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The current study presents a simple, low-cost, and rapid method for producing α-amylase capped silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The electromagnetic irradiation approach significantly reduced reaction time and resulted in the nucleation of silver ions for nanoparticle formation. The electromagnetic energy (300 nm to 650 nm) and electrical potential (7 mV) have been tuned. This study outlines how electromagnetic energy is irradiated to cause chemical processes in the nucleation and development of silver ions. The incident energy wavelength varies from lower to higher wavelength; the Ag+ reduction rate slows and becomes more kinetically and dynamically regulated. The incident photon energy causes silver ions to reduce, resulting in stable colloidal AgNPs. The formation of particles of various sizes, like UV-light (68.2 nm), Blue light (59.7 nm), Green light (94.4 nm), Yellow light (79.2 nm), Orange light (91.3 nm), Red light (74.2 nm), and Electrical energy (98.3 nm). X-ray diffraction assesses the purity and crystalline nature of AgNPs, while transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to analyze the shape and morphology. The approach has been thoroughly documented and confirmed using UV–Visible spectroscopy, DLS, and fluorescence spectroscopy. Particles were deposited on steel electrodes for use in industrial and medicinal applications.

To make fresh fruits, vegetables and other food substances safe and edible for a longer period of time than usual, their shelf life is increased. Therefore, their shelf life enhancement has garnered significant attention from scientists across the globe. Nanotechnology has played a vital role in this field of research for decades. In this study, a simple green synthesis technique was used to synthesize highly efficient ZnO nano-rods based nanostructures. The properties of bio-synthesized ZnO samples were examined using various characterization techniques including Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and UV–visible spectroscopy. To study the effect of ZnO NPs on the shelf life of tomatoes the100 ppm solution of ZnO NPs and ZnO NPs along with Chitosan due to its potential anti-microbial properties have been sprayed on tomatoes. The physiological weight loss (PWL) and physical appearance and overall acceptability using 5-point scale are employed for consideration of variations in shelf life. It was seen that ZnO NPs have unequivocally preserved the tomatoes for a longer period and extended their shelf-life as compared to control and ZnO NPs along with Chitosan. Furthermore, ZnO NPs have shown no toxic effects on tomatoes. In this work, it has been investigated that high concentration of leaf extract gives smaller sized ZnO NPs and larger antimicrobial activity. This research is highly suitable for researchers for choice of suitable synthesis method as well as for the food industry for the improvements in shelf time.

The purpose of this study was to fabricate non-invasive transdermal patches loaded with promising greenly synthesized nanoparticles for breast cancer therapy. The half maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) on triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) and human dermal fibroblast (HDF) cell lines were investigated. In addition, the migration inhibition of the cancerous cells was investigated as well. Moreover, the physicochemical properties (water uptake, thickness, weight, and content uniformity) of the patches were evaluated with the in-vitro release of the prepared nanoparticles from the patches. Carbopol was used as a film forming polymer, ethylene–vinyl acetate as a backing layer, while the root hair extract of Phoenix dactylifera was used as a reducing agent to form zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs). Clear, transparent, and flexible transdermal patches were successfully synthesized with uniform thickness (0.25 ± 0.001 mm) and weight (0.42 ± 0.007 g). Patches showed ZnO NPs content uniformity of 91.74–94.40% with surface pH of 6.25 ± 0.02. They exhibited sustained release of ZnO NPs over 25 h with a steady-state flux of 7.21 µg/h/cm2. The particle size of ZnO NPs was 88.15 ± 4.99 nm, polydispersity index was 0.44 ± 0.26, and zeta potential was − 16.63 mV. Moreover, the cytotoxicity of ZnO NPs on the TNBC cell lines was dose dependent. Accordingly, it increased from 54 to 100% upon increasing ZnO NPs concentration from 0.16 to 2.5 µg/mL. The IC50 of ZnO NPs (0.42 µg/mL) on TNBC was significantly (p

Intercalation of dopants improves the action of MoS2 and can affect the material characteristics by inserting dopants into crystal gaps between layers. Here, we report a hot injection aqueous solution synthesis approach for incorporation of Au nanoparticles (NPs) on exfoliated MoS2 nanolayers (NLs) using NMP as solvent. This synthesis approach was utilized for hybridization and nucleation of metal NPs with semiconducting NLs to eliminate poor dispersion by maintaining the crystallinity of the pristine MoS2. This study builds up the significant part of trisodium citrate (Na3Ct) on improving the hybridization of AuNPs on semiconducting MoS2 nanolayers. The optical, structural, and morphological properties of pristine MoS2 nanolayers (E-MoS2 NLs) and AuNPs–MoS2 nanohybrids were studied via UV–Vis, PL Spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, SEM/EDX analysis. The successful inclusion and dispersion of AuNPs in MoS2 NLs by reducing recombination of excited electrons also detecting changes in their electrical properties by conductivity measurements via I–V and EIS analysis.

In this present work, it is envisaged to enhance seed germination using Mo doped WO3 nanoparticles. Mo as a micro nutrient plays a vital role in germination and growth in plant biology. The pristine and Mo doped WO3 (Mo:WO3) nanoparticles are synthesized using acid assisted precipitation technique. Both pristine and doped samples were characterized by XRD, SEM/EDS, FTIR, Raman, UV-DRS, PL and XPS spectral techniques. The XRD pattern corroborates the monoclinic phase of synthesised products. The SEM and EDS analysis shows effective doping of Mo into host lattices of WO3. The structural aspects were confirmed using FTIR and Raman spectral studies. The doping of Mo lead to a decrease in band gap energy assisted with increase in Urbach energy. The defect states in energy levels were studied using PL analysis and the chemical composition using XPS. The WO3 nanoparticles show robust antibacterial activities against the Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Xanthomonas oryzae pv bacterial strains. The seed germination properties on kodo millet seeds were evaluated showing a more pronounced effect for Mo doped than pristine WO3 nanoparticles. Hence this material can be used in such a way that the dopant Mo aids in seed germination while WO3 acts as a good antibacterial agent that retards plant growth.

In this work, ZnO films are deposited by magnetron sputtering [using direct current (DC)], on polished silicon substrate Si(100) (non-etched), etched for 1 min, 5 min, 10 min and 15 min. The effect of etched silicon substrate on structural, morphological, and optical properties of ZnO films has been investigated. A new nanostructure can be obtained by mean of modification in morphology of substrate. The etching of the substrate was effectuated by means of dry plasma at different time and they compared with non-etched substrates. AFM and SEM images have been used to investigate the morphology behaviors of ZnO films growth on etched and non-etched silicon substrates. Optical properties were studied in details, photoluminescence (PL) showed that the intensity of ZnO films have been increased by increasing the substrate etching time from 0 to 15 min, which were associated with the crystallographic properties [for (002) orientation] using X-ray diffraction (XRD). That may be related to the decrease of grain size and roughness morphology increasing with the etching time. FTIR and MicroRaman spectra of films show vibrational modes characteristic of ZnO materials and they were related with morphology and structural of the films. In addition, the variation of ethylene glycol contact angle data (ECA) related to roughness of the ZnO films deposited on etched Si substrate at different times were studied. The ZnO films on etched substrate were interesting in optoelectronic purpose as well as for gas sensor in future work of our team.

