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To investigate the current status of viroid infection in potato fields in Russia, potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) and chrysanthemum stunt viroid (CSVd) were detected in potato (Solanum tuberosum) and S. nigrum plants growing in the Volga (V), North-Western (NW), and Far Eastern (FE) federal districts in Russia. While both PSTVd and CSVd were detected in potato samples from the V and FE regions, only CSVd was detected in potato samples from NW. CSVd was detected in S. nigrum from FE, and this was the first detection of CSVd in S. nigrum. Analysis of the complete genomes of 30 PSTVd and 10 CSVd variants revealed that 5 and 7 PSTVd variants from V and FE, respectively, and 2, 4, and 3 CSVd variants from V, NW, and FE, respectively, were new. Analysis of the infectivity of and symptoms caused by 15 Russian PSTVd isolates in tomato revealed that 14 PSTVd isolates caused intermediate or severe symptoms, and only FP14 caused mild symptoms. Our survey revealed that most of the Russian PSTVd isolates from V and FE caused intermediate symptoms in tomato, and the genome sequences were identical to that of PSTVd isolated from S. demissum. Phylogenetic analysis of nucleotide sequences of the Russian PSTVd variants showed their close relationship to previously studied PSTVd isolates, suggesting that most strains in Russia have not substantially changed genetically, but have widely spread in potato fields.

The effect of metallurgical inheritance on the structure and mechanical properties of semiproducts from alloy 01570 of the Al – Mg – Sc system is studied by x-ray phase analysis, electron microscopy, x-ray energy dispersive analysis, tensile tests and electron fractography. The structure of the ingot and the conditions of the deformation and of the heat treatment are shown to affect the structure and properties of the semiproducts.

Equilibrium-kinetic modeling allows investigating metal behavior in the water–rock-organic matter system with time to evaluate anthropogenic effects on the environment. In the article, the interactions of stagnant mine drainage water of the flooded mine “Arsenic” with ore and gangue minerals were simulated using different organic matter incorporation approaches. If the model is closed to humic substances (no additional organic matter input), most fulvic acids are bound in the Fe fulvate complex. While under the removal of Fe fulvate from the model, the Cu fulvate becomes prevalent, the contribution of the fulvate complexes with Zn, Mg, and Ca also increases. This scenario simulates the organo-mineral complexes behavior well and allows identifying the sequence of metal binding to organic ligands as follows Fe > Cu > Zn > Mg > Ca. The second scenario imitates the constant input of organic matter to the model (open system regarding humic substances). The dissolved metal concentrations in the model solution are extremely high in comparison to the mine drainage water. This scenario demonstrates that excessive input of organic matter leads to the accumulation of the metals in a dissolved form and blocks the secondary mineral formation despite the faster dissolution of the primary minerals under a more acidic pH than in the first scenario. However, despite the differences between the model solution and the mine drainage water, this scenario is useful to address specific issues associated with changes in natural and anthropogenic conditions. Both scenarios show the importance of organic matter incorporation to the equilibrium-kinetic models.

Elements of the jaw apparatuses of the ammonite genus Kepplerites (Ammonoidea: Stephanoceratoidea, Kosmoceratidae, Keppleritinae) are described from two Upper Bathonian and one Lower Callovian localities of the Russian Platform. The lower jaws (aptychi), based on their size and shape can be assigned to two groups and certainly belonged to the co-occurring macroconchs K. (Kepplerites) and theirs microconchs K. (Toricellites). It is established that the presence or absence of tuberculate ornamentation on the surface calcite layer in the studied kosmoceratid aptychi (and accordingly the assignment of the aptychi of kosmoceratids to Granulaptychus-type or Praestriaptychus-type) is a result of burial and fossilization in different settings. Most likely all Kosmoceratidae had lower jaws of the Granulaptychus-type, apparently like the related subfamily Garantianinae (family Stephanoceratidae). For the first time, upper jaws of cephalopods supposedly also belonging to the ammonites of genus Kepplerites are described from the Bathonian Stage.

