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To analyze the choroidal morphological changes in central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) using ultra-widefield (UWF)-optical coherence tomography (OCT).This single-center, case-control study included 65 CSC eyes (52 males; age, 55.6 ± 13.0 years) and 65 healthy eyes (50 males; age, 57.1 ± 17.9 years). UWF-OCT (viewing angle, 200°) with real-shape correction was used to create an automated choroidal thickness (CT) map. The CT map had three sub-areas: the central (0-30°), middle (30-60°), and peripheral areas (60-100°), and was divided by vertical and horizontal lines. Differences in the CT and the CT change rate (CTCR) from the central to peripheral areas were examined between the CSC and control groups after adjusting for subjects' demographic and clinical factors. Furthermore, we assessed the vortex veins dilation patterns (VVDP) in the macula and examined the CT and the CTCR differences between CSC patients and controls for each VVDP.CSC patients had greater CT than those of the controls in all sectors (CSC vs. controls, the peripheral area: supratemporal 284.4 ± 71.2 μm vs. 220.4 ± 71.2 μm, infratemporal 263.3 ± 69.2 μm vs. 195.3 ± 52.3 μm, supranasal 251.9 ± 70.3 μm vs. 189.5 ± 58.1 μm, infranasal 193.6 ± 71.2 μm vs. 146.3 ± 48.9 μm, P 0.0001 for all sectors). The CTCR was apparently larger in CSC eyes than controls only for the upper-dominant type of VVDP (CSC patients vs. controls, supratemporal 32.1 ± 9.9% vs. 4.6 ± 23.1%, infratemporal 44.0 ± 11.2% vs. 25.6 ± 16.8%, supranasal 42.6 ± 9.8% vs. 22.2 ± 19.4%, infranasal 57.6 ± 41.2% vs. 41.2 ± 13.9%, P 0.0001 for all sectors).CSC has a thicker choroid, even in the peripheral areas, and the macular choroidal thickening was more severe in the upper-dominant type of VVDP. VVDP may affect the location of excessive fluid.

Purpose: We investigated 10-year changes in baseline best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), as well as functional and anatomical changes at 1 and 2 years after initial treatment, in eyes with treatment-naïve neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD)., Methods:This retrospective, multicenter, case series reviewed patients with treatment-naïve nAMD who underwent initial treatment from 2006 to 2015, using photodynamic therapy (PDT), anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), or a combination of PDT and anti-VEGF. BCVA and central retinal subfield thickness (CRST), were measured at baseline and at 1 or 2 years of follow-up., Results:In total, 3096 eyes of 3096 patients were included from 14 hospitals. Mean BCVA at baseline became significantly better over the 10-year study period (P < 0.001). BCVA at 1 year significantly improved from baseline in patients who underwent initial treatment from 2009 to 2015 (P = 0.001, 2009; P = 0.004, 2010; P = 0.01, 2011; P < 0.001, 2012-2015). BCVA at 2 years significantly improved from baseline in patients who underwent initial treatment from 2012 to 2015 (P < 0.001, 2012; P < 0.001, 2013-2015). CRST at 1 year decreased significantly from CRST at baseline, each year from 2006 to 2015 (P < 0.001, 2006-2015). CRST at 2 years decreased significantly from CRST at baseline, each year from 2006 to 2015 (P = 0.03, 2006; P < 0.001, 2007-2015)., Conclusion:Baseline BCVA with treatment-naïve nAMD tended to become better during the study period. BCVA at 1 year improved in the era of anti-VEGF; BCVA at 2 years improved in patients who underwent initial treatment in 2012 or later; and CRST decreased in each year during the study period.

Recently, artificial intelligence has been used to determine sex using fundus photographs alone. We had earlier reported that sex can be distinguished using known factors obtained from color fundus photography (CFP) in adult eyes. However, it is not clear when the sex difference in fundus parameters begins. Therefore, we conducted this study to investigate sex determination based on fundus parameters using binominal logistic regression in elementary school students. This prospective observational cross-sectional study was conducted on 119 right eyes of elementary school students (aged 8 or 9 years, 59 boys and 60 girls). Through CFP, the tessellation fundus index was calculated as R/(R + G + B) using the mean value of red-green-blue intensity in the eight locations around the optic disc. Optic disc ovality ratio, papillomacular angle, retinal artery trajectory, and retinal vessel were quantified based on our earlier reports. Regularized binomial logistic regression was applied to these variables to select the decisive factors. Furthermore, its discriminative performance was evaluated using the leave-one-out cross-validation method. Sex difference in the parameters was assessed using the Mann–Whitney U test. The optimal model yielded by the Ridge binomial logistic regression suggested that the ovality ratio of girls was significantly smaller, whereas their nasal green and blue intensities were significantly higher, than those of boys. Using this approach, the area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve was 63.2%. Although sex can be distinguished using CFP even in elementary school students, the discrimination accuracy was relatively low. Some sex difference in the ocular fundus may begin after the age of 10 years.