Jelly candy is a novel and promising method for advanced drug delivery, especially among children due to the enjoyable taste of candy products. The anti-fever and analgistic properties of acetaminophen in the effective treatment of mild to moderate pain has been well-studied over the past few decades. This study aims to prepare a novel dosage form of acetaminophen nanoparticles jelly candies that are suitable for children to consume. Polyethylene glycol 6000 was dissolved in distilled water and then acetaminophen powder dissolved in ethanol, added rapidly to the stirring solution of polyethylene glycol 6000. Gelling agents consisting of gelatin and starch were added to the nanoparticle solution. The final solution was stirred well and allowed to dry at refrigerator temperature for 24 h. Characterization tests such as DSC, FT-IR spectroscopy, surface electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging, and release profiles of both nanoparticles and jelly candies were done. FT-IR results confirmed the formation of nanoparticles. The size of the synthesized nanoparticles was about 38–50 nm. Cumulative drug release of the nanoparticles in the jelly candies was about 74% after 24 h, the the nanoparticles’ release profile obeys the Hixon–Crowell model, and the jelly candies show first-order release profiles. The oral jelly candies loaded with nanoparticles can be the next generation of novel dosage forms of acetaminophen because of their ease of consumption and higher compliance among children than the conventional oral tablets. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings.

The rediscovery of the old-age material graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), a 2D conducting polymer, has given rise to a tide of articles exploring its diverse applications. Recently, owing to its excellent physicochemical stability and tunable electronic structure, the material has proven to be an eminent candidate for improving the sensing quality of electrodes. Excellent properties of g-C3N4 such as exposed surface area, metal-free characteristics, and low-cost synthesis have attracted facile and economical designing of sensors for a variety of analyte molecules. Herein, the readers are introduced to the historical development of g-C3N4 and escorted to the present findings of its electrochemical sensing applications. Along with its sensing utilities, the review shares some exciting insights into the synthesis, structural, and surface chemistry modulations of g-C3N4. A great many approaches for overcoming the inherent limitations have also been critically discussed, starting with the precursor in use. This review article aims to provide a concise perspective and direction to future researchers for enabling them to fabricate smart and eco-friendly sensors using g-C3N4.

In this work, stannic oxide (SnO2) nanoparticles were biologically synthesized utilizing the polysaccharide extract of gum acacia by performing the calcination of stannous chloride precursors at 450° centigrade. The confirmation of SnO2 nanoparticles was done through various characterizations. Making use of the Scherer formula within the XRD analysis, the dimensions confirmed for the synthesized nanoparticles of SnO2 was obtained to be 4.66 nm. SnO2 NPs are 4.22 nm in size, according to TEM images. ciprofloxacin is a frequently utilized antibiotic as well as exclusive therapy for bacterial infections, and not viral pathogens. In this report, ciprofloxacin photocatalytic degradation in presence of stannic oxide was investigated, which was confirmed by the UV–Vis characterization. The results also optimized using RSM optimization and indicated that the efficiency of ciprofloxacin removal is 99.7% under the optimum conditions of experimental factors (catalyst concentration (R1) in 50 mg/L, ciprofloxacin dose (R2) in 0.5 g/L, and Reaction time (R3) in 120 min). These results suggest that these nanoparticles possess great potential for removing ciprofloxacin from aqueous solutions.

Developing wound dressing biomaterials is crucial to maintaining an appropriate health care system. Electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) encapsulated with co-doped hydroxyapatite (HAP) with [silver (Ag)/magnesium (Mg)] ions have been fabricated with a variation in Ag+ ions contributions. Besides, Ag/Mg-HAP powder forms have been investigated upon their structure. Their lattice parameters were investigated, including a-axis, and plunged slightly from 9.487 ± 0.03 to 9.467 ± 0.07 A for the lowest and the highest additional Ag+ ions. Furthermore, the average surface roughness value increased from 16.0 nm to 25.9 nm for the lowest and the highest doped Ag+ for powdered phases, while it increased from 106.5 to 174.6 nm for the scaffold ones. The produced scaffolds were formed in random fibers distribution with diameters ranged from 3.4–7.8 to be 1.9–5.1 µm for the lowest and the highest ionic substitution. Moreover, the antibacterial effectiveness has been evaluated and showed that the inhibition zone grew from 14.8 ± 3.1 mm and 13.5 ± 4.2 mm to be 19.3 ± 3.8 mm and 17.6 ± 2.9 mm for the 0.4Ag/Mg-HAP@PVA and 0.8Ag/Mg-HAP@PVA against E. coli and S. aureus, respectively. Furthermore, the attachment of human fibroblasts cells has been tested in vitro and depicted that the cells could proliferate and grow adhesively through the scaffolds, which may support these platforms or substitutes to be examined for clinical applications.

Nanozymes are nanomaterials that possess intrinsic enzyme mimicking activity. In this study, the application of silver nanoparticles coated filter paper (AgNPs/FP) that exhibits a peroxidase-like catalytic activity as a potential sensor is reported. A simple chemical reduction method was used to produce AgNPs/FP. The formation of the particles on filter paper were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). In the presence of hydrogen peroxide, AgNPs/FP oxidized the colorless o-phenylenediamine (OPD) and 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) solutions to a yellow colored 2,3-diaminophenazine (DAP) and deep blue colored oxidized TMB (oxTMB), respectively. In the presence of thiocyanate, however, the peroxidase-like activity was inhibited in a concentration dependent manner. This makes the AgNPs/FP a promising catalyst and employed for colorimetric detection of thiocyanate via inhibition of the peroxidase-like activity. The application can be further extended to other environmentally and biologically important analytes.

In the present study, catechin was successfully grafted in reduced graphene oxide Zinc oxide (rGO/ZnO) nanocomposite by solvent free hydrothermal method. Absorption spectra at 207 and 280 nm confirms the formation of Catechin overlaid rGO/ZnO nanocomposite (Ca@rGO/ZnO NCs). Characterization of Ca@rGO/ZnO NCs revealed the presence of hexagonal wurtzite structure with aggregated morphology and size of 111.7 nm which is suitable for cellular entry. Enhanced release of drug catechin was observed (74.60 ± 0.55%) at acidic pH within 24 h. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-DiphenyltetrazoliumBromide and Lactate dehydrogenase assays revealed dose-dependent antiproliferative effect of Ca@rGO/ZnO NCs (IC50 value 17.02 ± 0.002 μg/ml) and cell membrane damage. Fluorescent microscopic studies revealed that nanocomposite enhanced the release of ROS level leading to transmembrane potential loss, enhancing cytochrome C release eventually mediating apoptosis. Antibiofilm studies revealed Ca@rGO/ZnO NCs exhibited drastic reduction in biofilm formation with IC50 value of 5 ± 0.25 μg/ml. Acridine orange/Ethidium bromide dual staining showed disruption in biofilm architecture with reduced microcolonies mostly dead cells in treated groups. In vitro toxicity studies depicted the biocompatible nature of Ca@rGO/ZnO NCs. Taken together the present study represents rGO/ZnO as suitable nanocarrier for catechin and Ca@rGO/ZnO NCs as an emerging paradigm for treatment of infectious disease and lung cancer.

