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An enzyme with polySia degrading activity was purified from a culture filtrate of Pseudomonas fluorescens JK-0412 to apparent homogeneity using DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B column chomatography and fast performance liquid chomatography separation on a Mono-Q column. The molecular mass of the purified enzyme (tentatively named Endo-PS) was approximately 20 kDa on SDS-PAGE and 120 kDa on native-PAGE gels, suggesting that the active form is a hexamer. Although 12 residues of the Endo-PS N-terminal amino acid sequence showed 75% homology to the 21 kDa chitin binding protein (CBP21) of Serratia marcescens 2170, no significant similarity to other known proteins was observed. Apparent K m and V max values of Endo-PS toward the artificial substrate 4-methylumbelliferyl-sialic acid (4-MU-Neu5Ac) were 0.08 mM and 16 nmol/mg/min, respectively. The enzyme was maximally active at 37°C and pH 8.0. Interestingly, the enzyme was shown to hydrolyze the natural substrate, α2,8-linked polySia (colominic acid), in an endo-acting manner. However, no activity toward α2,3- or α2,6-sialyllactose was observed. Under optimal conditions, oligoSia ranging from 2 to 30 residues long were liberated by the cleavage of polySia, as identified by HPAEC-PED. Therefore, the purified enzyme Endo-PS was found to be a polySia-specific sialidase. This is the first report to describe the properties of a bacterial polySia-specific sialidase. Therefore, this enzyme may be a useful tool for both industrial oligoSia production and research on the structure and biological functions of polySia in nature.

A water-soluble polysaccharide was isolated and purified from the culture filtrate of the photosynthetic green microalgae Haematococcus lacustris by 75% ethanol precipitation and Sepharose CL-6B column chromatography. The molecular mass of the purified polysaccharide (named HCP) was estimated to be approximately 135 kDa by size-exclusion HPLC and its monosaccharide composition was galactose, glucose and mannose at a relative molar ratio of 2.0, 1.0, and 4.1, respectively, suggesting that HCP is a galactomannan. Fourier-transform infrared and elemental analysis revealed that the purified HCP contains sulfate esters by 1.08% (in mass) and no detectable level of protein. The HCP significantly stimulated murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells to secrete the pro-inflammatory cytokine, TNF-α, in a dose-dependent manner and also enhanced the expression of COX-2 and iNOS genes at a concentration of lower than 10 μg/mL HCP. These results indicated that the sulfated HCP of H. lacustris has potent early innate immune stimulating activities.

Streptomyces sp. Y-110, isolated from soil, modified compactin to pravastatin, a therapeutic agent for hypercholesterolemia. In a batch culture, the highest production of pravastatin was 340 mg l−1 from 750 mg compactin l−1 in 24 h. By intermittent feeding of compactin into the culture medium, both the compactin concentration and its conversion increased to 2000 mg l−1 and 1000 mg pravastatin l−1, respectively, with the conversion rate of 10 mg l−1 h−1. Continuous feeding of compactin increased production of pravastatin to 15 mg l−1 h−1.