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Contains fulltext : 234323.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) Feedback of neuropsychological test results to patients and family members include psychoeducation and implications for daily life. This scoping review aimed to provide an overview of the literature on neuropsychological feedback and to offer clinical recommendations. In accordance with formal scoping review methodology, PubMed, PsycInfo, Web of Science, CINAHL, and Embase databases were searched. Studies were included if they reported on neuropsychological feedback, if full papers were available, and if they included human participants. All languages were included, and no limit was placed on the year of publication. Of the 2,173 records screened, 34 publications met the inclusion criteria. Five additional publications were included after cross-referencing. An update of the search led to the inclusion of two additional papers. Of these 41 publications, 26 were research papers. Neuropsychological feedback is provided for a wide spectrum of diagnoses and usually given in-person and has been related to optimal a positive effect on patient outcomes (e.g. increase the quality of life). Most papers reported on satisfaction and found that satisfaction with an NPA increased when useful feedback was provided. However, information retention was found to be low, but communication aids, such as written information, were found to be helpful in improving retention. The current review demonstrated the benefits of neuropsychological feedback and that this should be part of standard clinical procedures when conducting a neuropsychological assessment. Further research on the benefits of neuropsychological feedback and how to improve information provision would enrich the neuropsychological literature. 22 p.

AbstractThis review investigates the severity and nature of post-stroke working memory deficits with reference to the multi-component model of working memory. We conducted a systematic search in PubMed up to March 2019 with search terms for stroke and memory. Studies on adult stroke patients, that included a control group, and assessed working memory function, were selected. Effect sizes (Hedges’ g) were extracted from 50 studies (in total 3,084 stroke patients) based on the sample size, mean and standard deviation of patients and controls. Performance of stroke patients was compared to healthy controls on low-load (i.e. capacity) and high-load (executively demanding) working memory tasks, grouped by modality (verbal, non-verbal). A separate analysis compared patients in the sub-acute and the chronic stage. Longitudinal studies and effects of lesion location were systematically reviewed. Stroke patients demonstrated significant deficits in working memory with a moderate effect size for both low-load (Hedges’ g = -.58 [-.82 to -.43]) and high-load (Hedges’ g = -.59 [-.73 to -.45]) tasks. The effect sizes were comparable for verbal and non-verbal material. Systematically reviewing the literature showed that working memory deficits remain prominent in the chronic stage of stroke. Lesions in a widespread fronto-parietal network are associated with working memory deficits. Stroke patients show decrements of moderate magnitude in all subsystems of working memory. This review clearly demonstrates the global nature of the impairment in working memory post-stroke.

Contains fulltext : 236042.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) 1 p.

Contains fulltext : 209848.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) Involvement of the cerebellum to non-motor related aspects of behavior is becoming increasingly clear. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of the cerebellum in reactive and proactive behavioral control and interference. In a double-blind controlled within-subject design, 26 healthy volunteers underwent real and sham cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) while performing a go/no-go task and a delay discounting task. Results showed that the number of go/no-go commission errors was significantly lower during real as compared with sham cerebellar tDCS. No effects of tDCS were observed on delay discounting. Our findings provide further behavioral support for the involvement of the cerebellum in fast neural processes associated with response inhibition. 6 p.

Item does not contain fulltext Uit recente studies blijkt dat bij epilepsiechirurgie vanwege frontaalkwabepilepsie (FE) en temporaalkwabepilepsie (TE) de cognitieve gevolgen pre- en postoperatief deels overeenstemmen. De vraag is in hoeverre FE- en TE-patiënten kunnen worden gedifferentieerd op basis van hun verbale geheugen- en executieve functies. Om dit na te gaan, zijn in een retrospectieve analyse de pre- en postoperatieve neuropsychologische data met betrekking tot het verbale geheugen en de executieve functies geanalyseerd bij een steekproef van 303 patiënten (FE: n = 109 vs. TE: n = 194). De resultaten laten zien dat FE-patiënten preoperatief significant slechter presteerden dan TE-patiënten wat betreft het executief functioneren; er was echter geen significant verschil tussen de verbale geheugenprestaties van beide groepen. Ook was er geen verschil in postoperatief verloop. Rekening houdend met de lateralisatie van het epileptisch focus werd echter gevonden dat patiënten met een epileptisch focus in de taaldominante hemisfeer preoperatief significant lagere verbale geheugenprestaties hadden en postoperatief sterker achteruitgingen dan patiënten met een epileptisch focus in de niet-taaldominante hemisfeer. Wij concluderen dat de lateralisatie van het epileptisch focus van groter belang is dan de lokalisatie van het epileptisch focus voor het verklaren van de pre- en postoperatieve verbale geheugentekorten. Onderzoek van de executieve functies lijkt diagnostische waarde te hebben voor het differentiëren tussen FE- en TE-patiënten. 10 p.

