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Due to urbanization, there is a large increase in industries; these industries produce effluent. This effluent will alter the physical and chemical characteristics of the soil and water. A laboratory study was attempted to understand its physiochemical change in soil and water through a column study: it was conducted under the variable head condition for two different soils (in situ and sandy soil) and four different wastewater samples (RO water, treated and untreated municipal water, untreated industrial wastewater) for one cycle. The time taken for sandy soil is 3 h, and for in situ soil, it is around 6 days. The pH, specific gravity, conductivity, permeability and shear strength properties were all studied. There was not much change in the chemical properties of the water upon passing it through the column medium. But the soil contaminated with untreated wastewater shows a reduction in bearing capacity by almost 50%, making it unfit for construction.

This paper presents the study of single pile in the sloping ground under different static lateral loading conditions in which the pile is subjected to forward and reverse loading at ground level and slope level. Laboratory experiments are conducted in a test tank with cohesive soil by embedding a semi-infinite pile. The behaviour of the pile is studied by considering three different slopes (1V:3H, 1V:2.5H and 1V:2H) with varying positioning of pile in-terms of relative stiffness factor (R). Relative stiffness is found by conducting lateral load test in horizontal ground condition for the same soil properties. Lateral load corresponding to 5 mm displacement is taken as the ultimate lateral load. The deformation and bending characteristics of the pile are observed for different conditions and compared with pile loaded at the levelled ground. Numerical studies are performed to validate the test results and to assess the effect of water table on pile-slope behaviour. Parameters such as optimum distance from slope crest towards the embankment where the effect of slope becomes void are also studied.

The capacity of laterally loaded piles is mainly governed by the strength of soil at the proximity of top level of the piles. In coastal areas, the topsoil mostly comprises of soft clay and they extend for a considerable depth, offering low resistance against lateral loads. In addition to static loads, the piles are subjected to cyclic loads. Experimental study of single pile and pile group for varying L/D ratios, number of piles in a group and spacing between the piles under static and cyclic lateral load is studied. Cyclic lateral load tests were conducted for L/D ratios of 12, 18 and 24 under cyclic load ratio of 0.6. Cyclic load tests were performed by embedding the piles in a clay bed of consistency 0.2. The experimental results showed that for pile of L/D ratios the 12, 18 and 24 displacement at pile head becomes nearly constant after 300 hundred cycles. From the pattern of displacement versus number of cycles, it is observed that shorter piles exhibit higher magnitudes of displacement compared to longer piles upon cyclic loading. However, longer piles show higher rate of increase in displacement with number of cycles compared to shorter piles.