Quantum dots (QDs) are three-dimensional (3D) quantum confinement materials with confined size on the nanoscale. They are semiconductors, possessing a tunable energy gap in the range of visible light energy. In QDs, the 3D quantum confinements of excitons result in tunable fluorescence emission relying upon the QDs size and shape when excited by monochromatic light. Besides, the attempts to improve their outstanding optoelectronic properties, i.e. superior to those of bulk, thin-film semiconductor and organic dyes, many efforts have been conducted, in recent times, regarding sustainable QDs synthesis aiming at biocompatibility and cost reduction. Among the green synthesis routes of QDs there are two distinguished; namely inorganic QDs and carbon-based QDs. The first route is made of low-bandgap metal chalcogenide either extracted from a living being, e.g. earthworm, or capped with an organic ligand. While, the second route is made of carbon-core and passivating the surface with different functional groups, namely carboxyl, hydroxyl, in addition to amine. These functional groups are derived from coke or organic carbon reservoir, i.e. fruits and their juice, animal, vegetable, spice and waste paper. Numerous fundamental applications of QDs, such as biomedicine, sensing, catalysis, and solar cells, exploit the characteristic fluorescence emission of QDs, quantum yields and their modulation upon interaction with the external environment. In this review, two prototype QDs examples are used to highlight the route to sustainable QDs synthesis and solar cells implementation and some perspectives.

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is an efficient analytical method to detect the chemical compound at ultra-low concentration. In this work, chemical enhancement phenomenon during the interaction of fungicide thiram (THR) on silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is studied by combining experimental and density functional theory approaches. Limit of detection value for THR being 1 μM is achieved. Structural and electronic properties of THR and its complexes with pyramidal Ag20 clusters as a surface model are investigated at the PBE/cc-pVDZ-PP//cc-pVDZ level of theory. The calculated normal Raman and SERS spectra are in good agreement with the experimental ones. Analysis of the most stable complex indicates that THR interacts with the silver cluster via two S(sp2) atoms at the top of the cluster. By increasing the adsorbed THR molecules from 1 to 3, the SERS peak intensities increase from 4 to 10 times, respectively. The spectral fingerprints of THR are also analyzed via the adsorption of thiram-chlorpyrifos mixture. Consequently, the peaks at 1496, 1350 and 956 cm−1 are recommended as the three most characteristic SERS peaks for quantifying THR in a real mixture. Finally, natural population analysis (NPA) charges, NBO analysis, charge density difference (CDD) maps allow providing more insight into charge transfer process THR and AgNPs.

In this study, the effects of Ag-ZnO nano-composites (NCs) on the germination of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) and kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) have been investigated. Two synthesis techniques have been utilized including green Synthesis and sol–gel method to compare their effect on germination of both types of beans. Various inquring approaches including XRD, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), EDX and UV–vis spectroscopy were employed to characterize the synthesized Ag-ZnO NCs. The XRD pattern showed that the synthesized powdered Ag-ZnO nano-composites have a highly crystalline pure structure without any secondary phase. SEM disclosed the spherical-shaped Ag NPs and rod-like ZnO NPs for green and sol–gel synthesis, respectively. The EDX spectra confirmed the materials through respective peaks of Ag, Zn and O which validates the synthesis of Ag-ZnO NCs. The different concentrations of nanostructures (100 ppm, 500 ppm and 1000 ppm) have been applied on peanut and kidney beans to study the variation in germination rate. The germinability, germination rate percentage, mean germination time (MGT) and root and shoot lengths are employed for consideration of variations in germination rate. In contrast to 1000 ppm concentration, both types of seeds present potential results at 500 ppm for green synthesis as well as sol–gel synthesis approach. This research is highly suitable for researchers for choice of suitable synthesis method as well as for food industry for the improvements in germination rates.

Polydiacetylene based sensors have been used for a variety of sensing applications. Here we demonstrate that diacetylene-containing amphiphiles could be spray processed to provide unique sensor coatings that may be applied to a variety of material surfaces. Utilizing an airbrushing technique, we examined processing parameters to yield spray-on sensors for detecting UV, temperature, as well as chemical/solvent targets depending on the pendant side chain chemistry of the resulting polydiacetylene coating. We observed that the concentration, carrier solvent, and UV exposure time had a significant effect on the colorimetric response of the sprayed on coating with better responses observed at higher amphiphile concentration and shorter polymerization times. We expect this approach to generating spray-on responsive coatings will provide a widely deployable means for detection that may be customized for a variety of sensing applications.

The AgxCo1-xFe2O4 (silver-doped cobalt ferrite) nanoparticles with various concentrations, were successfully synthesized via hydrothermal route and their effect as antibacterial activity was investigated. The Fd-cubic crystal structure of pure and Ag-doped Co1-xFe2O4 nanoparticles were identified with variations in their lattice parameters and crystalline sizes of the prepared samples. Bonding nature of these ferrites have been studied by FT-IR (Fourier Transform-Infrared) spectroscopy which confirmed the spinel phase of Cobalt ferrite nanoparticles having Td (Tetrahedral) and Oh (Octahedral) sites. Photoluminescence analysis reveals that due to different concentration of Ag, the red shift and blue shift were observed in absorption edge toward different wavelength range, strongly effecting the band gap of materials which makes it a potential candidate for other optical applications. The antibacterial activity against Extensively Drug Resistance (EDR) pathogens E. coli and Pseudomonas aeroginosa (Gram-negative bacteria) and Multi Drug Resistance pathogen, Staph aureus (Gram-positive bacteria), were investigated via agar well diffusion method which exhibits maximum zone of inhibition (10–16 mm) and suggested that pure and Ag-doped cobalt ferrite nanoparticles are remarkably efficient against bacterial resistance. The enhancement in antibacterial effect by doping silver recommended it as a suitable candidate to overcome the challenges of high bacterial resistance and it can be applied in different biomedical applications.

The dynamic development of nanotechnology research has contributed to the fact that various types of nanoparticles are increasingly used on a large scale both for medical and biological purposes, but above all in many industrial fields. Such a wide application of nanoparticles is often connected with the need to estimate their characteristic parameters, such as size, size distribution or concentration. Existing instruments are usually quite expensive and not always available. Therefore, other cheaper and simpler methods based on analytical techniques are sought. In this paper, we have proposed a method to estimate the concentration of nanoparticles in solutions based on destabilization analyses of Pickering emulsions produced with their use. The fact of mutual relationship between emulsion concentration, nanoparticle concentration and emulsion stability was used here. The study was carried out using silica nanoparticles. It was presented how to apply the method and what are its limitations. Moreover, an example of its application for the determination of nanoparticle concentration in an unknown sample, obtained after analysis of the permeability of membranes in diffusion chambers, has been presented. The method can become a useful alternative for the determination of nanoparticle concentration in solution in places where no specialized equipment is available.