The present paper discusses perspectives of Activity Theory (AT) in the context of contemporary globalizing world, describing which we refer to the notion "De-structuralized modernity" (Sorokin and Froumin 2020). Radical changes in everyday life challenge social sciences and humanities. Approaches are in demand, which have the potential to comprehend the changing human etant and entre. We argue that Activity Theory has the potential to face these challenges. Leontiev's AT grounds on the idea of qualitatively new mental features arising to deal with novel environmental challenges, which is much in line with J.M. Baldwin reasoning on evolution. AT also offers a method to prognosis the upcoming neoplasms. In the same time, applying classics of AT to the current reality, "De-structuralized modernity", entails the need for new theoretical elaborations of the latter, stemming from the radical transformation of the relations between individual and socio-cultural environments. A unique societal context emerges on the global level, which, on the one hand, requires individual to adapt constantly to changing socio-cultural reality, and, on the other hand, dramatically expands his/her potential for proactive actorhood transforming surrounding structures. We argue that the major and novel challenge for the individual is that maintaining the integrity and coherence of the a) Self-identity and b) system of links with the socio-cultural environment - in their dynamics and unity, has become a qualitatively different issue, much more complicated and problematic than ever before. The notion of "culture" has particular relevance and importance in this context because it allows grasping simultaneously two dimensions in their dynamic dialectical interrelations. First, the "internal" ("subjective", "in the minds") and "external" ("objective", material and institutional environment) realities. Second, individual ("micro") and societal ("macro") scales of human activities. Discussing the ways to understand these dynamics, we dispute the popular "constitutive view" on personality and refer to the concept of the "ontological shift" (Mironenko and Sorokin 2018). We also highlight how technological advancements change and "expand" human nature making it capable to deal with the outlined new tasks.

An experimental model of an original device for the diagnosis of uterine scar integrity in the early postpartum period is described. The design of the device is described, along with methods of assessing uterine scar integrity in the early postpartum period; the effectiveness of using this device for the diagnosis of defects is assessed in an experimental model. The diagnostic accuracy of the device is compared with that of manual examination of the uterine cavity.

Recent developments in display technology and computation have strongly increased the operability of virtual reality applications, and both academic and commercial interest in the subject is on the increase. This paper studies publication patterns of VR in medicine and various medical subfields by analysing 9830 documents from 1991 to 2018 to put the rising publication numbers into context. The focus rests on identifying those areas that show exceptional growth. While scholars in surgery were the first to publish extensively on VR, psychology and psychiatry are now the only fields that show a relative increase in publication growth.

We comment on the article by Zagaria et al., which explicates the ""soft" nature of psychology: a minor consensus in its "core"" (Zagaria et al., p. 1), manifested by the discordant character of definitions of psychological "core-constructs". Zagaria et al. build on the assumption that psychological science should reside in the status of a paradigm, meanwhile the real state of things they consider as pre-paradigmatic, imperfect and unhealthy, from which a transition to a paradigm is necessary. We cannot agree with this provision. We argue that not internal coherence and consistency, but the ability to reflect multifaceted reality, to answer its innovative manifestations in various dimensions and solve tasks that life poses to humanity with an adequate set of different tools not reducible to a single approach, is what makes the value of science. Psychology originally developed as poly paradigmatic science, because its subject has a most complex nature, holistic, yet incorporating many aspects different in their essence and, therefore, requiring different versions of the methodology. Considering epistemology of psychological science from the philosophical perspective implying special focus on the ontological issues, we argue that poly paradigmatic structure of psychology is a virtue, not weakness. Thanks to such a structure, modular, like a Swiss knife, our science may offer the most effective solutions for a variety of problems. Multiplicity of relative approaches is best fit for life and innovation, even though we have to sacrifice rigor and concordance of definitions in introductory textbooks.

Selective C–O activation of multifunctional molecules is essential for many important chemical processes. Although reducible metal oxides are active and selective towards reductive C–O bond scission via the reverse Mars–van Krevelen mechanism, the most active oxides undergo bulk reduction during reaction. Here, motivated by the enhanced oxide reducibility by metals, we report a strategy for C–O bond activation by doping the surface of moderately reducible oxides with an ultralow loading of noble metals. We demonstrate the principle using highly dispersed Pt anchored onto TiO2 for furfuryl alcohol conversion to 2-methylfuran. A combination of density functional theory calculations, catalyst characterization (scanning transmission electron microscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray absorption spectroscopy), kinetic experiments and microkinetic modelling expose substantial C–O activation rate enhancement, without bulk catalyst reduction or unselective ring hydrogenation. A methodology is introduced to quantify various types of sites, revealing that the cationic redox Pt on the TiO2 surface is more active than metallic sites for C–O bond activation. Reducible metal oxides selectively catalyse the hydrodeoxygenation of C–O bonds in bio-based aromatic molecules, although they show limited performance. Now, using TiO2 as an example, a method is reported to enhance the activity of the oxide by surface doping with an ultralow loading of Pt.

