade 97% and 97.5% of MB dye, respectively. The formation of AgX was dependent on the type of ionic liquids used in the synthesis which is highly reflected in the photocatalytic behavior.

The aim of the study is biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using phycocyanin of Oscillatoria pseudogeminata which was isolated from freshwater pond in Karaikudi district, Tamil Nadu and mass cultivation for phycocyanin extraction and was quantified by UV visible spectrum. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized by UV–Vis spectroscopy, FT–IR, XRD, SEM, and zeta potential. UV–Vis spectrum revealed a characteristic surface plasmon resonance peak at 445 nm, which corresponds to the absorption band of AgNPs. A shift in the absorption bands in FT–IR after the formation of AgNPs was confirmed. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the AgNPs were crystalline in nature. Zeta potential of AgNPs showed − 19.5 mV. The synthesized AgNPs have shown a antibacterial activity against bacterial pathogens of S. aureus and P. aeroginosa. Moreover, the synthesized AgNPs have a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 750 µg/mL against S. aureus. This study elaborated the process of biosynthesized AgNPs formation via the green chemistry approach for further application.

Potassium borate was hydrothermally synthesized from various boron minerals (H3BO3, B2O3, Na2B4O7·5H2O and Na2B4O7·10H2O) at reaction conditions of 60–90 °C and 15–120 min. The synthesized potassium borate was identified as “santite (KB5O8·4H2O)” from the X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses results. The specific band values between B and O atoms were characterized by Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectroscopies. Multiangular particles were generally observed in the range of 3.41 μm–234.94 nm. The use of different boron sources affected the morphology. Higher reaction yields were determined in the use of boric acid (H3BO3). Optical absorption of potassium borate minerals was approximately 340 nm. AC and DC electrical properties of materials were determined by using current–voltage and capacitance voltage characteristics. Electrical resistivity values of DC were found in the range of 4.17 × 108–4.07 × 1010 Ω cm, whereas dielectric constants of AC were between 2 × 105 and 2 × 106.

In the present study, Co1-xNixCr2O4 spinel nanopigment was synthesized by the polyacrylamide gel method. The effects of nickel substitution on morphology, crystal structure, and optical properties were investigated. The powders were characterized using X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscope, differential thermal analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. XRD patterns showed characteristic peaks of the spinel structure corresponding to the cobalt chromate phase. The ultraviolet-visible spectrum showed two absorption bands at 613 and 656 nm related to the charge transfer of spin ion Co2+ at the tetrahedral position and a change in the absorption spectrum with the increasing nickel content. Besides, TEM results revealed an average particle size of 22 nm for the Co0.6Ni0.4Cr2O4 sample. CIE-Lab was used to evaluate the color characteristics of the pigments. In this evaluation, L* depicts lightness. The a* and b* parameters are the four colors of human vision include red, green, blue, and yellow. Colorimetric results indicated with the substitution of nickel in the structure of cobalt chromate, its brightness (L*) increased, a* became more negative (more green) and b* tended to be more positive (more yellow).

In this study, the magnetic based nanoparticle (NP) of Fe2O3@glutamine (C5H10N2O3) was synthesized to improve the Fe2O3 properties in absorbing carbon dioxide (CO2) using the base fluid of hydrous N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) solution (50wt.%), as a physically powerful CO2 absorbent. To do this, several nano-NMP solutions, in different weight percentages of NPs were first prepared. Then, in a batch setup, the nano-NMP solutions were directly exposed to CO2 gaseous (at the pressures of 20, 30, and 40 bar) to clarify the effects of the mass percentage of NPs and initial pressure on CO2 absorption. Results clearly illustrated that Fe2O3 nanofluid was not stable more than 0.025 wt.%. However, Fe2O3@glutamine nanofluid was stable approximately two times more than Fe2O3 nanofluid due to the presence of glutamine as a hydrophilic agent in the structure of Fe2O3@glutamine. Moreover, in comparison to the base fluid (NMP solution), although Fe2O3 increased CO2 absorption up to 9.14%, Fe2O3@glutamine NPs caused the CO2 absorption to increase up to 19.41%, which can be determined as the chemical reactions of two amino groups in the glutamine structure with CO2 and also higher Stability of Fe2O3@glutamine NPs compared to bare Fe2O3 NPs.