Manganese ferrite (MnFe2O4) nanoparticles have numerous applications in biomedical and applied fields. Surface modification of MnFe2O4 with a variety of modifiers can to a large extent change the characteristics of manganese ferrite nanoparticles which includes magnetic, structural, optical, electrical and biomedical. In the present work, manganese ferrite was surface modified with polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). The characterization of the as synthesized PMMA modified manganese ferrite nanoparticles was performed employing particle size analysis, transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and vibrating sample magnetometry technique. The particle size of the bare and PMMA modified MnFe2O4 NPs were 66.13 nm and 11.12 nm respectively. Upon surface modification with PMMA, it was observed that the ferromagnetic manganese ferrite nanoparticles exhibited a drastic change in their magnetic character and behaviour that can be confirmed by observing the increased coercivity (Hc = 97.41 Oe) and magnetic moment (µB = 0.43). The TGA analysis of bare and PMMA modified MnFe2O4 NPs revealed a total percentage weight loss of 2.35% and 21.02% respectively.

In this paper, a practical study is presented to improve the hemispheric solar still system by adding zinc oxide. Nanoparticles of various concentrations for 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3% with cooling the glassy cover with a variable flow rate of 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 L/h. So, three hemispheric solar stills were built to study. The performance of a hemispheric solar still with nano-ZnO (HSS-Zn), and a hemispheric solar still with nano-ZnO with cooling the glassy cover (HSS-ZnC) are studied and compared with a conventional hemispheric solar still (CHSS) as a reference still. The results showed that integrating ZnO nanoparticles and cooling the glassy cover with hemispheric still enhances productivity. From tests, the daily accumulated productivity of HSS with ZnO nanoparticles (0.3%) and cooling the glassy cover with a flow (2.5 L/h) is 8.15 L/m2/day, which is 117.33% higher than CHSS. In that case, the daily efficiency of HSS with ZnO nanoparticles (0.3%) and cooling the glassy cover with a flow (2.5 L/h) and CHSS are approximately 74.57% and 79%, respectively.

In this study, the effects of the degree of neutralization and cation type on water absorption of poly(styrene-co-methacrylate) ionomers were investigated. It was found that the water absorption of the ionomer increased as the degree of neutralization increased. It was also observed that for the same ion content, fully neutralized ionomers had less water absorption than partially neutralized ionomers. In the case of ionomers neutralized with various cations, water absorption increased when the type of cation was changed from Li+ to Na+, whereas the water absorption decreased when the type of cation was changed from Na+ to Cs+. Ba2+-neutralized ionomers absorbed less water than K+-neutralized ionomers with a cation size similar to Ba2+. Based on the above findings, it was concluded that the water absorption of ionomers could be understood only by simultaneously considering the number and size of multiplets, the plasticization of multiplets, and the contact surface area occupied by the polymer chains emanating from the multiplets.

Melamine was grafted to a polyurethane (PU) frame and utilized for cross-linking PU via amino groups. The degree of crosslinking and the solution viscosity increased notably after grafting melamine due to the formation of crosslinks. The thermal transition of the soft segment was not significantly affected, but the glass transition was observed at a slightly higher temperature in case of the grafted melamine. Melamine-mediated crosslinking increased not only the breaking tensile stress but also the shape recovery performance of PU. In addition, crosslinked PU was more flexible at low temperature than unmodified PU. Overall, melamine-mediated crosslinking improved the tensile resistance to stress, the recovery tendency to the initial shape, and the flexibility with minor changes in the thermal transition, tensile strain, and shape retention at a low temperature.

Cobalt ferrite/graphene nanocomposite materials were prepared by a one-pot hydrothermal method. Graphene oxide (GO) was synthesized by a modified Hummers method. The surface morphologies and structures of CoFe2O4/graphene nanocomposite materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). SEM and TEM investigations unveiled that graphene sheets were uniformly well decorated by spherical cobalt ferrite nanoparticles (~ 3–6 nm). Electrochemical studies on CoFe2O4/graphene nanocomposite revealed the decline in the charge transfer resistance (~ 27 Ω), while on the other hand, higher corrosion current density (0.3837) and corrosion rates (0.00446) were observed. Cyclic voltammograms (CV) outcomes confirmed supercapacitor performance. The poor corrosion performance of the nanocomposite materials could be attributed to its higher conductivity.

Nano-anticancer drugs are gaining importance in cancer treatment due to their unique properties and wide range of applications. The efforts are made to synthesize silver nanoparticles by a green method and used as nano-carriers for curcumin. Green synthesis of the gum-stabilized AgNPs was monitored by UV–Vis spectrophotometry and the possible interactions of gum with AgNPs were evaluated by FT-IR. The curcumin-loaded AgNPs were characterized for their size, polydispersity index, ζ potential, morphology, size distribution, drug loading efficiency, and excipients’ interactions. The prepared nano-anticancer formulations were characterized and tested for anti-cancer potentials against MM-138, FM-55 and MCF-7 cell lines, respectively. The AgNPs acted as excellent nano-carriers for an increased amount of curcumin. In in vitro anticancer study, the IC50 values for AgNPs, curcumin, and curcumin-loaded AgNPs were 166.3, 82.2 and 61.6 µg/mL; 153.2, 107.3 and 77.1 µg/mL; and 144.6, 81.2 and 60.6 µg/mL against MM-138, FM-55 and MCF-7 cell lines, respectively. It was observed that silver nanoparticles showed good loading capacity for curcumin. Also, the curcumin-loaded nanoparticles showed good anticancer activities against MM-138, FM-55 and MCF-7 cell lines, respectively. The reported nano-anticancer drug formulations may be tested in vivo studies and clinical trials for treating cancer in the future.

Numerous examinations have been implemented for the powerful removal of atrazine (AZ) herbicide from the contaminated environments. This study aimed to prepare BiVO4-MWCNT nanocomposites that were subsequently probed for the photocatalytic destruction of AZ under visible light illumination. BiVO4@MWCNT photocatalysts were synthesized via incorporating the synthesized BiVO4 nanoparticles (NPs) with various percentages of multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT, 1–4 wt.%). Structure, morphology, and phase composition of the synthesized materials were elucidated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL) analyses. It has been affirmed that synthesized photocatalysts display amended surface, textural, photocatalytic, and physicochemical characteristics. HRTEM image of the photocatalyst accommodating 3 wt.% MWCNT affirms the presence of (121) crystal plane of BiVO4 in addition to (002) crystal plane of MWCNT within the investigated sample. Inclusion of 3 and 4 wt.% MWCNT caused an improvement in the surface area to the values of 165 and 166 m2/g, respectively, in comparison to that of pure BiVO4 (150 m2/g). Expanded absorption in visible region has been revealed by the optimized BiVO4@MWCNT-3 wt.% nanocomposite that could be accredited to its confined band gap (1.76 eV). Distinguished photocatalytic destruction of AZ has been practiced by 1.6 gL–1 BiVO4@MWCNT-3 wt.% photocatalyst after 30 min of irradiation by visible light. The synthesized BiVO4@MWCNT nanocomposite displayed considerable stability towards AZ decomposition under visible light after recycling for five runs that enables its application for industrial purposes. The admirable features accomplished by the synthesized photocatalyst could be assigned to the enlarged visible light absorption owing to the limited bandgap, modified surface characteristics and prohibited recombination between the charge carriers.

