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Gallbladder (GB) carcinoma is a relatively rare malignancy and is associated with poor prognosis. Numerous risk factors have been associated with the development of GB carcinoma. GB carcinomas may present as mass lesions replacing the GB, focal or diffuse thickening of the GB wall, and intraluminal mass in the GB. Various benign conditions can mimic GB carcinoma. This article reviews the epidemiology, pathology, clinical findings, imaging features, and management of GB carcinomas.

Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a common and debilitating condition associated with a number of chemotherapeutic agents. Drugs commonly implicated in the development of CIPN include platinum agents, taxanes, vinca alkaloids, bortezomib, and thalidomide analogues. As a drug response can vary between individuals, it is hypothesized that an individual's specific genetic variants could impact the regulation of genes involved in drug pharmacokinetics, ion channel functioning, neurotoxicity, and DNA repair, which in turn affect CIPN development and severity. Variations of other molecular markers may also affect the incidence and severity of CIPN. Hence, the objective of this review was to summarize the known biological (molecular and genomic) predictors of CIPN and discuss the means to facilitate progress in this field.

Dear Editor, We read with great interest the article published in Annals of Hematology on a patient with Langerhans/dendritic cell sarcoma arising from hairy cell leukemia with both lesions demonstrating almost identical karyotypes and identical clonal immunoglobulin gene rearrangements [1]. This case is very interesting in light of fresh data on BRAF V600E mutations in several different tumor types [2]. Whole exome sequencing of patients with hairy cell leukemia has revealed BRAF V600E mutation [3]. This BRAFV600E mutation has been described as a diseasedefining event [3] in hairy cell leukemia and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of hairy cell leukemia. Langerhans cell histiocytoses have also been reported to harbor the BRAFV600E mutation [4]. Histiocytoses are extremely rare diseases with variable clinical syndromes and BRAFV600E mutations have been reported in multiple histiocytoses subtypes including Erdheim–Chester disease [5]. In the light of these results, the case reported is very fascinating [1]. It may be interesting to profile the BRAFV600E status of the hairy cell leukemic clone and the histiocytic/dendritic sarcoma clone. If confirmed, this could suggest clonality and may also indicate a common origin of these diverse rare diseases. Moreover, for this particular patient this may have implications for targeted therapy. Vemurafenib, a BRAF inhibitor has been recently Food and Drug Administration approved for the therapy of BRAFV600E mutant metastatic melanoma [6]. Although hairy cell leukemia is a treatable disease with standard regimens, rare relapsed patients could still benefit from BRAF inhibitor targeted therapy and a proof of concept study has already been reported [7]. Some patients with Langerhans cell histocytoses may have an aggressive clinical course and patients with refractory disease may have few options. BRAF inhibitor-targeted therapy may be the way to kill two birds with one stone such as in this patient if BRAFV600E mutation is confirmed.