Item does not contain fulltext Intelligentietests zijn wereldwijd de meest gebruikte psychologische tests voor het meten van cognitief functioneren bij mensen. Ze worden in vele werkvelden van de psychologische praktijk ingezet, zoals de geestelijke gezondheidszorg, de neuro- en revalidatiepraktijk, het onderwijs en de werving- en selectiepsychologie. De Wechsler-intelligentieschalen kennen een lange traditie. In dit artikel wordt ingegaan op de geschiedenis van de WISC (de intelligentieschaal voor kinderen en jeugdigen). De verschillen tussen de opeenvolgende versies komen aan de orde. Met name wordt ingegaan op de teststructuur van de WISC-V en waarin deze verschilt van de voorgaande versie. 9 p.

Contains fulltext : 219187.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) Background: Virtual reality (VR) has been shown to reduce pain, however outcome parameters of previous studies have primarily been of a subjective nature and susceptible to bias. This study investigated the effect of VR on cortical processing of evoked potentials (EPs) and subjectively reported pain. Additionally, we explored whether subjects’ demographic and personal characteristics modulated the effect of VR analgesia. Methods: Three VR conditions were compared in a randomized cross-over study of 30 healthy volunteers: Passive VR (i.e. no interaction possible with the virtual world), active VR (interactive virtual environment) and no VR (black screen). Subjects received noxious electrical stimuli at random intervals during all conditions. EPs, recorded at Cz, were extracted time locked to stimuli. Pain scores were reported after each condition. Results: Active VR significantly decreased pain scores and amplitudes of N1 and P3. Passive VR had no analgesic effect. Age was significantly correlated to pain scores, with older subjects demonstrating larger effects of VR. Gender, game experience, and susceptibility for immersion, did not influence VR analgesia. Conclusion: Active VR decreases pre-perceptual and perceptual brain activity following painful electrical stimuli, corresponding with reduced pain experience. VR has potential to serve as a non-pharmacologic treatment for pain, particularly in elderly patients. 8 p.

The capacity to switch between tasks is a central component of executive functioning. Previous studies assessing effects of task-switch training have revealed mixed results, both in terms of processes that may be improved and the extent of beneficial effects on non-trained tasks. These studies primarily used few training sessions, which may have limited training and transfer effects. Here, 31 students were trained for 21 days on a cued switching task. Both the trained group and an active control group (n = 29) performed a number of cognitive tasks before and after training. Training reduced both switch and mixing costs, which mostly reached an asymptote after approximately four to six training sessions, although there were residual costs at the end of training. The switch cost reduction was restricted to trials with a short cue–stimulus onset interval (CSI). Training benefitted performance on another switching task, reflecting near transfer. However, this benefit was limited to the switch cost and to trials with a short CSI. There were no beneficial effects on far-transfer tasks measuring interference control, response inhibition, working memory, and general IQ. The results suggest that the present extensive training protocol, implicating overtraining, specifically enhanced the efficiency of processes involved in preparing for the relevant upcoming task set and/or inhibition of the previous task set. However, the lack of beneficial far-transfer effects is in line with previous cognitive training studies employing fewer training sessions, suggesting that the extent of training is not critical for (not) finding transfer effects. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00426-018-1059-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Contains fulltext : 192386.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) The present study focused on interference in a group of patients with amnesia due to Korsakoff's syndrome (KS) within the domain of spatial memory. An object–location memory task was used in which participants first learned an array of objects on a computer screen, followed by a reconstruction of the object positions. Next a trial was given in which the same objects were presented only now in different locations. Participants had to place the objects a second time but at the new locations. This was repeated for seven pairs of baseline/interference trials. Both Korsakoff patients and matched controls did worse on the interference trials than on the baseline trials, indicating that it is difficult to relearn new spatial locations for objects that previously were remembered in other locations. When computing relative interference effects (that is the percentage change from baseline in the interference trials), Korsakoff patients were less affected than controls. It is discussed in how far interference depends on the strength of the original memories, which are markedly lower in KS patients. 8 p.