The catalysts 1 wt% palladium supported on carbon nanoglobules (CNGs) were shown to be highly active in the liquid-phase hydrogenation of various nitroarenes and provided nearly 100% selectivity to aromatic amines at complete conversion under mild conditions (323 K, 0.5 MPa, 1 h). The catalytic activity (in terms of turnover frequency and substrate conversion) and selectivity depend on the kind of CNGs support, catalyst preparation method and the reaction conditions (solvent nature). The Pd/CNGs catalyst can be repeatedly used while maintaining the same catalytic performance. The excellent performances of Pd/CNGs catalysts can be due to the globular morphology of the supports as well as the absence of micropores and pronounced surface defects.

The increase of thickness of silicon films as negative electrodes of lithium-ion batteries is known to result in notable worsening their cyclability. Some recently, the authors have shown that the layered composites based on the Si–O–Al system possess much better cyclability. The present work declares that cyclic stability depends also on parameters of galvanostatic cycling. The composite films of thickness 3 μm, composed of 14 wt% of oxygen, 17 wt% of aluminum, and 67 wt% of silicon, deposited in the form of multi-layered structures, are shown to demonstrate a sufficiently high stability over more than 200 charge–discharge cycles with the capacity fading less than 0.09% per cycle if the cycling is performed within the potential range of 0.1–0.7 V relative to the lithium reference electrode.

Contigs with sequence similarity to potato virus P (PVP), which belongs to the genus Carlavirus, were identified by high-throughput sequencing analysis in potato tubers collected from a farmer's potato production field in Surazhevka, Artyom, Primorskiy Krai (Russia) in 2018. The complete genome sequence of this virus consisted of 8,394 nucleotides, excluding the poly(A) tail. This is the first report of PVP being detected outside South America. The isolate had high sequence similarity to PVP isolates from Argentina and Brazil, but low sequence similarity was observed in the genes encoding the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (69% nucleotide sequence identity and 80% amino acid sequence identity) and coat protein (78% nucleotide sequence identity and 89% amino acid sequence identity). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that this PVP-like virus clustered with known PVP isolates but was distinct from them. Comparison of the sequences using the classification criteria of the ICTV indicated that this PVP-like virus is a strain of PVP.

Catalytic properties of the tungstated alumina (WA) supported catalysts with different nature and content of active metal (Pt, Pd, Rh, Ru, Ni) were studied in the continuous flow hydrodeoxygenation of sorbitol at a temperature of 653 K, a pressure of 4.0 MPa, and weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) of 1.0 h−1. The catalysts were characterized by N2 physical adsorption, H2-TPR, CO chemisorption, TEM, and NH3-TPD. It was found that all catalysts provide complete conversion of sorbitol with the formation of C5–C7 hydrocarbons as the main products which include n-alkanes, cycloalkanes, and isoalkanes. The yield of С5–С7 hydrocarbons after 1 h of the reaction increases from 42 to about 74 mol% in a series of catalysts: 5% Ni/WA

Inspired by the bold methodological experiment on auto-ethnography in Vienna (Rhodes et al. Human Arenas, 1, 151–165, 2018), we conducted several walking sessions in St. Petersburg. During the walk, each participant took photos of objects, which attracted his/her attention, and dictated to the voice recorder what he/she was experiencing at this moment. The data allows to expand and supplement the existing ideas about individual differences in the perception of urban spaces, which are based on both the influence of the subject’s past experience and deeper, possibly neurophysiological factors causing these differences. The results we compared with theoretical models of the structure of the image of the world elaborated in Leontiev’s school in context of the activity theory. Among the main results of our work, the participants noted two effects that, being a sort of by-effect of the investigation, turned out to be extremely important and interesting for them. First, the self-reflection of the impressions of the environment turned out to be a means of self-discovery. It brought some new knowledge about oneself, sometimes surprising, helping to reveal something about oneself, which was not obvious before. The second unexpected result was a kind of “therapeutic effect” of our walks, noticed by the participants. The possibility of “mediated” self-discovery while focusing on an informational and emotionally saturated object of reality may have potential as a therapeutic practice.