Globally, millions require bone replacements with the help of scaffolds to enable bone tissue regeneration. However, scaffold manufacturing techniques do not allow precise control over scaffold geometry and provide diagnostics on scaffold-cell status. Towards addressing these challenges, we studied the use of optimized 3D printing of bioresorbable scaffolds with fluorescent carbon quantum dots (CDs). These can overcome the challenges with toxic and invasive dyes used in clinical settings as probes, while promoting cellular adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation. We developed a biodegradable polymer nanocomposite based on PLA with CDs to produce smart biomaterials. As a luminescent, biocompatible material with low toxicity, CDs allowed us to fabricate functionalized biochemical structures that were shown to enhance cell proliferation and promote cell-to-cell communication. The composites were tested in vitro in a cellular microenvironment with optimized 3D-printed scaffolds to demonstrate enhancements in cellular proliferation by 32%, bone mineralization by 8% and osteogenic differentiation by 8% with concomitant negligible cytotoxic effect.

Nickel iron oxides with different molar ratios were successfully prepared by facile hydrothermal method. Prepared NiFeO, with ratios of Ni:Fe as [3:1], [1:1] and [1:3], samples are further analyzed by basic characterizations like X-ray diffraction, UV–Vis absorption photoluminescence and FT-IR spectra investigations. The bandgap of the NiFeO [3:1], NiFeO [1:1] and NiFeO [1:3] samples were calculated to be 2.96 eV, 2.74 eV and 2.22 eV correspondingly. The morphology exhibited by the NiFeO [3:1], NiFeO [1:1] samples is the combined nanoparticles and nanosheets with thick and thin layers. The reduced in size explored Fe ions incorporation and NiFeO [1:3] sample revealed small nanoparticles. The electrochemical activity was studied. CV, LSV, EIS and CA spectra were analyzed. The specific capacitance of NiFeO [3:1], NiFeO [1:1] and NiFeO [1:3] is 232, 264 and 290 F/g. The overpotential calculated is 240 mV, 200 mV and 174 mV @ 10 mA/ cm2 for NiFeO [3:1], NiFeO [1:1] and NiFeO [1:3] with 232 mA/g, 320 mA/g and 352 mA/g current densities. Lower overpotential of NiFeO [1:3] helped to attain higher current density which gives the smaller resistance. This unique behavior is enhanced by addition of Fe ions in higher concentration. The NiFeO [1:3] electrocatalysts were subjected to run for 12 h and there is no decrease in its performance. The better morphology and higher active sites enabled by indulging of Fe ions in NiFeO [1:3] electrode will be the best candidate for upcoming future use with no deduction in its performance.

A facile procedure, involving one-pot synthesis of CeVO4/BiVO4 and in-situ reduction of graphene oxide (GO), has been used to prepare CeVO4/BiVO4/rGO nanocomposites. Different ratios of the CeVO4–BiVO4 were prepared to afford composites represented as CBVG3, CBVG5, and CBVG7. The ternary nanocomposite materials were characterized by using powder X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), photoluminescence and UV–vis spectroscopic techniques. Photocatalytic efficiency of the as-prepared ternary nanocomposites was investigated through the photo degradation of methyl orange under a visible light irradiation at 470 nm. The photocatalytic performance was enhanced by loading the CeVO4/BiVO4 nanoparticles on reduced graphene oxide (rGO), given MO degradation rate of 57, 65, 80, and 90% for BVG, CBVG3, CBVG5, and CBVG7, respectively after exposure to visible light for 120 min. Effects of experimental process parameters including initial dye concentration, catalysts loading and effect of different modification regimes were studied using CBVG7, which exhibited the highest efficiency. The improvement in the photocatalytic efficiency may be attributed to increased surface area of the nanocomposites, enhanced light absorption capacity and improved charge separation. The study showed a one-pot synthesis route to prepare promising CeVO4/BiVO4/GO nanocomposites for the photo-enhanced degradation of dye contaminants.

A new magnetic nanocomposite, Itaconic acid/Polyaniline/Magnetite (IPM) was synthesized and characterized. Because of its combinational qualities of the surface-functionalized Itaconic acid and Polyaniline magnetite nanocomposite exhibited extraordinary magnetic and thermal properties. FT-IR and TGA results showed surface modification of IPM nanocomposite with IA and PANI. The XRD and EDX were utilized to study the character and metal ion present in the magnetic nanocomposite. Nature and TEM images exposed the morphology of the obtained magnetic nanocomposite particles and their magnetic properties were studied by probable corresponding hysteresis loops via VSM analysis. It was found that the IA combine with PANI is the determining aspect which influences magnetic iron ion binding behavior. Furthermore, the obtained IPM nanocomposite may be utilized in potential applications in the environmental and medical fields.

In the present study, the C40 fullerene was selected as the source of the π electrons and the electron-donor–acceptor groups was used to improve the optical and electrical properties of it. For this purpose the fullerene C40 molecule was sandwiched between the electron donor and acceptor groups, and its electronic and optical properties was calculated. The –NHLi, –CH2Li and –NCH3Li groups were used as electron donor groups and the –CN, –NO and –BH2 groups as electron acceptor groups. It was demonstrated that in comparison to its pristine form, the calculated Eg for sandwiched form of fullerene C40 molecules is lower. For instance for the BH2-C40-NCH3Li compound, the bond gap is about 1.3 eV which suggests a greater electrical conductivity of this compound than other compounds. On the other hand the highest Eg value for the CN–C40–CH2Li nanocluster is the value of 1.51 eV (highest obtained Eg). The optical properties of pristine fullerene and fullerene functionalized with electron donor and acceptor groups were investigated which drastic effect of donor and acceptor groups on C40 fullerene was observed. The results of this research may be useful in designing new photosensitizer.

Developing a rapid and sensitive photo-electrochemical (PEC) sensing platform for glucose detection is highly desirable. Herein, a visible light-driven PEC enzyme biosensor for sensitive detection of glucose was proposed, employing reduced graphene oxide/titania (TiO2) nanotubes (RGO/TNTs) as photoactive materials and glucose oxidase (GOD) as the identification element. The RGO/TNTs composites were synthesized via a facile hydrothermal process. Notably, the unique nanostructure system significantly increases the absorption in the visible region and effectively separates the photo-generated electron–hole pairs, which is essential for promoting the PEC activity. In the presence of dissolved oxygen, the GOD immobilized on the modified electrode could specifically catalyze the electro-oxidation of glucose to produce H2O2, resulting in an increase of photocurrent intensity. Based on the variation of the photocurrent response, the constructed PEC enzyme biosensor exhibited high sensitivity with a wide linear range from 10–2 to 10 mM and a low detection limit of 5.0 μΜ. Meanwhile, the potential applicability of the PEC enzyme biosensor was evaluated by detecting glucose in human serum samples, and satisfactory results were obtained. The PEC enzyme biosensor based on RGO/TNTs composites successfully realized the sensitive detection of glucose and displayed good selectivity, high stability and satisfactory repeatability.

