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The design of a roll-type electrobaromembrane apparatus has been developed, in which a high efficiency of mixing of multicomponent solutions is ensured when separating colloidal process fluids and waste water from chemical industries. A method for calculating the total area of membranes in an electrobaromembrane apparatus, taking into account the areas of roll and tubular elements, has been developed.

A design of a tubular electrobaromembrane apparatus for cleaning industrial solutions of chemical plants is developed. An optimized version of the apparatus with an effective solution separating area is presented and the volume of the body components and the mass of the body are calculated. The economic merits of the materials for fabrication of the apparatus for electrobaromembrane and baromembrane separation are compared. The merits of the developed apparatus design are enlarged solution separation area, increased throughput, improved solution separation quality, and reduced material content per unit volume of the apparatus.

A tubular electrochemical membrane apparatus that enables efficient mixing of chemical plant solutions to be separated and of colloidal process solutions is designed and a procedure for calculating the total working area of the membranes in a tubular electrobaromembrane apparatus is developed. The areas of the cathodic and anodic membranes are calculated.

A procedure has been developed for calculating end flanges of a flat-chamber type of electrobaromembrane apparatus weakened by a porthole for feeding solution to be separated in accordance with permissible stresses, taking account of the loading time.

A developed design of a combined-type electro-baromembrane apparatus for separating solutions into two successive circuits is presented. As well as allowing differential ion separation in the flows of cathode and anode permeate in the form of bases and acids at the first stage of separation, the baromembrane design leads to reduced hydraulic resistance per unit volume and improved solution separation efficiency. The methodology used for calculating the technological characteristics of the apparatus is described.

An efficient design of the flat-chamber-type electrobaromembrane apparatus was developed and based on it a calculation method that allows to determine the total working area of the membranes, the useful area of the near-cathode, near-anode membranes and the volume of the solution to be separated per unit volume of the developed apparatus.

A tubular-type electro-baromembrane apparatus design has been developed, which makes it possible to efficiently separate chemical production solutions and differentially extract ions from multicomponent systems. A method for calculating the working area of membranes in the apparatus is proposed, which makes it possible to determine the area of near-cathode and near-anode membranes, as well as the total area of membranes in the apparatus.

The design of a tubular-type electrobaromembrane apparatus for cleaning process solutions of chemical plants is developed. The principle of operation of the apparatus is explained and the volume of the solution separation chambers is calculated. The merits of the developed design are increased rate of near-anode and near-cathode permeate removal and reduced permeate heating temperature and absence of stagnant zones in the permeate withdrawal path.

A flat-chamber type of electrobaromembrane separation equipment is designed. A method is developed to calculate the effective separation area of the equipment that enables determination of the total performing area of the membranes for separating solutions and the usable area of cathode- and anode-adjoining membranes.

An analysis is given of the thermal action on an MGA-95 composite porous film cellulose acetate industrial prototype by differential scanning calorimetry. Investigation of an air-dry sample and a water-saturated sample indicates redistribution of the relation in the quantity of perfect crystal structures in crystallites having different values for the enthalpy of melting, which decreases for the low-temperature phase from 6.06 to 0.99 kJ/kg, and for the high-temperature phase, from 1.99 to 1.72 kJ kg. The total melting enthalpy of the endothermic peaks measures from 8.57 to 6.55 kJ/kg, which points to a reduction in the crystallinity of the water-saturated MGA-95 polymer composite film sample.

A flat-chamber electrobaromembrane apparatus with improved design and technological characteristics for wastewater treatment and differentiated ion extraction from industrial water systems was developed. A method allowing the total working area of the anodic and cathodic membranes, the sizes of the anodic and cathodic outlet flows, and other parameters of the membrane process to be calculated was presented. The design and technological parameters of the chamber and electrobaromembrane apparatus as a whole were calculated.

Samples of original and working porous composite nanofiltration membranes were investigated by xray scattering, thermal analysis, and study of the specific flow rate and retention coefficient. It was established that mechanical loading due to excess pressure of 1.5 MPa in the OFAM-K membranes leads to conformational changes in the phenylone C-4 macromolecules in the crystalline and amorphous intercrystalline phases, where the calculated degree of crystallinity decreases from 49 to 36%. Investigations by differential-scanning calorimetry indicate homogeneous crystallites with a thermal effect of 7.87 kJ/kg are formed in the working sample of the membrane. The working sample of OPMNP membrane undergoes polymorphous rearrangement of the crystalline phase with a change in the dimensions of the crystalline cell in the direction of the crystal axis (c) and with increase of crystallinity from 44 to 55%, while the amorphous phase becomes looser.

The design of a flat-chamber–type eleсtrobaromembranе apparatus and, based on the design, a method of calculating the parameters of the housing chamber when it is subjected to excess pressure are developed. Through the use of the technique, it becomes possible to determine the total force on a thin wall, the force per node of the sieve, the total number of nodes in the sieve, the maximum contact stresses for the material with contact of the sieve at the nodes, and the convergence of the axes of contacting surfaces.

