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Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is a significant public health problem. Congenital CMV infection is a leading infectious cause of long-term neurodevelopmental sequelae, including mental retardation and sensorineural hearing loss. Immune protection against mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) is primarily mediated by NK cells and CD8+ T cells, while CD4+ T cells are not needed for control of MCMV in majority of organs in immunocompetent adult mice. Here, we set out to determine the role of CD4+ T cells upon MCMV infection of newborn mice. We provide evidence that CD4+ T cells are essential for clearance of MCMV infection in brain of neonatal mice and for prevention of recurrence of latent MCMV. In addition, we provide evidence that CD4+ T cells are required for induction and maintenance of tissue- resident memory CD8+ T cells in the brain of mice perinatally infected with MCMV.

Natural killer (NK) and CD8(+) T cells play a crucial role in the control of mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection. These effector cells exert their functions by releasing antiviral cytokines and by cytolytic mechanisms including perforin activation. In addition to their role in virus control, NK cells play an immunoregulatory role since they shape the CD8(+) T cell response to MCMV. To investigate the role of perforin-dependent cytolytic mechanism in NK cell modulation of CD8(+) T cell response during acute MCMV infection, we have used perforin-deficient C57BL/6 mice (Prf1(-/-)) and have shown that virus control by CD8(+) T cells in Prf1(-/-) mice is more efficient if NK cells are activated by the engagement of the Ly49H receptor with the m157 MCMV protein. A lack of perforin results in severe liver inflammation after MCMV infection, which is characterized by immunopathological lesions that are more pronounced in Prf1(-/-) mice infected with virus unable to activate NK cells. This immunopathology is caused by an abundant infiltration of activated CD8(+) T cells. The depletion of CD8(+) T cells has markedly reduced pathohistological lesions in the liver and improved the survival of Prf1(-/-) mice in spite of an increased viral load. Altogether, the results of our study suggest that a lack of perforin and absence of the specific activation of NK cells during acute MCMV infection lead to an unleashed CD8(+) T cell response that is detrimental for the host.

Odontomas as a group are the most common odontogenic neoplasms. They are mixed lesions containing fully formatted dental tissues, both epithelial and mesenchymal, and are usually found during a routine radiographic examination or as a factor in noneruption. Odontomas can be divided into two types: the complex and the compound odontoma. Both types are composed of enamel, dentin, cementum and pulp tissues, but in complex odontomas the tissues are arranged in a haphazard fashion with no discernible dental structures, whereas in compound odontomas the dental tissues exist in a more regular pattern so that the lesion consists of tooth-like structures. We report a case of a 23-year-old man with a large complex odontoma involving the left maxilla and maxillary sinus with clinical, radiographic and histological findings. Because of the size of the mass and its clinical course, benign neoplasms were considered in the differential diagnosis. Surgery was the treatment of choice, and recurrence of the lesion is not expected.

The susceptibility of certain inbred mouse strains to murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) is related to their inability to generate a strong natural killer (NK) cell response. We addressed here whether the MCMV susceptibility of the BALB/c strain is due to viral functions that control NK cell activation in a strain-specific manner. MCMV expresses two proteins, gp48 and gp40, that are encoded by the genes m06 and m152, respectively ; they down-regulate major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I expression at the plasma membrane. Using MCMV deletion mutants and revertants, we found that gp40 but not gp48 controls NK cell activation. Absence of gp40 improved antiviral NK cell control in BALB/c, but not C57BL/6, mice. Down-regulation of H-60, the high-affinity ligand for the NKG2D receptor, was the mechanism by which gp40 modulates NK cell activation. Thus, a single herpesvirus protein has a dual function in inhibiting both the adaptive as well as the innate immune response.

The ethmoid bone undergoes significant changes in the course of life. The critical period is the time from 9 to 35 years of age. The changes in its shape depend upon the intensity of pneumatization of the ethmoid labyrinth and frontal sinus. If pneumatization of the labyrinth is excessive, the ethmoidal cells are not covered by the frontal bone. On the contrary, they are incorporated in the inferior floor of the anterior cranial fossa, resulting in a possible risk of penetration during surgical ethmoidectomy.

The densitometric studies of the bone sections through the osseous separating wall between the basal coil of the cochlea and the internal auditory meatus show that independently of the thickness of this wall the calciumcontent diminishes significantly with age.

Die Variationen der Nase und der Nasennebenhohlen und die Variationen des Arteriensystems erschweren und komplizieren beim transmaxillaren, endonasalen, transpalatinalen und transsphenoidalen Zugang die Operation am Ganglion pterygopalatinum und N. vidianus. Die funktionell am gunstigsten und wegen wenigen Variationen am vorteilhaftesten ist die transtemporale extradurale Durchtrennung des N. petrosus superficialis major.

After a short review of developmental data concerning the head and neck arteries, the normal conditions, variations and malformations of single arteries are described. Special attention is paied to the skeletotopic and topographic relations of the arteries. In every bigger vessel its length, position, origin and branches are described, and in most cases are also demonstrated by diagrams and tables. As the aortic arch may also reach the neck region, its variation and malformations as well as the variations of its branches are mentioned. The variations and the malformations of the inominate artery, of the common carotid artery, as well as of the external and internal carotid arteries are described. The practical importance of these variations is stressed. Upon description of variations and malformations anatomical, surgical und roentgenological findings described in literature, as well as personal experiences are considered. Special attention has been paied to the variations of the circulus arteriosus Willisi, to the persistence of the presegmental arteries and to the possibility of formation of a by-pass in occlusion or aplasia of cerebral arteries. The position of the subclavian artery, its variations and the variations of its branches are described. After a short embryological introduction, the variations of the venous system and its anastomoses are described. At the end, the main variations of the big lymphatic vessels in the neck are mentioned.

Angular-distribution data are presented of single relativistic charged particles produced in inelastic and incoherent negative-pion interactions with emulsion nuclei heavier than hydrogen at 300 GeV/c. The obtained results are compared with data from proton nuclei interactions at the same energy.

Es wird gezeigt, das die charakteristische Form der Kleinhirnoberflache mit ihren lange, schmalen, uberall ziemlich gleichbreiten Windungen sich als Folge der charakteristischen Stellung der Purkinje-Zellen als des wesentlichen Bestandteils der Kleinhirnrinde zwangslos erklaren last. Die ausere Gestalt ist also durch die innere Struktur bedingt und deswegen wird fur diese Erscheinung die Bezeichnung “die Endoplastik des Kleinhirns” vorgeschlagen.

Unter 153 untersuchten menschlichen Wirbelsaulen wurde in etwa 80% der Falle am Korper des II. Brustwirbels ein Hockerchen festgestellt, das daher als Erkennungszeichen dieses Wirbels dienen kann. Es wurde nachgewiesen, das es durch die untere, regelmasig sehnige Insertion der medialen Partie des M. longus colli erzeugt wird, und daher wird fur dasselbe die Bezeichnung Tuberculum m. longi colli vorgeschlagen.

Bei der Flexion der dreigliedrigen Finger in den Grundgelenken kommt es zu einem gegenseitigen Langsgleiten derselben und zu einer wesentlichen Veranderung ihrer Langenverhaltnisse. Es wird der Versuch gemacht, diesen Mechanismus zu erklaren.