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One of the main distinguishing features of bacteria belonging to the Cellulomonas genus is their ability to secrete multiple polysaccharide degrading enzymes. However, their application in biomass deconstruction still constitutes a challenge. We addressed the optimisation of the xylanolytic activities in extracellular enzymatic extracts of Cellulomonas sp. B6 and Cellulomonas fimi B-402 for their subsequent application in lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysis by culture in several substrates. As demonstrated by secretomic profiling, wheat bran and waste paper resulted to be suitable inducers for the secretion of xylanases of Cellulomonas sp. B6 and C. fimi B-402, respectively. Both strains showed high xylanolytic activity in culture supernatant although Cellulomonas sp. B6 was the most efficient xylanolytic strain. Upscaling from flasks to fermentation in a bench scale bioreactor resulted in equivalent production of extracellular xylanolytic enzymatic extracts and freeze drying was a successful method for concentration and conservation of the extracellular enzymes, retaining 80% activity. Moreover, enzymatic cocktails composed of combined extra and intracellular extracts effectively hydrolysed the hemicellulose fraction of extruded barley straw into xylose and xylooligosaccharides. Instituto de Biotecnología Fil: Ontañon, Ornella. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). UEDD IABIMO. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular; Argentina Fil: Ontañon, Ornella. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Bedő, Soma. Budapest University of Technology and Economics. Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology. Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science. Biorefinery Research Group; Hungría Fil: Ghio, Silvina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). UEDD IABIMO. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular; Argentina Fil: Ghio, Silvina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Garrido, Mercedes Maria. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). UEDD IABIMO. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular; Argentina Fil: Garrido, Mercedes Maria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Topalian, Juliana. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). UEDD IABIMO. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular. Fil: Topalian, Juliana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Jahola, Dóra. Budapest University of Technology and Economics. Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology. Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science. Biorefinery Research Group; Hungría Fil: Fehér, Anikó. Budapest University of Technology and Economics. Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology. Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science. Biorefinery Research Group; Hungría Fil: Valacco, Maria Pia. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Química Biológica. Centro de Estudios Químicos y Biológicos por Espectrometría de Masa; Argentina Fil: Valacco, Maria Pia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Campos, Eleonora. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). UEDD IABIMO. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular; Argentina Fil: Campos, Eleonora. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Fehér, Csaba. Budapest University of Technology and Economics. Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology. Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science. Biorefinery Research Group; Hungría

Woody biomass represents an important source of carbon on earth, and its global recycling is highly dependent on Agaricomycetes fungi. White-rot Basidiomycetes are a very important group in this regard, as they possess a large and diverse enzymatic repertoire for biomass decomposition. Among these enzymes, the recently discovered lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) have revolutionized biomass processing with their novel oxidative mechanism of action. The strikingly high representation of LPMOs in fungal genomes raises the question of their functional versatility. In this work, we studied an AA9 LPMO from the white-rot basidiomycete Pycnoporus sanguineus, PsAA9A. Successfully produced as a recombinant secreted protein in Pichia pastoris, PsAA9A was found to be a C1-specific LPMO active on cellulosic substrates, generating native and oxidized cello-oligosaccharides in the presence of an external electron donor. PsAA9A boosted cellulolytic activity of glysoside hydrolases from families GH1, GH5, and GH6.This study serves as a starting point towards understanding the functional versatility and biotechnological potential of this enzymatic family, highly represented in wood decay fungi, in Pycnoporus genus. KEY POINTS: • PsAA9A is the first AA9 from P. sanguineus to be characterized. • PsAA9A has activity on cellulose, producing C1-oxidized cello-oligosaccharides. • Boosting activity with GH1, GH5, and GH6 was proven.

Purpose of Review This review presents an in-depth overview of the sleep–wake phenotype of patients with cirrhosis, together with available pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment strategies. A set of simple, practical recommendations is also provided. Recent Findings The understanding of the pathophysiology of sleep disorders in this patient population has improved over the past decade, especially in relation to the interplay between homeostatic and circadian sleep regulation. In addition, new tools have been utilised for both screening and in-depth investigation of the sleep–wake profile of these patients. Finally, a number of studies have evaluated the efficacy of novel treatment strategies, often with encouraging results. Summary Since sleep disturbances are common in patients with cirrhosis, more so than in patients with other chronic diseases of similar severity, their assessment should become routine hepatological practice, along with the initiation of adequate treatment.

The article Assessment and Management of Sleep Disturbance in Cirrhosis, written by Chiara Formentin, Maria Garrido, and Sara Montagnese, was originally published electronically on the publisher’s internet portal (currently SpringerLink) on 13 February 2018 without open access.