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Fevers in children are mainly due to infection, malignancy or inflammatory conditions. Rheumatologists have an important role in the care of inflammatory conditions, many of which are associated with fevers. Seven conditions, the hereditary recurrent fever syndromes, have been defined with the presenting symptom of recurring fever, and for which mutation of a single gene has been defined: Chronic infantile neurological articular syndrome (CINCA), Familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome (FACS), Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF), hyperimmunoglobulinemia D (HIDS), Muckle-Wells syndrome (MWS), Pyogenic sterile arthritis and Pyoderma gangrenosum (PAPA) and Tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS) . These conditions will be discussed in detail in regard to how they fit into the wider picture of pediatric rheumatological conditions, how the diagnoses may be established and the current recommended treatments for each condition.

Nature 444, 574–579 (2006), doi:10.1038/nature05282 and corrigendum Nature 494, 506 (2013); doi:10.1038/nature11976 In Fig. 4b of this Article, the gel for the loading control MyHC for the dog Varus was an unintentional duplication of the loading controls for the dog Vampire (which is correct). The correct gel is shown below in Fig.

An ideal vaccine should elicit a long lasting immune response against the natural parasite, both at the T- and B-cell level. The immune response should occur in all individuals and be directed against determinants that do not vary in the natural parasite population. A major problem in designing synthetic peptide vaccines is that T cells generally recognize peptide antigens only in association with one or a few of the many variants of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens. During the characterization of epitopes of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum that are recognized by human T cells, we analysed a sequence of the circumsporozoite protein, and found that synthetic peptides corresponding to this sequence are recognized by T cells in association with many different MHC class II molecules, both in mouse and in man. This region of the circumsporozoite protein is invariant in different parasite isolates. Peptides derived from this region should be capable of inducing T-cell responses in individuals of most HLA-DR types, and may represent good candidates for inclusion in an effective anti-malaria peptide vaccine.