Water resources polluted with nitrate are a significant environmental problem around the world that provide a serious threat to human health. In addition, the phenomenon of Eutrophication is improved by large amounts of nitrate in water sources. Consequently, it has been extremely significant to remove and reduce it in wastewater and water resources to less than the determined standard. Currently, it is possible to apply various physical and chemical methods to eliminate nitrate from various municipal, industrial, and agricultural wastewaters. We compared the methods of removing the nitrate from water in this research and ultimately, discussed the surface absorption method as a method with high adsorption efficiency using low-cost adsorbents of plant wastes. We also generally examined parameters that are effective on the production of the best adsorbent in terms of adsorption power. Furthermore, we have examined the influences of variables such as pH, contact time, microwave power, and initial adsorbent concentration as effective parameters on the action and reaction between the adsorbent and the pollutant on nitrate absorption.

To understand the thermal conductivity improvement of the paraffin and graphite composite PCMs in micro-scale, the conformation characteristics of molecules with rising temperature was studied by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. And then the structure and dynamics characteristics of the paraffin PCM, including the structural evolution, the self-diffusion coefficient, phase change properties and thermal conductivity, were analyzed. The results indicate that the distribution of the n-octadecane molecules is more regular in the region near the graphite layers, although the temperature is higher than the phase transition point, which means that the graphite layer has a significant absorption influence on the conformation of alkane molecules. Then, the self-diffusion coefficient of n-octadecane molecules increases with the increasing of temperature, which shows great agreement with the literature. Meanwhile, the self-diffusion coefficient of n-octadecane molecules staying far away from the graphite layers is larger than that of the molecules in the region near the graphite layer. In addition, the radial distribution function (RDF) was used to analyze the molecular interaction of the system at different temperatures. The sudden increase of R (ratio of the first peak value to the first valley value of the RDF) within the temperature range from 293 K to 313 K corresponds to the phase transition point, indicating that the solid-liquid phase transition occurs at the temperature range. Besides, the results indicate that the thermal conductivity of amorphous n-octadecane is about 2.5 times lower than that of the crystal n-octadecane with perfect structure. This investigation provides theoretical guidance for the study of the micro-mechanism of n-octadecane doped with graphite composite phase change materials.

The present study was investigated to synthesis the iron nanoparticles (FeNPs) using the leaf extract of Phyllanthus reticulatus. The phytosynthesized FeNPs exhibited UV–visible absorption peaks at 229 nm and its crystalline nature was confirmed through XRD. FT-IR analysis revealed the presence of various functional groups which are responsible for the bioreduction of FeNPs. The SEM results showed that FeNPs were aggregated, irregular sphere shaped with rough surfaces and EDX spectrum recorded densely occupied iron nanoparticles region. The particle size range of the synthesized iron nanoparticles was 185.6 nm. The FeNPs showed potential methylene blue decolourisation activity which was visually observed by gradual colour change in the dye solution from deep blue to colorless. The control exhibited no change in coloration during exposure to sunlight and the iron nanoparticles completely disintegrated the methylene blue within 10 s in 10 mg/L methylene blue (98%), whereas the color change was decreased when the concentration of the dye increased. In addition, the phyto-synthesized FeNPs exhibited extensive antibacterial and antifungal activity against the selected pathogens. Phytotoxicity assay confirms the potential of biosynthesized iron nanoparticles as a fertilizer for the growth of green gram seeds. Thus the present study leads to development of cost-effective green synthesis, reduction of toxic chemicals and its extensive applications in the biological sciences.

