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Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is considered an autoimmune disease with multiorgan involvement. Many advances have been made during the last decade regarding inflammatory pathways, genetic and epigenetic alterations, adaptive and innate immune system mechanisms specifically involved in SLE pathogenesis. Apoptosis has been proposed as an important player in SLE pathogenesis more than a decade ago. However, only recently new key apoptotic pathways have been investigated and the link between apoptotic debris containing autoantigens, innate immunity and ongoing inflammation has been further elucidated. Better understanding of cellular mechanisms and involved cytokines contributed to the development of new biological drugs specifically addressed for SLE therapy.

A large number of diseases can mimic a vasculitis. The diagnosis can be challenging due to the similarity with several diseases that have a different pathogenesis. As reported in the literature, incontinentia pigmenti (IP), a rare genetic disorder, can present vascular alterations on eye, brain and lung. We report a case of peripheral arterial disease in a patient with IP, suggesting further vascular localizations of the disease.

Sir, Sneddon’s Syndrome is a rare and poorly understood syndrome characterized by the association of ischemic cerebrovascular events and livedo racemosa [1]. We report a case of a 35-year-old woman with Sneddon’s Syndrome and digital ulcers successfully treated with Bosentan. Patient was admitted to our center with pain and trophic ulcers in both hands and feet, Raynaud’s phenomenon, livedo racemosa on the extremities, headache and memory loss. Her past medical history was notable for Cushing syndrome treated with total hypophysectomy and bilateral adrenalectomy, a history of recurrent miscarriage and hypertension under treatment. Physical examination was normal except for the skin lesions. The search for antiphospholipid antibodies [anticardiolipin (aCL), anti-beta2GPI and lupus anticoagulant (LA)], antinuclear autoantibodies (ANA), anti-extractable nuclear antigens (ENA) and anti-double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) was negative. Cerebral MRI showed multiple subcortical and periventricular lesions suggestive of previous ischemic events. In the light of these findings, a carotid ultrasonography and an echocardiography were performed to rule out micro embolism. Echocardiography showed a partial thickening of the mitral valve. Livedo racemosa was confirmed by a skin biopsy showing a light leukocyte infiltrate and capillary dilatation. The diagnosis of Sneddon’s Syndrome was made. Due to the lack of ulcer’s healing with conventional therapies we decided to replace iloprost pulse therapy with Bosentan treatment. Bosentan is a dual endothelin-1 (ET-1) receptor antagonist with affinity for both ET-1 A and ET-1 B receptors. ET-1 is one of the most powerful vasoconstrictor agents [2], able to induce fibrosis and cellular proliferation. These effects were mediated by the ET-1 binding on both receptors in vascular smooth muscle cells. Bosentan has been approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) for the prevention of new digital ulcer formation in Systemic Sclerosis (SS) [3]. A recent study on patients with SS demonstrated a 30 % reduction of new digital ulcers during treatment with Bosentan but no healing of active ulcers was observed [4]. In our patient, a few weeks after the start of Bosentan administration, ulcers rapidly healed, with an important reduction of pain and livedo (Fig. 1). Clinical conditions remained good and no new ulcers developed over the next 6 months. Fig. 1 Patient’s livedo and trophic ulcers before (left) and after (right) Bosentan treatment To our knowledge, this is the first case of Sneddon’s Syndrome treated with Bosentan; in contrast to that reported in SS, Bosentan led to a complete healing of pre-existing cutaneous ulcers. The success of this anti-endothelial proliferative drug supports the hypothesis [5] that an endothelial proliferation could be the main pathophysiological mechanism of this obliterative vasculopathy.