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The aim of the study was to find the association of various risk factors with permanent hearing impairment in infants. A case–control study was designed on 420 infants with permanent hearing impairment and normal hearing. The case control ratio was 1:1. Alternate sampling method was used for selecting the control group. Review of medical records and parent interview was done to collect the information of risk factors. Family history(adj. OR 7.5; 95% CI 3, 14; P = 0.000), Consanguinity (adj. OR: 4; 95% CI 2,4; P = 0.000), intra uterine infection (adj. OR 18, 95% CI: 2.3–126.5, P = 0.000), post natal infection (adj. OR 3, 95% CI: 1.3–5, P = 0.004), low Apgar score (adj.OR: 4.6, 95% CI: 1.3–15), craniofacial anomaly (OR-4.6, 95% CI: 1.4–9.5, P = 0.005) and low birth weight (adj. OR: 2.3, 95% CI: 1.2–3.8) were significantly associated with hearing impairment. Among the risk factors, intra uterine infection was having highest significant association with permanent hearing impairment. This is followed by family history, low Apgar score, craniofacial anomaly, consanguinity, post natal infection and low birth weight.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant health concern classified as mild, moderate, and severe. Although the indications to perform brain computed tomography (CT) are clear in moderate and severe cases, there still exists controversy in mild TBI (mTBI). We designed the study to evaluate the significance of distracting pain in patients with mTBI. The study population included patients with mild traumatic brain injury (GCS ≥13). Moderate and high risk factors including age18 months or ≥60 years, moderate to severe or progressive headache, ≥2 episodes of vomiting, loss of consciousness (LOC), post-traumatic amnesia, seizure or prior antiepileptic use, alcohol intoxication, previous neurosurgical procedures, uncontrolled hypertension, anticoagulant use, presence of focal neurologic deficits, deformities in craniofacial region, and penetrating injuries were excluded. The patients were then grouped based on presence (DP+) or absence (DP-) of another organ fracture with severe pain (based on VAS). The primary outcome was any abnormal findings on brain CT scans; 330 patients were enrolled (184 DP+ and 146 DP-). Overall, two DP+ and one DP- patients had mild cerebral edema in brain CT (p 0.99). No patients had any neurologic symptoms or signs in follow-up. Our results show that in the absence of any other risk factors, distracting pain from other organs (limbs, pelvis, and non-cervical spine) cannot be regarded as a brain CT indication in patients with mild TBI, as it is never associated with significant intracranial lesions.

Objectives Though iron deficiency is known to be a major risk factor of anaemia, the association of G6PD deficiency and malaria with anaemia still remains unclear. Hence, a cross-sectional study involving 95 pregnant women visiting Prime Care Hospital in Trans-Ekulu region of Enugu Nigeria was conducted to determine possible predictors of anaemia in pregnancy. Results The prevalence of anaemia, malaria and G6PD deficiency were 53.7, 12.6 and 60% respectively. Low serum ferritin (OR 5.500, CI 2.25–13.42, p

Mining dilution is one of the most important factors which affects all parameters of mining projects. It is a dangerous virus that, if not controlled, is rapidly spread in all stages of mining project and it can paralyze the mine. According to studies carried out in this paper, dilution can cause adverse impacts on the environmental, economic, community, technical, and safety issues, and its negative impacts remain as inauspicious legacy for the future. Therefore, proper management is essential in this regard. Risk management technique can be used to reduce these impacts. Dilution risk model presented in this paper has a significant potential as a tool for decision makers to assess dilution risk both quantitatively and qualitatively. High risk factors that result from dilution can be detected using this model, and this also facilitates comparison between different mines from dilution perspective. A risk is defined as a function of probability and consequence. The model was investigated in Sarcheshmeh Copper Complex, Gol Gohar, and Moeil Iron mines. Results of the study showed that dilution risk factors of Sarcheshmeh and Gol Gohar were 4501 and 4374, respectively, which confirmed high risk in both of them. Also, the score of 1038 for Moeil Iron mine confirms that there are minor dilution risks at this mine.