It is assumed that learning on the Serial Reaction Time (SRT) task is related to learning involved in social skill development affected in autism, but this assumption has hardly been investigated. We have therefore examined associations between SRT task learning and social impairment measured by the Social Responsiveness Scale in 72 autistic and non-autistic adults. Results revealed a positive correlation between deterministic sequence learning, putatively involving explicit learning, and social impairment in autistic adults but not in non-autistic adults. No correlations with probabilistic learning were found. These results suggest that the type of learning that helps autistic adults during a deterministic SRT task hinders them during social development, and call for further investigating the ecological validity of the SRT task. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s10803-018-3529-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Item does not contain fulltext Antisociale personen vormen een grote last voor de maatschappij, onder andere omdat ze voor veel emotionele en financiële schade zorgen. Binnen de forensische psychiatrie wordt geprobeerd om deze personen te helpen met het verder ontwikkelen van hun vermogen om gedrag te reguleren. Helaas leidt deze hulp niet altijd tot de beoogde resultaten, omdat antisociale populaties heterogeen zijn, met sterke interpersoonlijke verschillen in de neurobiologische en cognitieve factoren die tot de antisociale gedragingen leiden. Personen met psychopathie vormen een van de meest extreme subpopulaties en zijn ook relatief moeilijk te behandelen. Om deze mensen beter te kunnen helpen, is het nodig om behandelinterventies te ontwikkelen die rekening houden met hun cognitieve verwerkingsstijl, omdat aan antisociaal gedrag een grote diversiteit van neurocognitieve afwijkingen ten grondslag zou kunnen liggen. Recent onderzoek laat zien dat er een subgroep antisociale personen is met psychopathische kenmerken die zijn verbonden aan verminderd leren van negatieve uitkomsten (zoals leren van fouten), maar ook dat de manier waarop informatie wordt aangeboden (bijv. context) relevant is voor gedragsaanpassing. Meer inzicht in de neurocognitieve mechanismen die zijn aangedaan in psychopathie, zou op termijn kunnen leiden tot de ontwikkeling van behandelinterventies die aansluiten bij de cognitieve verwerkingsstijl van deze groep antisociale personen. 6 p.

Contains fulltext : 176068.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) BACKGROUND: Subjective memory complaints (SMC) are common among older adults, but it is unclear to what extent adults with SMC spontaneously use memory strategies to compensate for their memory problems. As SMC may be a risk factor for memory decline later, it is important to extend our knowledge about spontaneous compensatory mechanisms in older adults with SMC. METHOD: Self-reported strategy use and observed strategy use were assessed in 38 adults with and 38 without SMC. RESULTS: Adults with SMC used more strategies in daily life than those without. In the SMC group, memory complaints were positively correlated with strategy use. Only in adults without SMC, a significant correlation was found between observed strategy use and task performance. CONCLUSION: Strategy use in older adults with SMC may be compensatory in nature, but did not increase their objective memory performance. Therefore, older adults with SMC might benefit from interventions aimed at optimizing strategy use. 5 p.

