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S-nitrosylation (SNO) is a covalent post-translational oxidative modification. The reaction is the nitroso group (-NO) to a reactive cysteine thiol within a protein to form the SNO. In recent years, a variety of proteins in human body have been found to undergo thiol nitrosylation under specific conditions. Protein SNO, which is closely related to cardiovascular disease, Parkinson's syndrome, Alzheimer's disease and tumors, plays an important role in regulatory mechanism of protein function in both physiological and pathological pathways, such as in cellular homeostasis and metabolism. This review discusses possible molecular mechanisms protein SNO modification, such as the role of NO in vivo and the formation mechanism of SNO, with particular emphasis on mechanisms utilized by SNO to cause certain diseases of human. Importantly, the effect of SNO on diseases is multifaceted and multi-channel, and its critical value in vivo is not well defined. Intracellular redox environment is also a key factor affecting its level. Therefore, we should pay more attention to the equilibrium relationship between SNO and denitrosylation pathway in the future researches. These findings provide theoretical support for the improvement or treatment of diseases from the point of view of SNO.

Background We aimed to investigate whether the facilitating effect of H2S on the baroreceptor reflex is associated with the GABAA receptor, KATP channel and L-type Ca2+ channel pathway. Methods Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats were used to investigate the facilitating effect of H2S on the baroreceptor reflex by perfusing the isolated carotid sinus. The mechanism by which H2S facilitated the baroreceptor reflex was determined by using Bay K8644 (an agonist of calcium channels), glibenclamide (Gli, a KATP channel blocker), and picrotoxin (PIC, a blocker of γ-aminobutyric acid [GABA]A receptor). Results As compared with WKY rats, SHRs showed impaired baroreceptor reflex sensitivity, as demonstrated by a right and upward shift of the functional curve for the intrasinus pressure–arterial blood pressure relation. H2S perfusion (25, 50, or 100 μmol/L) dose-dependently ameliorated the impaired sensitivity of the baroreceptor reflex. Bay K8644 (500 nmol/L), Gli (20 μmol/L) and PIC (50 μmol/L) all prevented H2S ameliorating the impaired baroreceptor reflex. Conclusions H2S facilitating the baroreceptor reflex might be associated with activating the GABAA receptor, opening the KATP channel, and closing the L-type Ca2+ channel. These areas should provide new targets for preventing and treating hypertension.

Wireless network virtualization (WNV) has been a hot topic recently, which can provide the customized service to construct virtual networks for various requirements quickly and flexibly by resource sharing. However, most of the traffic is generated by duplicate downloads for a few popular contents. Meanwhile, due to the isolation in the existing WNV, these popular contents cannot be shared among various requests, and thus the congestion and overhead would be caused in the remote data center. Therefore, in order to decline the congestion and overhead from the remote data center, the caching problem is addressed in this paper, which aims to overhear and cache content opportunistically to provide the quicker response for the future requests by in-network nodes. To well understand the impact of content caching, we formulate this issue as a Markov chain, and analyze the content response ratio according to the steady-state mathematically. Furthermore, we define the content caching strategy decision as an optimization problem, and use potential game to decide caching strategy based on Nash Equilibrium in a distributed manner, denoted as Game based Opportunistic Caching Strategy (GOCS). The experimental results show the effectiveness of GOCS in terms of average response hops, average cache hit ratio, data center load reduction ratio, and average resource consumption.

Protein intake has been suggested to be associated with body composition among western children. Our aim was to determine whether protein intake is associated with body composition among Chinese children and to investigate whether parental socioeconomic status modifies these associations. Cross-sectional data were collected from the baseline survey of an ongoing population-based prospective open cohort study conducted in 2013. In this survey, 2039 children in South China were recruited using cluster random sampling. Information of 1704 children (47% girls), aged 7–12 years from three primary schools (42 classes), on diet and anthropometry was included finally. Their daily protein intake was obtained by 3-day 24-h dietary recalls. Skinfold thickness, body height, and weight were measured to calculate percent body fat (%BF), fat mass index (FMI), and fat-free mass index (FFMI). Parental characteristics were collected by questionnaires. Among girls, protein intake was positively associated with %BF and FMI [estimate (SE) for %BF: 0.007 (0.003), p = 0.04; for FMI: 0.092 (0.002), p = 0.03], adjusted for pubertal stage, breast-feeding, maternal overweight, carbohydrate intake, energy intake, and physical activity level. Furthermore, there was interaction between paternal occupation and the relations of dietary protein with %BF and FMI (p for interaction ≤ 0.04). None of the associations between protein intake and %BF, FMI, or FFMI was found among boys. Our data indicate that school-aged girls, but not boys, living in South China with higher dietary protein intake might have higher body fat mass, which could be modified by paternal occupation.