Heterocyclic azo dyes are an important class of azo dyes well known due to their widespread applications as colorants and functional materials as well. In the present investigation, synthesis of a new series of heterocyclic azo dyes (6a-i) based on pyrazole core is portrayed. The synthetic strategy involves the diazotization of 4-aminoacetanilide (1) followed by coupling with different active methylene compounds in alkaline medium to afford intermediates (4a-d). The latter, on condensation, with separately synthesized substituted hydrazines (5a-d) afforded the target dyes (6a-i). The structures of newly synthesized dyes were established by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. UV-Visible absorption study of synthesized dyes was conducted and λmax was found in the range of 388–401 nm. Furthermore, these dyes were applied on leather as a topcoat and found to exhibit moderate to high values of the application parameters such as light fastness, wash fastness, and rubbing fastness.

Calcium (Ca) and lanthanum (La) doping into mesoporous TiO2 prevents nucleation and growth of particles during synthesis and calcination at high temperature, resulting in smaller particle sizes and a decrease in the band gap of TiO2. These collectively have a positive affect on the efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) when employed as the anode. When designing an effective DSSC anode, the efficiency of dye adsorption must also be considered. This work investigates the adsorption properties of N719 dye onto La and Ca doped mesoporous TiO2 anodes for DSSCs. Near edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (NEXAFS) identified the presence of La and Ca dopants in the TiO2 nanoparticles. Performance of DSSCs with Ca and La doped mesoporous TiO2 anodes demonstrated that doping of TiO2 enhances the overall efficiency of the devices. Both doped TiO2 nanoparticles showed higher dye adsorption concentration than that of pure TiO2, as shown in Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) characterization. By employing Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, dye adsorption behaviour was modelled. Pure and Ca doped TiO2 demonstrated good correlation to both isotherms, whereas La doped TiO2 only showed good correlation with Langmuir isotherm. Irrespective of its single layer adsorption kinetics, 0.1 mol.% La doped TiO2 has shown the highest dye adsorption and efficiency due to increase in surface area and oxygen vacancies induced by La doping.

This study aimed to investigate CO2 absorption using chemical solvent of amine H2O-TEA-CO2 in presence of activated carbon (AC) particles. The studied experimental range includes the temperature in range of 293–333 K, pressure in range of 3.5–9.5 bar, the concentration of solvents in range of 2.5–8.5 wt%, and amount of activated carbon in range of 0.3–0.9 kg/m3. The central composite design (CCD) with four parameters of temperature, pressure, amine concentration, and active carbon was applied in 5 levels. The physical solubility CO2 in amine solutions decreases with the increasing temperature that indicates the process is exothermic. The optimal values of temperature, pressure, concentration, and active carbon are 303.0 K, 8.00 bar, 7.00 M, 0.75 g, respectively, and 25.99% for the input variables and desirability index of 0.732. The CO2 loading, absorption capacity, and absorption percentage are obtained in the range of 0.572–1.180 molCO2/molTEA, 0.208–0.506 wt%, and 12.73–32.61% in Triethanolamine (TEA) solutions in activated carbon, respectively. All dependent variables had a p value of less than 0.05, indicating that models were significant and substantial. The result showed that the addition of solid particles to chemical solvents effectively enhances CO2 absorption.

Polyimide/silica dust composites (PI/SD) were prepared with different SD NPs content (0,2,4,6 and 8) wt.% by using in situ polymerization and solution mixing methods. The prepared PI/SD was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The FT-IR results showed that the characteristic absorption bands of C = O stretching of the imide group are clearly visible near 1740 cm−1. The strongest characteristic vibration bands of Si–O–Si hydrolyzed from silica were also observed in the range (689–1156) cm−1. The TGA results indicated that the thermal stability of prepared PI/SD was increased with an increase in SD content, this effect is clearly seen in the samples prepared by in situ polymerization method, and the glass transition temperature of the PI/SD NPs composites was in the range of (276–334) °C, i.e., higher than the pure PI 221 °C. The thermal conductivity and hardness for PI/8 wt.% SD composites prepared by in situ polymerization were increased from (0.5 to 1.025) W/m.K and from (100 to 412) MPa when compared with pure PI.

