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This article aims to analyze the parental reproduction of occupations and their effects on income according to the diverse socioeconomic conditions of Brazil. Logistic regressions and wage decomposition using RIF -Recentered Influence Function—were applied to the microdata of the 2019 National Continuous Household Sample Survey. We found that sons tend to follow the occupation of fathers and daughters that of mothers; rural dwellers from traditional families and from poorer classes with low levels of education are more likely to reproduce their parents' occupation. Parental reproduction of occupations among the poor leads to lower remuneration for individuals compared to those who choose other occupations and to the maintenance of economic poverty. Impacts are greatest in the smallest quantile of wage distribution and for the poor.

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T11:23:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-10-20 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado deMato Grosso do Sul Urbanization results in loss of natural habitats and, consequently, reduction of richness and abundance of specialist to the detriment of generalist species. We hypothesized that a greater richness of trypanosomatid inDidelphis albiventriswould be found in fragments of urban forests in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, that presented a larger richness of small mammals. We used parasitological, molecular, and serological methods to detectTrypanosomaspp. infection inD. albiventris(n = 43) from forest fragments. PCR was performed with primers specific for 18S rDNA, 24S alpha rDNA, mini-chromosome satellites, and mini-exon genes. IFAT was used to detect anti-Trypanosoma cruziIgG. All hemoculture was negative. We detected trypanosomatid DNA in blood of 35% of opossum. Two opossums were seropositive forT. cruzi. The trypanosomatid species number infectingD. albiventriswas higher in the areas with greater abundance, rather than richness of small mammals. We foundD. albiventrisparasitized byT. cruziin single and co-infections withLeishmaniaspp., recently described molecular operational taxonomic unit (MOTU) named DID, andTrypanosoma lainsoni. We concluded that (i) trypanosome richness may be determined by small mammal abundance, (ii)D. albiventrisconfirmed to be bio-accumulators of trypanosomatids, and (iii)T. lainsonidemonstrated a higher host range than described up to the present. Univ Catolica Dom Bosco, Posgrad Ciencias Ambientais & Sustentabilidade Ag, Av Tamandare 6000, BR-79117900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil Univ Fed Mato Grosso do Sul, Posgrad Ecol & Conservacao, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Ciencias Agr & Vet, Sao Paulo, Brazil Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Inst Oswaldo Cruz, Lab Biol Tripanosomatideos, Rio De Janeiro, RJ, Brazil Univ Catolica Dom Bosco, Posgrad Biotecnol, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil Univ Fed deMato Grosso Sul, Posgrad Recursos Nat, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Ciencias Agr & Vet, Sao Paulo, Brazil CAPES: 88887.149231/2017-00 CNPq: 308768/2017-5 CAPES: 001 CAPES: 88887.369261/2019-00 Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado deMato Grosso do Sul: FUNDECT 03/2016 PPSUS-MS 59/300.069/2017

Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/ 10.1038/s41598-021-95996-3., Sequence data for UE2298/MS060 can be downloaded from the European Nucleotide Archive (accession number: PRJEB47085). Newly reported present-day mtDNA sequences are deposited into GenBank (MZ920249 - MZ921390). Additional requests should be addressed to: marina.silva@crick.ac.uk; gonzalo.oteo-garcia@hud. ac.uk; m.b.richards@hud.ac.uk., Historical records document medieval immigration from North Africa to Iberia to create Islamic al-Andalus. Here, we present a low-coverage genome of an eleventh century CE man buried in an Islamic necropolis in Segorbe, near Valencia, Spain. Uniparental lineages indicate North African ancestry, but at the autosomal level he displays a mosaic of North African and European-like ancestries, distinct from any present-day population. Altogether, the genome-wide evidence, stable isotope results and the age of the burial indicate that his ancestry was ultimately a result of admixture between recently arrived Amazigh people (Berbers) and the population inhabiting the Peninsula prior to the Islamic conquest. We detect differences between our sample and a previously published group of contemporary individuals from Valencia, exemplifying how detailed, small-scale aDNA studies can illuminate fine-grained regional and temporal differences. His genome demonstrates how ancient DNA studies can capture portraits of past genetic variation that have been erased by later demographic shifts-in this case, most likely the seventeenth century CE expulsion of formerly Islamic communities as tolerance dissipated following the Reconquista by the Catholic kingdoms of the north., We thank the Museo Municipal de Arqueologia y Etnologia de Segorbe for granting access to their collections and the Conselleria d'Educacio, Investigacio, Cultura i Esport de la Generalitat Valenciana for granting the permissions for the study. We thank Lara Cassidy, Valeria Mattiangeli and Dan Bradley for valuable advice and technical support. Part of this work was delivered via the BBSRC National Capability in Genomics and Single Cell Analysis (BBS/E/T/000PR9816) at Earlham Institute by members of the Genomics Pipelines and Core Bioinformatics Groups. We wish to acknowledge the use of the Orion High Performance Computing cluster at the School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield. M.S., G.O.G., A.Fi., P.J., M.G.B.F., K.D., B.Y. were supported by a Leverhulme Doctoral Scholarship awarded to M.B.R. and M.P. P.S., M.B.R., and M.P. acknowledge FCT (Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia) support through project PTDC/EPH-ARQ/4164/2014, partially funded by FEDER funds (COMPETE 2020 project 016899). P.S., A.Br., A.R. and T.R. acknowledge FCT support through project PTDC/SOC-ANT/30316/2017. P.S. acknowledges the "Contrato-Programa" UIDB/04050/2020 and contract CEECINST/0007772018 funded by FCT I.P. A.A., A.O., and A.T. acknowledge the support of the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research for the projects "Dipartimenti di Eccellenza" Program (2018-2022) -Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani," University of Pavia and PRIN2017 20174BTC4R. The KORA research platform (KORA, Cooperative Research in the Region of Augsburg) was initiated and financed by the Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen -German Research Center for Environmental Health, which is funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research and by the State of Bavaria. Furthermore, KORA research was supported within the Munich Center of Health Sciences (MC Health), LudwigMaximilians-Universitat, as part of LMUinnovativ.

The present study aims to analyze the wage gap between the public and private sectors in Brazil from 2008 to 2016 based on microdata from the Annual Social Information Report (Relacao Anual de Informacoes Sociais, RAIS). The results show that public-sector wages are higher than private-sector wages in Brazil and are decreasing at federal, state, and municipal levels. These differences are greater for workers in the judiciary, and in large municipalities and metropolises. The most skilled individuals receive lower salaries in the public sector, and the public–private difference is greater among women than men. It is also possible to verify that the wage gap can be explained better by the composition of employees in each sector than by the unobserved characteristics that affect the ways in which the sectors pay. At the end of the analyzed period, there is a reduction in participation in private-sector employment and an increase in the public–private wage gap with the economic downturn in the country.

Purpose To compare the value of pretreatment functional and morphological imaging parameters for predicting survival in patients undergoing transarterial radioembolization using yttrium-90 (90Y-TARE) for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (uHCC).

This paper aimed to study the behavior of Brazilian productivity between 2004 and 2014 and its impact on growth in a disaggregated analysis. To this end, performance was studied by examining the measurement of total factor productivity and was also based on sectoral and regional aggregation in an attempt to verify which sectors and regions contributed most to the low aggregate productivity in Brazil, considering the few disaggregated studies on productivity. In addition, based on the estimates, a growth decomposition was performed to verify the contribution of productivity to economic growth. Additionally, econometric methodologies were used to calculate productivity in order to verify whether the results obtained were similar, using panel estimates with pooled data, fixed effects, and a dynamic panel in level and differences. Among the results, it was verified that there was higher productivity growth in services and that there was a decrease in industry. The regions that achieved better performance were the North, Northeast, and Center-West, depending on the sector analyzed. In addition, considering all the regions, only industry contributed negatively to growth, except in the Center-West. Regarding econometrics, the pooled data model presented the best results.