Novel Au and cellulose nanocrystals (CNC)-doped SrO nanocomposites have been fabricated using simple and cost-effective chemical co-precipitation technique. Various concentrations of Au were doped into fixed amounts of CNC and SrO nanocomposites. The objective of this triplex nanocomposite was to examine the effect of incorporating dopants in SrO on the efficient elimination of organic contaminants from water and their antibacterial potential with molecular docking study. Adequate experimental conditions such as temperature, suitable volume ratio of reactants and pH were generated during the synthesis. For comparative studies, nanocomposites were evaluated through a number of characterization tools. The structural and morphological analysis through XRD and HR-TEM revealed the cubic crystalline structure of aggregated SrO quantum dots (QDs). Furthermore, an interconnected chain-like structure of nanoclusters was observed upon CNC and Au incorporation in SrO lattice. The size of nanoclusters/nanoparticles was calculated to be approximately 30 nm which matched well with the reported literature. Reduction in crystallinity and bandgap from 4.12 eV (for pristine SrO) to 3.8 eV was observed upon co-doping with CNC and Au in SrO lattice. Furthermore, pH-based catalytic analysis of prepared nanocomposites revealed 98% dye degradation (in acidic media) against methylene blue ciprofloxacin (MBCF) dye along with good bactericidal activities against Gram-positive/negative bacteria, respectively. In silico molecular docking analysis for enzyme targets belonging to cell wall synthesis (penicillin-binding protein 4) and fatty acid synthesis (enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase) suggested Au–CNC and Au/CNC-doped SrO nanostructures as possible inhibitors of these enzymes owing to their good binding scores and binding interactions with active site residues. (a) Preparation of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) by acid hydrolysis. (b) Schematic synthesis route to fabricate Au/CNC–SrO nanocomposites.

Doxycycline capped gold nanoparticles (doxy-Au(0) NPs) were prepared in an aqueous medium. Particle size and shape were determined by Transmission electron microscopy which showed the monodispersed morphology. The Fourier transform infrared spectra were represented the interaction of doxycycline with surface of doxy-Au(0) NPs. X-ray powder diffraction study gave crystalline nature of the doxy-Au(0) NPs. These doxy-Au(0) NPs have an impact on the expression levels of TRP channel genes in the breast cancer line (SKBR3) and the breast epithelial cell line (CRL-4010). Additionally, the antimicrobial activities have been evaluated to be used for multiple applications. Our results showed that the expression levels of TRP genes can be changed following the treatment of AuNPs (50 and 100 µg/mL). Furthermore, the antimicrobial activies have achieved some significant results. Finally, it has been concluded that doxy-Au(0) NPs are novel and can be used as alternative nanomedicine and extendable for control of other reducible contaminants as well.

Incorporation of nanomaterials and nanostructures into sensors causes remarkable advances in device operation due to sensitivity, selectivity, multiplexed detection capability, and portability. In this study, a nanographene sensor coated with gold nanoparticles and tripeptide Gly–Gly–His was designed for Cu2+ ion detection at low concentrations. Graphene oxide synthesized by the modified Hummer’s method and analyzed by UV–Vis spectrometry, x-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The optimum conditions based on the maximum gold loading were evaluated 71 min for incubation time and 1 for HAuCl4/HEPES concentration ratio. Gold-coating on graphene oxide was approved by TEM, UV–vis spectrometry, XRD, and FTIR. The EDC/Sulfo-NHS method was used to stabilize Gly-Gly-His to graphene oxide-gold, which has a high affinity toward Cu. The performance mechanism of this nanosystem was based on the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) property of gold nanoparticles. The sensor was extremely selective and sensitive to Cu2+ with the detection limit of 8.83 nM without cross-binding to other metal ions. The response time was evaluated about 9 min. The GO-Au-GGH biosensor was also very stable and easily reused, which further confirms it as an efficient and sensitive Cu2+ ion detection device.

This work presents a new methodology for preparing silver chloride nanoparticles (AgCl NPs) using human urine. The XRD and EDS results confirmed the formation of AgCl NPs without any other impurities. The FESEM results displayed the formation of clusters of spherical AgCl NPs with multiple Nano-diameters. The study of optical properties corresponds to the behavior of AgCl NPs in the visible region. The results showed that the sample has an energy gap of (Eg) 3.25 eV. Therefore, the author suggests that the results of the current work open a broad horizon for the employment of human urine in various applications.

In the present work, ZnO/SnO2 is sensitized using Ag to improve the photocatalytic properties. To uncover the chemical state, phases, and morphology, samples are characterized using the X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM), X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope (HRTEM), and UV–Visible Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (UV-DRS) techniques. The XRD and HRTEM showed good crystallinity of samples and the presence of the desired component, respectively. The uniform dispersion of Ag nanoparticles is confirmed by the FESEM analysis and the EDX study confirms the presence of Ag, Zn, Sn, and O. The XPS analysis showed that all the components are present in the desired ionic state. The sample containing 7 wt% silver content showed the highest photocatalytic efficiency against both the pollutants and complete degradation of dye and pesticide is achieved in 100 min and 45 min, respectively. The excellent performance of Ag@ZnO/SnO2 nanomaterials is attributed to the surface plasmon effect and charge transfer between the semiconductors. The synthesized materials will be useful in the development of a cost-effective water purification system.

Self-healing synthetic polymers have attracted considerable scientific attention owing to their excellent durability and extended lifetimes. Among the categories of extrinsic and intrinsic self-healing, the intrinsic process is being focused on recently because it can realize rapid and reversible self-healing abilities and repeatability through dynamic chemical bonds. Intrinsic self-healing was categorized into two types: reversible covalent and non-covalent bonding, which include reversible cycloaddition reactions, exchange reactions, hydrogen interactions, and metal-ligand coordination interactions. This review focuses on recent studies about self-healing polyurethanes, which are known to exhibit remarkably high elasticity, high tensile strength, low-temperature resistance, and corrosion resistance. The various methods used for realizing efficient self-healing polyurethanes are also explored.

In this work, two Gram-negative and three Gram-positive pathogenic pathogens were examined for the antibacterial activity of cerium oxide nanoparticles. CeO2 nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs) encapsulation with hydroxyapatite and chitosan were synthesised using the precipitation procedure and simultaneous reactant addition by techniques of a Wet Chemical Synthesis approach. Thermal analyses (TG–DTA), their degradation processes and their synthesis of CeO2 NPs were investigated, and the precursor powders were acquired. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS) examined the thermally treated sample’s composition, structure, and morphology. CeO2 NPs antioxidant has also been determined. The analysis against five diseased pathogens, including Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli, has been performed on both fluid growth mediums. The growth inhibition of cerium oxide nanoparticles in all five pathogens studied exhibited noteworthy results. This study underlines the CeO2 NPs, which revealed considerable changes in antibacterial activity because of the changes in membrane structure and the composition of cell walls across the two test groups. As a result, generated CeO2 NPs can be prospective osteomyelitis therapy candidates.