Superatoms are considered as promising building blocks for customizing superatomic molecules and cluster-assembly nanomaterials due to their tunable electronic structures and functionalities. Electron counting rules, which mainly adjust the shell-filling of clusters, are classical strategies in designing superatoms. Here, by employing the density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we proved that the 1,4-phenylene diisocyanide (CNC6H4NC) ligand could dramatically reduce the adiabatic ionization potentials (AIPs) of the aluminum-based clusters, which have 39, 40, and 41 valence electrons, respectively, to give rise to superalkali species without changing their shell-filling. Moreover, the rigid structure of the ligand can be used as a bridge firmly linking the same or different aluminum-based clusters to form superatomic molecules and nanowires. In particular, the bridging process was observed to enhance their nonlinear optical (NLO) responses, which can be further promoted by the oriented external electric field (OEEF). Also, the stable cluster-assembly XAl12(CNC6H4NC) (X = Al, C, and P) nanowires were constructed, which exhibit strong absorption in the visible light region. These findings not only suggest an effective ligand-field strategy in superatom design but also unveil the geometrical and electronic evolution from the CNC6H4NC-based superatoms to superatomic molecules and nanomaterials.

In this study, carbon dioxide (CO2) absorption is investigated in blended sulfolane (TMS) and piperazine (PZ) aqueous solution in a stirrer reactor. The response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to design the experiments. The experiments were carried out in operating conditions, including PZ in range of 2–8 wt%, TMS in range of 10–30 wt%, temperature in range of 20–70 °C and CO2 partial pressure in range of 2–8 bar. The results show that CO2 loading in aqueous TMS-PZ solution increases with PZ concentration while decreases with TMS concentration. Since the studied pressure is low, the presence of TMS decreases CO2 loading in mixed solvent compared to aqueous PZ solution under the same conditions. Optimum parameters were obtained 3.95 wt% PZ, 15.01 wt% TMS, temperature of 32.5 °C and pressure of 3.5 bar. The maximum value of CO2 loading and absorption percentage under these optimal conditions were obtained 0.194 and 54.386%, respectively. In addition to experimental study, concentration of species in TMS + PZ + CO2 + H2O electrolyte system is obtained using modified Pitzer thermodynamic model. The trend of concentration is in good agreement with previous studies which obtained species concentration in PZ + CO2 + H2O system. By adding VLE equations to chemical equilibrium constant, charge and mass balances equations, it is possible to predict equilibrium CO2 loading by the model; calculated relative error between experimental and predicted loading was obtained 1.1–23.3%.

The aim of this work is to study the effect of the Nd2O3 dopant concentration on the phase composition, structural, and magnetic parameters of Fe2O3@NdFeO3-type nanocomposites, which have great prospects for use as a catalyst base for the purification of aqueous media from heavy metals. Using X-ray phase analysis, it was found that an increase in dopant concentration leads to the formation of a stable NdFeO3 phase, which dominates in the structure at concentrations of 0.4–0.5 mol. Changes in the structural parameters, as well as the density of nanocomposites, are associated with structural orderings arising as a result of phase transformations and NdFeO3 phase dominance in the structure. Using Mossbauer spectroscopy, it was found that values of the hyperfine magnetic parameters are characteristic of the hematite structure, while, according to the data obtained, the presence of paramagnetic inclusions was not observed. Evaluation results of the manganese purification efficiency of aqueous media showed that an increase in particle concentration from 0.001 to 0.005 g leads to an increase in absorption efficiency to 45–75%, which indicates a positive effect of absorption and degree of purification.