To evaluate the new method to quantitate the running pattern of the vessels in Haller’s layer in en face optical coherence tomographic (OCT) images using the new algorithm. A retrospective and cross-sectional study. The en face image of top 25% slab of Haller’s layer was analyzed. The vascular area in these images was calculated after binarization. Then, the vessels were thinned, and the total length of the vessels and the mean vessel diameter were calculated. Based on the angle of vessel running, “natural oblique vessel” was defined. The ratio of the natural oblique vessel to the whole vessels was defined as the “symmetry index”. To examine the reproducibility of the software, the images obtained on two different examination dates of the same subject (25 eyes of 25 healthy subjects) were analyzed. Also, to compare the symmetry index and subjective evaluations, 180 eyes and 180 healthy subjects were analyzed. The subjective evaluations classified the images into 3 groups, the Symmetrical, Semi-symmetrical, and Asymmetrical types. Symmetry index was compared in each group. The inter-measurement correlation coefficient (ICC) of the vessel area, vessel length, and vessel diameter were 0.955, 0.934, and 0.954, respectively. The ICC of the symmetry index was 0.926. The symmetry index of the Symmetrical type was 60.4 ± 7.2%, that of the Semi-symmetry type was 56.2 ± 4.6%, and that of the Asymmetry type was 52.6 ± 5.2%. The present algorithm can analyze vessels in Haller’s layer of the en face images of choroid in an objective manner with good repeatability.

The purpose of this study was to compare the incidences of macular irregularities of elementary school (ES) and junior high school (JHS) students. This was a prospective cross-sectional observational study of 122 right eyes of 122 ES students (8–9 years) and 173 right eyes of 173 JHS students (12–13 years). Vertical cross-sectional images of the macula were obtained by optical coherence tomography. The eyes were classified based on the vertical symmetry of the posterior pole, and then sub-classified as convex-, flat-, concave-, or dome-shaped based on the direction of the curvature of the retinal pigment epithelium. One hundred and two eyes (83.6%) were placed in the symmetrical group in the ES students and 149 eyes (86.1%) in the JHS students. Twenty eyes (16.4%) were placed in the asymmetric groups in the ES students and 24 eyes (13.9%) in the JHS students. In symmetrical group, 78 and 118 eyes had a convex-shape (76.4 and 79.2%), followed by 22 and 29 eyes of dome-shaped group (21.6 and 19.4%) in ES and JHS students respectively. Because the incidences of the posterior pole shapes were not significantly different between the groups, it is likely that the macular irregularities develop before the age of ES.

This study was to investigate the choroidal vessels in eyes with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) quantitatively. We studied 41 CSC eyes and their fellow eyes, and 41 normal eyes of 41 age-adjusted individuals. En-face optical coherence tomography image of the top 25% slab of Haller’s layer was analyze. The mean vessel area, vessel length, and vessel diameter were calculated. The running pattern of the vessels was quantified and used to determine the degree of symmetry, the “symmetry index”. The vessel area of CSC eyes was not significantly different from that of fellow eyes but significantly larger than that of normal eyes. The vessel length of CSC eyes was not significantly different from fellow eyes but significantly shorter than that of normal eyes. The mean vessel diameter was larger in CSC eyes than in the fellow eyes and the normal eye. The symmetry index was not significantly different in CSC eyes from that of their fellow eyes but was smaller than that of normal eyes. The quantitative analysis showed that eyes with CSC had larger choroidal vessels and asymmetrical vessels running in Haller’s layer.

To determine the relationships between the axial length (AL), refractive error (RE), and body height (BH) at different ages of a genetically-stable population in Kumejima, Japan. Cross-sectional, population-based study. Residents of Kumejima who were ≥ 40-years old were studied. The eligible residents had a thorough ocular examinations including measurements of the AL, RE, and BH. The subjects were divided into decade groups. The relationships between the AL, the RE, and the BH of the different decades were determined. Reliable measurements of the AL of the right eyes were obtained from 2198 (1103 men and 1095 women) normal subjects. There was a significant and negative correlation between the age and the BH (r = −0.44, P