Contains fulltext : 169537.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) Cognitive training has been shown to result in improved behavioral performance in normal aging and mild cognitive impairment (MCI), yet little is known about the neural correlates of cognitive plasticity, or about individual differences in responsiveness to cognitive training. In this study, 21 healthy older adults and 14 patients with MCI received five weeks of adaptive computerized working-memory (WM) training. Before and after training, functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) was used to assess the hemodynamic response in left and right prefrontal cortex during performance of a verbal n-back task with varying levels of WM load. After training, healthy older adults demonstrated decreased prefrontal activation at high WM load, which may indicate increased processing efficiency. Although MCI patients showed improved behavioral performance at low WM load after training, no evidence was found for training-related changes in prefrontal activation. Whole-group analyses showed that a relatively strong hemodynamic response at low WM load was related to worse behavioral performance, while a relatively strong hemodynamic response at high WM load was related to higher training gain. Therefore, a 'youth-like' prefrontal activation pattern at older age may be associated with better behavioral outcome and cognitive plasticity. 14 p.

Item does not contain fulltext Er is de laatste jaren veel neurowetenschappelijk onderzoek gedaan naar het werkgeheugen en executieve functies, die van belang zijn bij niet-automatisch, gecontroleerd gedrag. Het begrip ‘intelligentie’ verwijst naar diezelfde cognitieve functies, maar het accent ligt meer op hoe goed deze functies bij een persoon zijn in vergelijking met anderen. Volgens de ene opvatting wordt het intelligentiequotiënt bepaald door één algemene factor, de g-factor. een andere opvatting, die voortkomt uit de traditie waarbij het meten van intelligentie gebeurt met een reeks subtests, stelt dat meerdere factoren van belang zijn. neuroimaging-studies bij gezonde proefpersonen en neuropsychologische studies bij patiënten met hersenlaesies laten zien dat de g-factor geassocieerd is met activiteit in een neuraal netwerk dat pariëtale gebieden verbindt met gebieden in de prefrontale schors. deze gebieden overlappen met gebieden die betrokken zijn bij het werkgeheugen en executieve functies. deze bevindingen stellen vraagtekens bij het nut van het afnemen van een uitgebreide intelligentiebatterij. 7 p.

Contains fulltext : 136874.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) Few studies exist on subjective cognitive failures after a stroke in young adults (

Contains fulltext : 157620.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) Foutloos leren (FL) is een leerprincipe dat wordt toegepast om mensen met dementie alledaagse taken (op)nieuw aan te leren. In deze literatuurstudie werd de effectiviteit van FL onderzocht, waarbij ook de rol van de soort en de ernst van de dementie, de soort taak, de trainingsintensiteit, toegepaste foutreducerende technieken, en follow-up effecten werden besproken. Resultaten laten zien dat FL in vergelijking met trial and error-leren (TEL), of geen training, effectiever is in het aanleren van verschillende soorten alledaagse taken. Bovendien bleken de geleerde taken en vaardigheden ook na langere tijd te beklijven. De FL-effecten werden met name gevonden bij het aanleren van gezicht-naamassociaties, namen van alledaagse voorwerpen en het gebruik van apparaten aan mensen met een minimale tot matige ernst van dementie. Uit dit literatuuroverzicht komt een aantal aanbevelingen over de toepassing van FL in de zorgpraktijk naar voren. 7 p.

Contains fulltext : 134587.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) The present study aimed at investigating age-related differences in prospective memory performance using a paradigm with high ecological validity and experimental control. Thirty old and 30 young adults completed the Dresden Breakfast task; a meal preparation task in the lab that comprises several subtasks including event- and time-based prospective memory tasks. Participants were required to plan how to perform the task. Results showed that young adults outperformed old adults: they completed more subtasks, showed better event- and time-based prospective memory performance and planning quality. In contrast, old adults adhered to their plans more closely than young adults. Further exploratory gender-specific analyses indicated that old women did not differ from young men in time-based prospective memory performance, general task performance and time monitoring in contrast to old men. Possibly, differences in experience in breakfast preparation might account for these differential findings. 8 p.