Wastewater treatment via photocatalytic activity is one of the most economical and environment-friendly method. However, obtaining an efficient photocatalyst remains a challenge for researchers in this most emerging field. In this study, pure and lanthnum (La)-(1%,2% and 3%) doped zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) were synthesized via sol gel chemical technique to investigate their optical, chemical and structural properties. The synthesized NPs were characterized by using UV/VIS, SEM, EDS, XRD, FTIR, PL and Raman spectroscopy. Such nanoparticles (NPs) have been used as a photocatalyst for the degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) dye. Quite interestingly, the La-doped ZnO-NPs show unique results associated with the fact that by varying the concentration of dopant, the particle size is reduced (28.09 ± 0.04 nm to 15.85 ± 0.02 nm), which leads to a decrease in band gap, i.e., shifting toward visible (3.26 eV to 3.06 eV). This attributes to the fact that doping also helps to reduce electron–hole pair recombination rate during photocatalysis, which makes La-doped ZnO-NPs the most potential photocatalyst against RhB dye. We report a maximum degradation efficiency of 84.97% in 150 min observed from La0.02Zn0.98O, which reveals that 2% doping of La is the optimal value whereas further increase in concentration, i.e., at 3% (La) band gap increases whereas degradation efficiency reduces from 84.97 to 73.37%.

One of the best methods to enhance the fuel properties is by doping the green-synthesized nanoparticles. This method has emerged as the cost-effective and eco-friendly one with nano-additive to the diesel engine fuels. In this paper, the process of biodiesel preparation from the Manilkara zapota seed oil by transesterification method with the methanol as a solvent, KOH as a catalyst was discussed and the yield of biodiesel obtained was reported. The Manilkara zapota leaf extracts were used for the preparation of green-synthesized silver nanoparticles. The prepared silver nanoparticles were characterized by UV–visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). UV spectra of synthesized silver nanoparticles showed an absorbance peak of 462 nm. Both SEM and XRD confirmed the presence of silver nanoparticles and the size of particles in the range of 40–50 nm. The EDAX test results revealed the presence of silver nanoparticles at 3 keV. The FTIR result proved the absorption bands of synthesized silver nanoparticles between 3742 and 457 cm−1 and confirmed the presence of different biomolecules in the extracts of Manilkara zapota leaves that acted as capping and reducing agents during the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. In addition to that, the prepared Manilkara zapota biodiesel blended with diesel and doped with synthesized silver nanoparticles of different proportions (50 ppm and 100 ppm). The different test fuel blends such as B25, B50, B25D70 + AgNP50 ppm, B25D65 + AgNP100 ppm, B50D45 + AgNP 50 ppm and B50D40 + AgNP100 ppm were prepared. Finally, the different fuel properties like viscosity, density, calorific value and flashpoint of the test fuel samples were measured as per the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard and compared the test results of the fuel blends with and without nanoparticles are presented in this paper. The viscosity of the test fuel blend (B25D65 + AgNP100ppm) significantly reduced by 27.95%, followed by 4.72% reduction in density, 16.36% improvement in calorific value and 64.81% reduction in flash point compared to B100.

In this research work, a green synthesis method of using a Nigella sativa L. seeds extract as a reductant was adopted for the silver nanoparticles (AgNP) production. The AgNP were produced using a 5 mM silver nitrate mixed with the seeds extract at 25 °C and at 60 °C. It was observed that the AgNP production rate significantly increased at high temperatures. The obtained AgNP were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. SEM depicted an average particle size (42 ± 15 nm) of synthesized AgNP. XRD results further augmented the SEM data and indicated definite crystallinic peaks for synthesized AgNP. The prepared Nigella sativa L. extract assisted AgNP (N.S./AgNP) were further used in the reduction of the MB and 4-nitroaniline dyes as well as in antibacterial studies. It was found that the AgNP successfully transformed the 4-NA and MB to their reductive compounds with high conversion rates of 0.1021 min−1 and 0.4197 min−1, respectively. The antibacterial results showed that the N.S./AgNP have good killing properties against Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria.

Nanotechnology deals with the new facets of materials described as nanomaterials which have interesting attributes like large surface area to volume ratio compared to its native form. The goal of this study was to prepare chitosan nanomaterial and Amphotericin B conjugated chitosan nanomaterial from the chitosan polymer extracted from the fish scales. Generally, the rise of antibiotic resistant microorganisms demanded large scale exploitation of these polymeric nanomaterials. The limitations of standard Amphotericin B in terms of its instability issues, poor water solubility, and toxicities are solved by conjugating the drug with pure chitosan nanomaterial. The physicochemical characterization of the fabricated nanomaterials was analyzed using SEM-EDAX, FTIR, XRD, UV–Visible spectroscopy. The mean particle size of CS NM and AmB-conjugated CS NM was found to be 2.5 µm and 0.19 µm. Both nanomaterials are spherical shaped and highly stable. In vitro antifungal susceptibility testing using Candida parapsilopsis showed a dose dependent fungicidal activity by both nanomaterials. The antifungal activity was accessed. Additionally, the antibiofilm activity of the prepared nanomaterials was also examined. From the current study Amphotericin B conjugated chitosan nanomaterial manifested a superior antifungal activity compared to the parent nanomaterials.

Nanoparticles (NPs) of solid lubricants (SLs) as solo particles have proved to be excellent anti-wear additives (AWAs), anti-friction additives (AFAs), and extreme-pressure additives (EPAs) for greases. However, hardly any efforts are made to investigate possible synergism/antagonism in the functioning of NPs when added in combination. Graphite is well known as very efficient AWA and AFA but less effective as EPA, whereas PTFE is more known as very efficient EPA and less efficient as AWA and AFA for greases. Hence, it was thought worthwhile to explore the potential of these two particles together as EPA, AWA, and AFA for possible synergism, using multiple combinations of NPs of PTFE (P) and graphite (G) in various amounts (0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 wt. %) keeping the total amount fixed at 4%. It was observed that combo-particles in typical amounts proved to show synergistic action as EPA and AWA. However, as AFA, they showed antagonistic behaviour. In the case of EP, the highest gain (100%) was recorded for combo-grease (1% G and 3% P). In the case of AW performance, all combo-greases showed synergism and showed almost similar benefits (52–62%, depending on the load). However, a clear antagonism was observed in AF performance, barring one combination (1% G and 3% P). The wear mechanism was discussed using various analytical techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy (XPS).