The trajectories of the supratemporal and infratemporal retinal arteries are associated with the position of the nerve fiber layer defects of glaucomatous eyes. However, no reports have thus far been published on changes in the retinal artery trajectory (RA trajectory) along with growth. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in the RA trajectories of elementary and junior high school students and the associations with axial length (AL). Prospective cross-sectional observational study. In total, 122 right eyes of healthy elementary school students (61 boys, 61 girls) and 170 right eyes of healthy junior high school students (83 boys, 87 girls) were studied. The AL was measured and color fundus photographs were taken, and used for the analysis. The RA trajectory was plotted in the color fundus photographs and fitted to a second-degree polynomial equation, $$ {\text{a}}{{\text{x}}^2}/100 + {\text{bx}} + {\text{c}} $$ , using ImageJ. The coefficient “a” represented the steepness of the trajectories. The differences in the RA trajectories and ALs of elementary and junior high school students were determined using the Mann–Whitney test. The association between the RA trajectory and AL was determined using the Spearman rank correlation. The AL and the RA trajectory of the junior high school students were significantly greater than those of the elementary school students (P < 0.001). The RA trajectory was significantly associated with the AL in both elementary (r = 0.26, P = 0.005) and junior high (r = 0.32, P < 0.001) school students. Junior high school students have a longer AL and narrower RA trajectory than do elementary school students. A longer AL is associated with a narrower RA trajectory in both elementary and junior high school students.

Our purpose was to determine the effect of fluid-air exchange on the amount of silicone oil (SO) droplets remaining in the vitreous cavity after removal of the main body of the SO. This was a retrospective comparative study of 56 eyes of 56 patients that had undergone vitrectomy with SO tamponade. Fluid-air exchange was performed during surgery in 30 eyes [Air Ex(+) group] and was not done in 26 eyes [Air Ex(−) group]. All of the eyes were examined by ultrasonography, and the images were converted to binarized image. The amount of residual SO droplets/vitreal area in the images was expressed as the, “silicone oil index (SOI)”. The correlations between SOI and clinical findings were determined. The SOI was significantly correlated with the axial length (AL, R = 0.444, P = 0.023). The SOI in the Air Ex(+) group was significantly higher (7.4 ± 2.6%) than in the Air Ex(−) group (4.9 ± 3.4%; P = 0.004). Multiple linear regression analyses showed that the SOI was independently and significantly correlated with the AL and the Air Ex(+) group (P = 0.003, P = 0.006, respectively). Fluid-air exchange during vitrectomy to remove residual SO is not effective. Our findings indicate that it may increase the amount of residual SO droplets.

To determine whether the visual field defects detected within 3 months of indocyanine green (ICG)-assisted inner-limiting membrane (ILM) peeling continue to worsen over longer periods. This was a retrospective observational case series. Four eyes with visual field defects that developed within 3 years of ICG-assisted ILM peeling for a macular hole (MH) were examined yearly for 10 years. The main outcome measures were the degree of mean deviation (MD) determined by Humphrey perimetry with the 30-2 SITA-Fast program and the best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA). Four patients were examined yearly for more than 10 years, with a mean duration of follow-up of 139.5 months (11.6 years) and a range of follow-up of 137–156 months (11.4–13 years). The mean (±standard deviation) preoperative MD value was −4.99 ± 3.26 dB, and the mean postoperative MD values were −12.9 ± 1.29 dB after 1 year, −14.1 ± 0.75 dB after 3 years, and −12.73 ± 2.65 dB after 10 years. The mean preoperative BCVA was 0.65 ± 0.26 logarithm of the minimal angle of resolution (logMAR) units, and the postoperative BCVA was 0.21 ± 0.07 logMAR units at 1 year, 0.28 ± 0.21 logMAR units at 3 years, and 0.14 ± 0.06 dB logMAR units at 10 years. The visual field defects detected soon after ICG-assisted ILM peeling continued to worsen for 3 years, but not thereafter.

Background Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is being used increasingly to evaluate and manage a variety of retinal diseases, but not much is known about the minification of the OCT images in gas-filled eyes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of gas-filled eyes on the size of the OCT images. Methods This was retrospective case series of 81 consecutive eyes of 79 patients who had macular hole surgery between April 2012 and September 2014. Images of the optic disc were taken with a spectral domain-OCT instrument 2 days after surgery in gas-filled, pseudophakic eyes and from the same eyes but fluid-filled one month after the surgery. The vertical length, horizontal width, and the area of the optic disc were measured in the OCT images. Results Clear images were obtained from 50 eyes of 49 patients (mean age 66.4 ± 5.9 years). The mean vertical length and mean horizontal width of the optic disc in the gas-filled eyes were about 25 % shorter than that of fluid-filled eyes (vertical, 1213.8 ± 170.5 and 1650.6 ± 195.9 μm, P