Results are given for a study of electrolytic boriding of components made of different grades of steel (steels 20, 40Kh, and 50), and boriding technology, results of metallographic and x-ray structural analyses, and a study of the quantitative change in FeB and Fe2B phases through the depth of a diffusion layer is provided. Comparative results of research show the operating properties after various forms of chemical heat treatment and heat treatment.

Methods for the organization of safe manufacturing processes and for the control of technological risk in Russia and abroad are considered. The structure, problems, and types of estimation (levels) of risk and the advantages of the method of Risk Based Inspection (RBI), a method for optimizing programs of inspection and maintenance, are set forth.

Construction of tubular type electrobaromembrane equipment is developed for separating and extracting dissociated ions from industrial production effluent. The equipment is described and the area of membranes near the cathode and anode per unit volume of the equipment is calculated.

The strength of the housing of a roll-type electrobaromembrane unit with lateral collectors is analyzed. Computational expressions are presented for determination of optimal geometric dimensions of the unit.

The design of a highly productive electrobaromembrane device with flat channels is developed. A design is also developed for a grid turbulizer of a solution, which is placed in the inter-membrane channel of the device to reduce concentrated polarization.

A design of flat-chamber electrobaromembrane unit for the cleaning of effluents of chemical and machinebuilding productions is presented. A procedure is developed for optimal design of the flange construction of a flat-chamber electrobaromembrane unit, proceeding from the condition whereby the mass is minimized for a given strength and stiffness. An engineering method of analyzing a flat-chamber electrobaromembrane unit, which makes it possible to determine the effective area and number of separation elements in the unit with allowance for the application of an electric field on the unit is proposed.

A procedure is proposed for determining nanofiltration membrane hydrodynamic permeability coefficient. This procedure may be used in setting up production and laboratory equipment for cleaning industrial effluent.

Experience with use of cast-in-place piles with stabilization of the soils beneath their bases by the method of grouting is described. Ranges of effective application of these piles are indicated.

Experience with use of automated gates at light-duty power-generating entities is indicated.

Twelve cardiac glycosides and aglycons were isolated from Strophanthus kombe seeds. Of these, eight were identified as cymarin, K-strophanthin-β, K-strophanthoside, periplocymarin, 17α-strophadogenin, erysimin (= helveticoside), erysimoside, and neoglucoerysimoside. Four glycosides, preliminarily designated Sk-x, Sk-y, Sk-z, and Sk-20, were new. Their chemical structures were established as 3β-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-5β,14β,16β-trihydroxy-19-oxo-17α-card-20(22)enolide (17α-strophadogenin-3-O-β-D-glucoside), 3β-O-β-D-cymaropyranosyl-5β,14β,16β-trihydroxy-19-oxo-17α-card-20(22)enolide (17α-strophadogenin-3-O-β-D-cymaroside), 3β-O-β-D-cymaropyranosyl-4′-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-6″-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-5β, 14β,16β-trihydroxy-19-oxo-17α-card-20(22)enolide (17α-strophadogenin-3-O-strophanthotrioside), and 3-O-β-D-digitoxopyranosyl-4′-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-6″-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-5β,14β, 19-trihydroxy-card-20(22)enolide (strophanthidol-3-O-gentiobiosyldigitoxoside), respectively.

The lead dioxide electrodeposition (LDE) from nitrate electrolytes is studied by the rotating disk electrode, cyclic voltammetry, and electrode impedance methods. A four-stage kinetic scheme of the LDE reaction is proposed: (1) the electron transfer and generation of oxygen-containing species on the electrode surface; (2) the species interact with lead ions, forming an oxygen-containing intermediate product of Pb(III) of the type Pb(OH)2+, which is not fixed on the electrode surface; (3) the product is oxidized, with the transfer of the second electron, forming compounds of Pb(IV) associated with oxygen (of the type Pb(OH)2+ 2); and (4) the latter decomposes via a chemical mechanism to form PbO2. The rate-determining stage of the LDE process is essentially dependent on the potential and state of the electrode surface, concentration of Pb(II) ions in solution, and hydrodynamic conditions of experiment. The proposed scheme explains within a unified mechanism of the LDE reaction all the experimental data obtained both in this work and in the literature.

3-(5-Ethoxycarbonyl-2-furyl)-4-hydroxy-6-R-7-methoxycoumarins and their 4-acyl derivatives have been synthesized. Their1H and13C NMR and IR spectra, and also their absorption and fluorescence spectra, have been studied. It has been shown that some of the substances synthesized can be used as fluorescent probes in the study of membranes and of protein preparations.

New azomethines (aldimines) were synthesized from cardiac glycosides erysimin and cymarin. The structures of the new compounds were confirmed by PMR spectra and elemental analysis.

A new isoflavone was isolated from rhizomes of yellow flag (Iris pseudacorus L.). Its structure was established as 5,6-dihydroxy-7,8,3′,5′-tetramethoxyisoflavone based on physicochemical properties; UV, IR, PMR, and NOESY spectroscopy; and mass spectrometry.

The authors show that in the case of an arbitrary distribution of electrons over initial energies the quantitative characteristics of the energy distribution of the emitted electrons can be obtained from the experimental current-voltage characteristics of a flat diode. The electron energy spectrum is studied experimentally as a function of the temperature on the face of a tungsten single crystal.