Contains fulltext : 157473.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) We report three experiments in which participants performed written serial recall of visually presented verbal sequences with items varying in visual similarity. In Experiments 1 and 2 native speakers of Japanese recalled visually presented Japanese Kanji characters. In Experiment 3, native speakers of English recalled visually presented words. In all experiments, items varied in visual similarity and were controlled for phonological similarity. For Kanji and for English, performance on lists comprising visually similar items was overall poorer than for lists of visually distinct items across all serial positions. For mixed lists in which visually similar and visually distinct items alternated through the list, a clear "zig-zag" pattern appeared with better recall of the visually distinct items than for visually similar items. This is the first time that this zig-zag pattern has been shown for manipulations of visual similarity in serial-ordered recall. These data provide new evidence that retaining a sequence of visual codes relies on similar principles to those that govern the retention of a sequence of phonological codes. We further illustrate this by demonstrating that the data patterns can be readily simulated by at least one computational model of serial-ordered recall, the Primacy model (Page and Norris, Psychological Review, 105(4), 761–81, 1998). Together with previous evidence from neuropsychological studies and experimental studies with healthy adults, these results are interpreted as consistent with two domain-specific, limited-capacity, temporary memory systems for phonological material and for visual material, respectively, each of which uses similar processes that have evolved to be optimal for retention of serial order. 18 p.

Contains fulltext : 99392.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) Efficient flexible behavior requires continuous monitoring of performance for possible deviations from the intended goal of an action. This also holds for joint action. When jointly performing a task, one needs to not only know the other's goals and intentions but also generate behavioral adjustments that are dependent on the other person's task. Previous studies have shown that in joint action people not only represent their own task but also the task of their co-actor. The current study investigated whether these so-called shared representations affect error monitoring as reflected in the response-locked error-related negativity (Ne/ERN) following own errors. Sixteen pairs of participants performed a social go/no-go task, while EEG and behavioral data were obtained. Responses were compatible or incompatible relative to the go/no-go action of the co-actor. Erroneous responses on no-go stimuli were examined. The results demonstrated increased Ne/ERN amplitudes and longer reaction times following errors on compatible compared to incompatible no-go stimuli. Thus, Ne/ERNs were larger after errors on trials that did not require a response from the co-actor either compared to errors on trials that did require a response from the co-actor. As the task of the other person is the only difference between these two types of errors, these findings show that people also represent their co-actor's task during error monitoring in joint action. An extension of existing models on performance monitoring in individual action is put forward to explain the current findings in joint action. Importantly, we propose that inclusion of a co-actor's task in performance monitoring may facilitate adaptive behavior in social interactions enabling fast anticipatory and corrective actions. 18 p.

Item does not contain fulltext In de forensische psychiatrie krijgt het begrip psychopathie een toenemend belangrijke plaats. De wetenschappelijke literatuur kent uiteenlopende opvattingen over het begrip psychopathie en herbergt veel onbeantwoorde vragen over diagnostiek en behandeling van psychopathie. In dit onderzoek wordt bekeken in hoeverre de twee factoren van psychopathie, zoals gemeten met de PCL-R, samenhangen met de uitkomstmaten van de MMPI-2. Met correlatieanalyse werden de verbanden bestudeerd tussen geselecteerde MMPI-2 schalen (2-D, 4-Pd, 7-Pt en 9-Ma, de daarvan afgeleide geherstructureerde klinische schalen en de Harris-Lingoes subschalen) enerzijds en PCL-R factorschalen anderzijds. Conform verwachting blijkt er een negatief verband te zijn tussen Factor 1 en schaal 7-Pt. Dat resultaat wordt niet gevonden voor de geherstructureerde schaal RC7 Disfunctionele Negatieve Emoties. Positieve verbanden werden gevonden tussen Factor 2 enerzijds en 4-Pd en 9-Ma anderzijds. Deze verbanden met Factor 2 bleken nog sterker als in plaats van de 4-Pd en 9-Ma de geherstructereerde evenknie werd gebruikt (i.e. RC4 Antisociaal Gedrag en RC9 Hypomane Activering). Daarmee lijken eerdere onderzoeksresultaten te worden bevestigd: het psychopathieconstruct bestaat uit twee factoren die differentiële verbanden hebben met verschillende externe criteria. Daarom wordt een meer profielmatige beschouwing van de resultaten van onderzoek met de PCL-R voorgesteld. Dit kan bijdragen aan een meer gedifferentieerde kijk op diagnostiek van psychopathiforme persoonskenmerken en daarmee potentieel tot betere behandelresultaten leiden. 7 p.