Background The DNA barcoding system using the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 mitochondrial gene (cox1 or COI) is highly efficient for discriminating vertebrate and invertebrate species. In the present study, we examined the suitability of cox1 as a marker for Trypanosoma cruzi identification from other closely related species. Additionally, we combined the sequences of cox1 and the nuclear gene glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI) to evaluate the occurrence of mitochondrial introgression and the presence of hybrid genotypes. Methods Sixty-two isolates of Trypanosoma spp. obtained from five of the six Brazilian biomes (Amazon Forest, Atlantic Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado and Pantanal) were sequenced for cox1 and GPI gene fragments. Phylogenetic trees were reconstructed using neighbor-joining, maximum likelihood, parsimony and Bayesian inference methods. Molecular species delimitation was evaluated through pairwise intraspecific and interspecific distances, Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery, single-rate Poisson Tree Processes and multi-rate Poisson Tree Processes. Results Both cox1 and GPI genes recognized and differentiated T. cruzi, Trypanosoma cruzi marinkellei, Trypanosoma dionisii and Trypanosoma rangeli. Cox1 discriminated Tcbat, TcI, TcII, TcIII and TcIV. Additionally, TcV and TcVI were identified as a single group. Cox1 also demonstrated diversity in the discrete typing units (DTUs) TcI, TcII and TcIII and in T. c. marinkellei and T. rangeli. Cox1 and GPI demonstrated TcI and TcII as the most genetically distant branches, and the position of the other T. cruzi DTUs differed according to the molecular marker. The tree reconstructed with concatenated cox1 and GPI sequences confirmed the separation of the subgenus Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) sp. and the T. cruzi DTUs TcI, TcII, TcIII and TcIV. The evaluation of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was informative for DTU differentiation using both genes. In the cox1 analysis, one SNP differentiated heterozygous hybrids from TcIV sequences. In the GPI analysis one SNP discriminated Tcbat from TcI, while another SNP distinguished TcI from TcIII. Conclusions DNA barcoding using the cox1 gene is a reliable tool to distinguish T. cruzi from T. c. marinkellei, T. dionisii and T. rangeli and identify the main T. cruzi genotypes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-017-2457-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

A strong genetic role in the etiology of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been demonstrated by several studies using different methodologies. Shortcomings of genetic studies often include the lack of golden standard practices for diagnosis for ADHD, the use of categorical instead of a dimensional approach, and the disregard for assortative mating phenomenon in parents. The current study aimed to overcome these shortcomings and analyze data through a novel statistical approach, using multilevel analyses with Bayesian procedures and a specific mathematical model, which takes into account data with an elevated number of zero responses (expected in samples with few or no ADHD symptoms). Correlations of parental clinical variables (ADHD, anxiety and depression) to offspring psychopathology may vary according to gender and type of symptoms. We aimed to investigate how those variables interact within each other. One hundred families, comprising a proband child or adolescent with ADHD or a typically developing child or adolescent were included and all family members (both biological parents, the proband child or adolescent and their sibling) were examined through semi-structured interviews using DSM-IV criteria. Results indicated that: (a) maternal clinical variables (ADHD, anxiety and depression) were more correlated with offspring variables than paternal ones; (b) maternal inattention (but not hyperactivity) was correlated with both inattention and hyperactivity in the offspring; (c) maternal anxiety was correlated with offspring inattention; on the other hand, maternal inattention was correlated with anxiety in the offspring. Although a family study design limits the possibility of revealing causality and cannot disentangle genetic and environmental factors, our findings suggest that ADHD, anxiety and depression are variables that correlate in families and should be addressed together. Maternal variables significantly correlated with offspring variables, but the paternal variables did not.

Space deformation has been proposed to model space-time varying observation processes with non-stationary spatial covariance structure under the hypothesis of temporal stationarity. In real applications, however, the temporal stationarity assumption is inappropriate and unrealistic. In this work we propose a spatial-temporal model whose temporal trend is modeled through state space models and a spatially varying anisotropy is modeled through spatial deformation, under the Bayesian approach. A distinctive feature of our approach is the consideration of model uncertainty in an unified framework. Our model has a clear advantage over the ones proposed so far in the literature when the main objective of the study is to perform spatial interpolation for fixed points in time. Approximations of the posterior distributions of the model parameters are obtained via Markov chain Monte Carlo methods. This allows for prediction of the process values in space and time as well as handling of missing values. Two applications are presented: the first one to model concentrations of sulfur dioxide in the eastern United States and the second one to model monthly minimum temperatures in the State of Rio de Janeiro.

In this work we present a Bayesian analysis in linear regression models with spatially varying coefficients for modeling and inference in spatio-temporal processes. This kind of model is particularly appealing in situations where the effect of one or more explanatory processes on the response present substantial spatial heterogeneity. We describe for this model how to make inference about the regression coefficients and response processes under two scenarios: when the explanatory processes are known throughout the study region, and when they are known only at the sampling locations. Using a simulation experiment we investigate how parameter inference and interpolation performance are affected by some features of the data and prior distribution that is used. The proposed methodology is used to model the dataset on PM10 levels in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro presented in Paez and Gamerman (2003).