Fundamental knowledge of the active site requirements for the selective activation of C–O bonds over heterogeneous catalysts is required to design multistep processes for the synthesis of complex chemicals. Here we employ reaction kinetics measurements, extensive catalyst characterization, first principles calculations and microkinetic modelling to reveal metal oxides as a general class of catalysts capable of selectively cleaving C–O bonds with unsaturation at the α position, at a moderate temperature and H2 pressure. Strikingly, metal oxides are considerably more active catalysts than commonly employed VIIIB and IB transition metal catalysts. We identify the normalized Gibbs free energy of oxide formation as both a reactivity and a catalyst stability descriptor and demonstrate the generality of the radical-mediated, reverse Mars–van Krevelen C–O bond activation mechanism on oxygen vacancies, previously established only for RuO2. Importantly, we provide evidence that the substrate plays an equally key role to the catalyst in C–O bond activation. Metal oxides have been identified as a promising class of catalysts for carbon–oxygen bond cleavage in the context of biomass valorization, although the systematic understanding of their reactivity remains elusive. Now, a combination of catalytic screening and first principles calculations provide important insights into this family of catalysts.

The effect of the support nature (different carbons, aluminum oxide, mixed MgAl oxide) on the activity of palladium catalysts and on the reaction routes of aqueous-phase hydrogenation of furfural at a temperature of 423 K and a pressure of 3 MPa was investigated. The carbon-supported catalysts were found to be the most active, and almost complete conversion of furfural is achieved. In the presence of these catalysts, the reaction proceeds predominantly through two parallel water-involved routes depending on the nature of carbon support: catalysts supported on carbon nanoglobules are selective to 4-oxopentanal (selectivity up to about 63%), while catalysts supported on carbon nanotubes give mainly cyclopentanone (selectivity up to 57%). The palladium catalysts based on the oxide supports (γ-Al2O3, MgAlOx) are much less active in the aqueous-phase hydrogenation of furfural compared to carbon-supported catalysts, and complete conversion of furfural does not occur (only up to 55%). In the presence of catalysts prepared using basic support (i.e., MgAl oxide), there are no reactions involving water, and furfuryl alcohol and tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol are the principal products. According to the results of catalyst characterizations, the revealed differences in performance of palladium catalysts are caused by the effect of the support nature on the formation and dispersion of supported Pd nanoparticles, as well as by the distinctions in the structure and acid–base properties of the supports.

This article is a comment on Maria Lapoujade paper “Life Imaginaries in Gaseous Societies.” Maria Lapoujade argues that due to the increase of pace of human, social life since modernity humanity finds itself in a deeply morally degraded and culturally diseased state. Thus, Lapoujade calls for efforts which need to be undertaken from all possible areas—the humanities, arts, sciences, religions, education, and politics—to the healing of the diseased aspects of contemporary humanity, efforts, aimed at curing our species from overall blind irrational cruelty by promoting positive, joyful “imaginaries.” Viewing psychological science as a powerful creator of “imaginaries,” I address the point whether psychology can and should contribute to that endeavor.

The small, but rather deep pit in the internal mould of the body chamber of Upper Devonian Cyclopoceras (nom. nov.) abundans (Taxyceratidae, Discosorida) from Central Russia is described in this paper. Similar pits are known to exist on internal moulds of Paleozoic cephalopod shells including nautiloids and Devonian ammonoids, and are interpreted as imprints of blister pearls: nacreous projections on the inner shell surface formed by mollusk for isolation of parasites. The pit studied herein corresponds with asymmetry of the muscle attachment scars and deformation of the last septum: the largest central pair of the muscle scars are shifted from the center of the ventral side, whereas the last septum is curved apically above the pit. These deformations indicate an abnormal growing of the shell at the latest stages of its development, giving a base for assumption that the pit was caused by a parasitic disease. The assumption of an appearance of this abnormality due to an attack by a drilling predator seems less likely. This finding is the first known possible imprint of blister pearls in Discosorida.

In this paper I comment on the "Individual personality is best understood as process, not structure: A Confucian-inspired perspective" article by Peter Giordano (Culture & Psychology, 23(4), 502-518 (2017)), which addresses the question of how to comprehend a personality which is continuously changing and varying with changes in social contexts and situations. The issue which Giordano turns up I believe to be of great importance and topicality in the quickly changing globalizing contemporary world. Giordano's paper highlights an important problem in the development of contemporary personality psychology, but much remains to be clarified concerning his process-centric model. I introduce the theory of Boris Parygin, which can make a contribution to the discussion of personality as a process. Parygin's theory addresses the same issues that Giordano focuses on: human personality exists and develops in the context of social situation. Parygin's theoretical model of personality involves two personality schemas: a "static" one and a "dynamic" one. The "structure" and the "process" -centered approaches are joint here to complement each other. Personality life-span development, formation of personality structures, is considered as a process of interaction and dialectical confrontation with the social environment, in the course of which the personality, originally engendered by social factors, builds up its autonomy and realizes its unique individual spiritual potential.