Contains fulltext : 73379.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) Spatial memory is crucial to our daily lives and in part strongly depends on automatic, implicit memory processes. This study investigates the neurocognitive basis of conscious and unconscious influences of object-location memory in amnesic patients with Korsakoff's syndrome (N = 23) and healthy controls (N = 18) using a process-dissociation procedure in a computerized spatial memory task. As expected, the patients performed substantially worse on the conscious memory measures but showed even slightly stronger effects of unconscious influences than the controls. Moreover, a delayed test administered after 1 week revealed a strong decline in conscious influences in the patients, while unconscious influences were not affected. The presented results suggest that conscious and unconscious influences of spatial memory can be clearly dissociated in Korsakoff's syndrome. 9 p.

Diabetes and the brain: cognitive and psychological consequences in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes

Background The proportion of strokes occurring in younger adults has been rising over the past decade. Due to the far longer life expectancy in the young, stroke in this group has an even larger socio-economic impact. However, information on etiology and prognosis remains scarce. Methods/design ODYSSEY is a multicentre prospective cohort study on the prognosis and risk factors of patients with a first-ever TIA, ischemic stroke or intracerebral hemorrhage aged 18 to 49 years. Our aim is to include 1500 patients. Primary outcome will be all cause mortality and risk of recurrent vascular events. Secondary outcome will be the risk of post-stroke epilepsy and cognitive impairment. Patients will complete structured questionnaires on outcome measures and risk factors. Both well-documented and less well-documented risk factors and potentially acute trigger factors will be investigated. Patients will be followed every 6 months for at least 3 years. In addition, an extensive neuropsychological assessment will be administered both at baseline and 1 year after the stroke/TIA. Furthermore we will include 250 stroke-free controls, who will complete baseline assessment and one neuropsychological assessment. Discussion ODYSSEY is designed to prospectively determine prognosis after a young stroke and get more insight into etiology of patients with a TIA, ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage in patients aged 18 to 49 years old in a large sample size.

Contains fulltext : 109805.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Post-Stroke Depression with or without Anxiety (PSDA) is a common disorder in the chronic phase of stroke. Neuropsychiatric problems, such as PSDA, have a negative impact on social reintegration and quality of life. Currently, there is no evidence-based treatment available for reducing PSDA symptoms. In the recent literature on depression in the general population it has been shown that depression complaints can diminish by cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). In the current study, the effectiveness of augmented, activation-based and individually tailored CBT on the reduction of depression and anxiety will be investigated in patients with PSDA. Additionally, the effects on various secondary outcome measures, such as quality of life, goal attainment and societal participation will be evaluated. This study is embedded in a consortium of 4 interrelated studies on quality of life after stroke (Restore4Stroke). METHODS/DESIGN: A multi-centre, assessor-blind, randomized controlled trial is conducted. A sample of 106 PSDA patients, as assessed with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS depression subscale >7), will be recruited and randomly allocated to either an experimental or a control group. The experimental intervention consists of an augmented CBT intervention. The intervention is based on CBT principles of recognizing, registering, and altering negative thoughts and cognitions so that mood, and emotional symptoms are improved. CBT is augmented with direct in-vivo activation offered by occupational or movement therapists. Patients in the control group will receive a computerized cognitive training intervention. Outcomes will be assessed at baseline, immediately post intervention, and at 6 and 12 months follow up. DISCUSSION: This study is the first randomized clinical trial that evaluates the (maintenance of) effects of augmented CBT on post-stroke depression with or without anxiety symptoms. Together with three other projects, the Restore4Stroke PSDA trial will provide novel information about the (treatment of) emotional problems and quality of life after stroke. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Trial registration number: Dutch Trial Register NTR2999.