Plasmonic photothermal therapy involves irradiation of a nanoparticle-embedded tumor, using near-infrared radiation, for its treatment. For a nanoparticle type, the absorption of incident radiation is governed by the nanoparticle dose (concentration of nanoparticles) and the type of tumor embedded with the nanoparticles. In this article, the optical characteristics (spectral absorption cross section, plasmonic wavelength and full-width half maxima) are computed, considering gold nanorod (GNR) doses of 0.02–1.0 mg/ml, for various tumor types i.e., colorectal, breast, brain and ameloblastoma. Also, the spatial distribution of nanoparticles within the tumor is accounted for. The results show that on increasing the GNR dose from 0.02 to 1.0 mg/ml, the peak absorption cross section increases by 26–28 times, whereas the plasmonic wavelength red-shifts by 8–13 nm and full-width half maxima increases by 68–71%. Depending on the spatial distribution of GNRs within the breast tumor, the optical absorption cross section increases by 45% and 94% for GNRs doses of 0.5 mg/ml and 1.0 mg/ml. These discussed results are of clinical significance for the prior estimation of nanoparticle dose-dependent optical characteristics for a tumor type. Based on these, suitable irradiation sources and parameters may be chosen for plasmonic photothermal therapy.

In the present study, we report a simple, rapid, cost-effective approach for the white synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Capra aegagrus hircus milk. The formation of AgNPs was visually examined and further investigated using UV–visible spectrophotometer, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray, Fourier infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffractometer. Crystalline lattice indices of AgNPs were performed using the XRD analysis. The diffraction peaks at 2θ values of 37.7°, 46.1°, 67.4°, and 76.84° corresponding to lattice planes (111), (200), (220), and (311), respectively. The obtained AgNPs were spherical in shape with the size between 5 and 50 nm. The antibacterial activity of AgNPs against Klebsiella sp. (Accession Number: KC899845), and Staphylococcus sp. (Accession Number: KC688883) were evaluated by means of cell growth.

This report focuses on a facile and one-pot way to synthesize stable Cu nanoparticles (NPs) through a bacterial approach using an inexpensive and non-toxic copper salt in the aqueous solution. Copper NPs were obtained from an extracellular enzymatic metal-reduction process via bacterial strains PN14F and B3 which were similar with Bacillus haynesii (99.87%) and Bacillus halotolerans (100%), respectively, on the basis of phylogenic analysis. It was found that Cu NPs were formed in the cell-free culture liquid but not in the fresh biomass medium, so that it was hypothesized that an extracellular compound was responsible for the proceeding. According to the spectroscopic data, the NPs can bind to the proteins through their free amine or carboxylate groups. It is noteworthy that by varying the bacterial supernatant, the remarkable changes occur in the size and morphology of copper NPs, where their thickness and diameter are observed to be 2–30 and 1–15 nm in the presence of bacterial strains PN14F and B3, respectively. It is noticeable that this manner is a novel, green, eco-friendly and suitable method for large-scale production. Finally, the as-made Cu NPs showed antibacterial activity against B. Subtilis, in which a significant decrease was observed in its growth.

Integrating and utilizing natural resources rationally is an important strategy for sustainable development. Herein, a novel nanoporous carbon material with rime scenery-like support was firstly established, in which waste biomass fungus bran was skillfully selected as the layered structure carbon skeletons for loading carboxymethyl cellulose derived carbon particles. The dual biomass-derived carbon with the aid of activating by KMnO4 has a unique structure and favorable electrical conductivity. The resulting sample also has a high micropore ratio, which is optimum for the formation of double layer in aqueous electrolyte. Profiting from hierarchical nanopore structure and nitrogen self-doping, the optimized carbon electrode exhibited excellent specific capacitance of 407 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1, remarkable rate characteristic, and superior cycling performance (96.9% remained after 5000 cycles). More importantly, the assembled symmetric supercapacitor exhibited a high energy density of 11.4 Wh kg−1 and outstanding electrochemical performance in aqueous electrolyte, which benefited from well-connected networks and multipath channels. This research realizes the utilization of waste biomass in carbon-based electrodes and offers the basis of preparation method for the next generation of sustainable energy storage devices. The fabricated rime scenery-like nanoporous carbon materials exhibit ultra-high specific capacitance and the symmetric supercapacitor possesses a high energy density and power density.

The goal of this study was to examine an effective green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) utilising Annona muricata leaf extract. Further, their synthesis of an optimal complex of CuONPs and graphene oxide (CuONPs@GO) nanocomposite for photocatalytic and antibacterial activity. The morphological and structural characteristics of CuONPs, CuONPs@GO complex, CuONPs@dye, CuONPs@GO@dye complex were confirmed by UV–Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy. The XRD showed that the size of synthesized CuONPs, and CuONPs@GO nanocomposites are face-centred cubic crystalline with 40 nm and were nearly spherical in shape. The photocatalytic activity of CuONPs and CuONPs@GO was measured using the photodegradation of methylene blue in the presence of sunlight. The result depicts around 95% decolorization efficiency at 150 min by CuONPs@GO compared to CuONPs as such. In addition, the assessment of antibacterial activity of CuONPs and CuONPs@GO towards both Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi showed a significant zone of inhibition. The results concluded that the green synthesized CuONPs@GO acts more promisingly as a perfect photocatalyst and antibacterial agent when it is enhanced with GO.

Cadmium sulfide (CdS) is an important semiconductor material that has been utilized constructively for various modern applications. There were lot of works regarding the preparation of CdS nanoparticles. The present work has utilized a chemical precipitation method with and without using a capping agent. Even though the solvent system used for the preparation is a new one and provides a non-toxic reaction medium, this work mainly focused on the advantages of surface capping on nanoparticles. CdS nanoparticles prepared by surface capping with oleic acid (OA) exhibit many unique properties compared to the uncapped nanoparticles. The coral shaped surface morphology and the bright green fluorescence observed in OA capped CdS nanoparticles were not reported elsewhere. Strong absorption of radiation in the visible as well as in the ultraviolet region with a large band gap was also observed in capped CdS nanoparticles. Blue shift in emission with an intense peak was another unique character observed in the surface capped CdS nanoparticles. Morphological, structural, optical and thermal properties of the capped and uncapped CdS nanoparticles were systematically investigated.

This work reports an innovative, effortless and inexpensive method for the preparation of ZnO nanoparticles by green approach using leaf extract of Piper betleas a reducing-stabilizing negotiator. The prepared ZnO NPs were characterized through XRD, FTIR, UV–Visible spectroscopy, and EDX etc. The band gap energy of the sample was estimated as 3.41 eV which is larger than the bulk ZnO (Eg = 3.37 eV). The observed blue shift is attributed to the quantum confinement of excitons. FTIR analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, polyphenols, and terpenoid. TEM analysis showed that each nanoparticle comprised of 1 to 2 nano-crystallites. Photocatalytic activity results revealed that ZnO-NPs prepared through green synthesis route were found to be efficient in the degradation of toxic reactive red dye with degradation efficiency of 96.4% having high photodegradation rate-constant of 1.6 × 10–2 min−1. As an antimicrobial agent, the ZnO NPs are effective against both gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis) and negative bacteria (Escherichia coli), with the zones of clearance as 16.4 and 14.3 mm, respectively. Therefore, present research signifies an effective approach to utilize as-prepared ZnO NPs as efficient photocatalysts as well as antimicrobial agent.