In this study, we present a new approach to distinguish original honey from sucrose-overdosed one by a colloid of oxygen-deficient TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs). Results show that the original honey does not affect the colloidal NPs while sucrose-overdosed one precipitates it in a few seconds. Our studies show that the precipitating time has a non-linear dependence on absorption peak intensity, and the settling rate increases up to 0.185 cm min−1 by increasing sucrose in honey. Our results show that sucrose in honey can enhance the hydrodynamic radius of NPs up to 482.9 nm by suppressing zeta potential besides agglomerating the NPs and a blue shift in the absorption peak (up to 20 eV). The macroscopic behavior of the honey-solved colloid can be applied to determine the quality of honey according to the settling rate in a few minutes.

In this paper, methacrylic acid (MAA) and 4- vinyl pyridine (4-VP) as functional monomers, ethylene glycol two methyl acrylate (EGDMA) as crosslinking agent, isopropyl alcohol as the solvent, prepared the Cu(II)- and Pb(II)- imprinted polymers(IIPs) submicron spheres by precipitation polymerization. The presence/absence of the template ion in the preparation of the imprinted polymer was confirmed by EDX spectroscopy, and the structure of the particles was investigated using IR, SEM and BET analysis. From different components of crosslinker/monomer(C/M) ratio analysis, C/M at 1:3 was the optimal ratio for preparing IIPs. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) was characterized the imprinted polymers absorption behavior. The results show that the maximum adsorption capacity of Cu2+ and Pb2+ -imprinted polymer were 26.9mg﹒g−1 and 25.3mg﹒g−1, respectively. They also have good adsorption capacity and superior selectivity property for Cu2+ and Pb2+ in water, respectively. The selectivity factors (α) for Ni2+, Zn2+, Co2+ and Fe2+ were 16.5(Cu2+) and 12.1(Pb2+), 13.8(Cu2+) and 16.2(Pb2+), 10.8(Cu2+) and 10.1(Pb2+), 20.4(Cu2+) and 20.7(Pb2+), respectively. The regeneration experiment result demonstrates an excellent re-utilization property of these two type IIPs, after ten uses, the adsorption capacity can maintain above 60%.

Despite the widespread use of graphitic carbon as an active material for Lithium intercalation, the real capacity of graphitic structures remains unclear. The efficient lithium intercalation into graphite is prohibited by strong Van der Waals interlayer interaction that limits the specific capacity of Lithium-ion batteries (LIB). Here, we discuss features of the novel graphenic structure, named Incommensurate Multilayer Graphene (IMLG), that demonstrates superlative Lithium intercalation as active material in LIBs. The structural and binding analysis of IMLG anode revealed the uniqueness of this material and substantiates that weakened interplanar interaction of rotated graphene layers plays a key role in allowing full penetration of lithium and intercalation onto graphene layers. The Li2C2 can be achieved in lithiated IMLG anodes due to freely stacked adjacent layers becoming an excellent host for stable and reversible Lithium absorption/desorption. Superlative Lithium intercalation of IMLG provides stable, long-term charge/discharge of Lithium batteries increasing up to 1700 mAh/g specific capacity.

The zirconium-based porphyrin MOFs sensitized TiO2 (PCN224–TiO2) was synthesized in situ by self-assembly of porphyrin, ZrCl4 with nano TiO2. The composite catalyst was determined by detailed structural and photoelectrochemical characterization. The UV–Vis absorption and fluorescence spectrum confirm that PCN224 and TiO2 are coupled. The PCN224–TiO2 had significant absorption of visible light and the PCN224–TiO2 had the largest photo-generated current, which proved the porphyrin MOFs material has good internal conductivity and has a close combination with TiO2. Compared with carboxyphenyl porphyrin sensitized TiO2 (HTCPP–TiO2), mixture of TCPP and TiO2 (TCPP/TiO2) and PCN224, the PCN224–TiO2 showed better removal performance of methylene blue under visible light. Under low-power xenon lamp irradiation, the removal rate of PCN224–TiO2 (1:3) on methylene blue reached 93.2% in 4 h. And PCN224–TiO2 had stable cycling catalytic performance. The PCN224–TiO2 promoted the degradation process by strengthening the adsorption of organic pollutants, thus improving the removal performance.