The study addresses the effect of the reduction conditions of palladium polynuclear hydroxo complexes (PHC) supported on the Sibunit carbon material on the dispersion of the metal particles and the activity of 0.5%Pd/Sibunit catalysts in the selective hydrogenation of sodium 2,4,6-trinitrobenzoate to 1,3,5-triaminobenzene in an aqueous solution (temperature of 323 or 343 K, pressure of 0.5 MPa). The palladium PHC were reduced using the most common methods pertaining to catalyst preparation: liquid-phase reduction with sodium formate and reduction in a hydrogen flow at elevated temperature. It was found that high-temperature reduction in the gas phase gives rise to Pd particles with a markedly lower dispersion compared with the sample obtained under mild liquid-phase reduction conditions. The catalytic activity of the sample containing large Pd particles proved to be higher than the activity of the catalyst obtained by reduction with sodium formate.

The bimetallic PdRu catalyst supported on carbon nanotubes were found ot provide an efficient synthesis of cyclopentanol in aqueous-phase hydrogenation of furfural. Under the chosen reaction conditions (temperature of 473 K, total pressure of 8 MPa), the selectivity towards cyclopentanol reaches 77% at a complete conversion of furfural. A high activity of this catalyst can be associated with changes in the electronic state and dispersion of the supported metals caused by their mutual interaction and formation of PdRu alloy.

Combined hydroforming and blanking is simulated. The use of two fracture models is analyzed. Results of field experiments conducted to validate the simulation are presented. It is concluded that the ductile fracture model is appropriate for the simulation of blanking.

For the first time it was established that the catalytic hydrogenation of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzoic acid to 1,3,5-triaminobenzene can proceed via the formation of aromatic hydroxyamines and cyclohexane-1,3,5-trione trioxime. As a result of aqueous-phase hydrogenation of sodium salt of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzoic acid in the presence of 5%Pd/Sibunit catalyst at a temperature of 323 K and pressure of 0.5 MPa, a trioxime in high yield (about 70 %) was obtained. Due to high selectivity to cyclohexane-1,3,5-trione trioxime the catalytic hydrogenation of sodium salt of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzoic acid can be considered as a new method for its synthesis.

The research is aimed at studying the topology of energy-efficient areas on the epicardial surface. The data enable determination of optimal areas for implantation of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), including for their application for electrotherapy of the heart. A non-invasive method of assessing epicardium kinematic activity of the left ventricle of the heart in patients with various cardiovascular diseases was used for predicting the localization of implanted devices.

Here we are providing a review of aptychi records in ammonites of Boreal origin or that inhabited Boreal/Subboreal basins during the Bathonian–Albian with special focus on new records and the relationship between the evolution of ammonite conch and aptychi. For the first time we figure aptychi that belong to Aulacostephanidae, Virgatitidae, Deshayesitidae, Craspeditinae and Laugeitinae. A strong difference between aptychi of micro- and macroconchs of co-occurring Aspidoceratidae is shown, which, along with their shell morphologies suggests niche divergence of these dimorphs. Aptychi of Aptian Sinzovia (Aconeceratidae) should be tentatively ascribed to Didayilamellaptychus, while their previous assignment to rhynchaptychi was caused by misidentification. Aptychi of Middle Jurassic–Early Cretaceous Boreal and Subboreal ammonites are characterized by a very thin calcareous non-porous outer layer lacking distinct ribs and tubercles (only radial striae sometimes occur), and mainly should be assigned to Praestriaptychus. Some ammonoid groups (i.e. Ancylocerina and Desmoceratoidea) are characterized by the presence of different aptychi types irrespective of their shell shape. This fact could indicate that bivalved praestriaptychi could have easily transformed into single-valved “anaptychi” and vice versa. Size and form of aptychi in relation to those of the aperture of ammonite conchs vary within different lineages and at least some Stephanoceratoidea and Perisphinctoidea have aptychi significantly smaller than the aperture diameter.