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Random sera, in a total of 192, were collected in the Fever Hospital of Alexandria, Egypt, and analysed for the presence of antibodies against polioviruses. The results show good antibody levels, only three sera (1.5%) were negative for poliovirus type 1, 5 (2.6%) for poliovirus type 2 and 10 (5.2%) for poliovirus type 3; one subject was completely negative.

A total of 202 serum and stool samples from acute hepatitis patients attending the Fever Hospital of Alexandria, Egypt, have been studied to reveal markers of hepatitis virus infection. Anti-HAV IgM were detected in 21 out of 202 sera (10.4%), whereas 201 sera (99.5%) had anti-HAV IgG. The first age attack was in the class-age 0-9 years with 64.7% of anti-HAV IgM positive sera. Among 202 patients, anti-hepatitis E IgG (sample/over cut off > 1.0) was identified in 90 patients (44.5%). The anti-HEV seropositivity ranged from 17.6% to 60.0% in the different age groups, with the highest level in the class-age 20 29 years. Anti-hepatitis E IgM were identified in 49 patients with the first age attack in the class-age 10-19 years (39.4%). HAV RNA was identified by nested PCR in 7 samples out of 15, whereas HEV RNA was present in 4 out of 75 stool samples. Direct DNA sequence of the latter PCR products confirmed the presence of the HEV genome; comparison of the sequences of the isolates from Egypt with those in data banks revealed the highest homology to the Burma strain. Our data confirm that HAV and HEV are common causes of acute sporadic hepatitis in Alexandria but with different peak age positivity. Occasionally, but not infrequently, dual infections (HAV-HEV and HEV-enteric viruses) were also found. The risk analysis indicates that patients living in rural areas are exposed to a higher risk of hepatitis E infection compared to the urban population, whereas the presence of anti-HEV IgG was significantly associated with consumption of common village water and use of indoor dry pit and oral therapy for schistosomiasis.

A total of 150 women in 3 equal groups, each using a different contraceptive method (group I used Norplant, group II used the IUD and group III used combined OC pills) were investigated for the presence of vaginal candidiasis before and at various time intervals (3, 6 and 12 months) after starting to use the particular contraceptive method. The incidence of vaginal Candida albicans infection increased significantly among pill and IUD users, but with a much lower intensity among the latter cases. In Norplant users the increase was slight and insignificant. The explanation of these findings within the context of changes in local vaginal milieu is discussed.