Frauen mit erhohtem Brustkrebsrisko benotigen ein fruhzeitig einsetzendes und intensives Brustkrebsscreening. Ein solches Hochriskoscreening divergiert deutlich vom Brustkrebsscreening in der Normalbevolkerung. Nach Evaluierung des genauen Risikos durch einen Experten sollte, angepasst an die individuelle Risikokategorie, spatestens ab dem 30. Lebensjahr zumindest einmal pro Jahr eine Brust-MRT angeboten werden, erganzende Mammographien erst ab dem 35. Lebensjahr. Die zusatzliche Ultraschalluntersuchung wird nicht mehr empfohlen. Um eine hohe Sensitivitat und Spezifitat zu gewahrleisten, soll das Hochrisikoscreening ausschlieslich in akkreditierten Brustzentren durchgefuhrt werden. Ausreichende Kenntnisse uber die phanotypischen Eigenheiten des familiaren Brustkrebses sind essenziell. Dazu gehoren neben den herkommlichen malignen Phanotypen eine haufig benigne imponierende Morphologie (runde oder ovale Form, glatte Begrenzung) und eine niedrige Pravalenz von Kalzifikationen. In der MRT-Bildgebung kommen haufig eine benigne Kontrastmittelkinetik sowie eine nicht solide Anreicherung mit fokalem, regionalem oder segmentalem Enhancement zur Darstellung.

The effect of the trace elements on retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) were studied. Thirty preterm infants who had potential high risk factors of ROP were selected as observation group and 18 normal infants as control groups. By using atom spectrophotometer, the contents of serum trace elements (Mg, Cu, Zn, Mn, Se) were measured and analyzed statistically. The contents of serum Zn, Cu and Se in observation group were 0.75+/-0.22, 0.41+/-0.20 and (134.07+/-71.57)x10(-3) mg/L respectively, and 0.55+/-0.12, 0.65+/-0.194 and (202.92+/-44.71)x10(-3) mg/L in control group respectively (P0.01). The contents of Cu and Se were obviously lower and that of Zn higher in observation group than those in control group. The same results were obtained between the infants with ROP and controls (P0.01). However, there was no significant difference in the contents of serum Mg and Mn between two groups (P0.05). It was concluded that the contents of serum Cu and Se in preterm infants who had high risk factors of ROP were obviously lower than in the controls. The contents of serum Cu and Se in the ROP infants were also much lower while contents of Zn much higher. Attention should be paid to the detection of the trace elements in preterm infants in order to prevent the deficiencies of Cu and Se. Only in this way can we prevent the deficiencies of Cu and Se, so as to decrease the ROP risk factors and prevent the disease.

In order to identify the high risk factors that determine subphrenic infection after hepatectomy, 187 liver resections performed during January, 1985 to December, 1990 in Department of Surgery of Tongji Hospital were reviewed. Thirteen patients developed subphrenic infection with the incidence of subphrenic infection being 6.95%. The results of retrospective study on 187 liver resections demonstrated that the high risk factors related to subphrenic infection after hepatectomy were as follows: (1) The extent of liver resection was associated with subphrenic infection. (2) The incidence of subphrenic infection after liver resection of primary liver cancer patients with hepatic cirrhosis was higher than that of non-cirrhotic patients. (3) Intraoperative estimated blood loss greater than 1500 ml was found to be a significant risk factor in the development of postoperative subphrenic infection. (4) Adequate postoperative drainage of subdiaphragm and the raw surface of the liver was one of critical factors of decreasing subphrenic infection after liver resection.

The use of Ga-67 scintigraphy (Ga) in prostate inflammatory diseases may be restricted by the difficulty in distinguishing between the accumulation of Ga-67-citrate (Ga-citrate) in the lesion and feces. The diagnosis of prostatic abscess has been mainly made by other radiologic methods without scintigraphic studies and no finding of Ga has been reported. This patient demonstrated that coordinating the findings of Ga-citrate accumulation can be helpful in making a prompt diagnosis of a possibly fatal prostatic abscess, especially in those patients with poorly defined clinical symptoms and high risk factors.

The occurrence of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in patients with acute headache is strongly associated with the presence of several clinical variables. Nevertheless, the absence of such variables should not discourage physicians from investigating for SAH in individuals with headache peaking in intensity within a few minutes of onset.

We have previously reported that adolescent mothers are more physical and less verbal with their infants, especially while teaching difficult tasks, and that their infants vocalize less by 8 months of age. Are children of adolescent mothers at risk for language delay? The present study hypothesized that 2 yr. old children of adolescent mothers (CAM) would have lower receptive and expressive language scores and that these scores would be related to multiple social and demographic high risk factors. Twenty primiparous, Caucasian, low to middle class mothers (half ≤ 17 years of age at child's birth) and their 2 yr. old children were studied. The Caldwell Home Inventory was scored by an unbiased observer during a two-hour home visit. The Bayley Scales (MDI and PDI) and the Mullen Scales of Early Learning (Language Expressive (LEO) and Language Receptive (LRO)) were administered by another unbiased examiner during a clinic visit. Tympanography was performed and sociodemographic information was obtained. CAM had lower LRO (p