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This study aimed to investigate the effect of cold plasma in the oxygen and nitrogen atmospheres on oilseeds of sunflower and sesame, especially their physicochemical properties of extracted oils. Treated oilseeds were stored under controlled laboratory conditions, at 38% relative humidity and 20 °C. After 0, 7, 15, 21, and 30 days of storage, the oilseeds were subjected to oil extraction by Soxhlet. The results showed that free fatty acids and saturated fatty acid content in extracted oils increased even during 30 days storage at 20 °C by higher treatment times (30 min) in all oilseeds samples. However, after 15 min cold plasma treatment, unsaturated fatty acid content increased about 3.9 and 5% in sunflower and sesame oils, respectively. However, it can be decreased severely by 30 days storage of oilseeds with more prolonged treatment time (P > 0.05). Polyunsaturated fatty acids were more sensitive to plasma reactive species, decomposed with higher rates, and reduced iodine value in both oils. The saponification value of both oils increased after plasma treatment and during the storage time. The total phenolic compound in both oils drastically decreased as the exposure and storage times increased, mainly when oxygen gas was applied (P

The present study focuses on the effect of temperature and extraction methods on the yields, chemical quality, fatty acids, and tocopherols of the oil extracted from the seeds of Opuntia ficus-indica, collected in the eastern region of Morocco. Our results revealed the effect of temperature that when we increase the temperature used, the yields also increase; the results also showed that this high temperature does not affect the physicochemical properties, fatty acids, and tocopherols. Thus, the results of this study revealed that the prickly pear is a rich source of oil; the obtained oil yields varied from 12.49%±0.09 for mechanical extraction, 11.46±0.10 for chemical extraction, and 10.52%±0.09 for maceration. The main fatty acids founded in Opuntia ficus-indica are linoleic acid 75.80%±0.10 (chemical), 74.07%±0.14 (maceration), and 71.59%±0.14 (mechanical) and palmitic acid 17.32%±0.02 (chemical), 22.419%±0.06 (maceration), and 26.58%±0.00 (mechanical); prickly pear oil could be classified as a linoleic acid. The physicochemical properties of Opuntia ficus-indica seed oils such as acid index mgKOH/g oil (4,376±0.10, 5.854±0.03, 5.667±0.07), saponification value mgKOH/g oil (181.12 ±0.18, 183.77±1.23, 179.08±3.45), and peroxide value 20milieq/Kg (5.75±0.08, 6±0.06, 5.97±0.04) for mechanical, chemical, and maceration extraction, respectively, density, and refractive index were all found to be in good accordance with quality criteria for both pure and fresh oils. Among the tocopherols found, a high value of γ-tocopherol was detected in mechanical extraction with 502.04±0.76 mg/kg, followed by chemical extraction and maceration with 430.12±0.61mg/kg and 315.47±0.96 mg/kg, respectively.

This work aimed to evaluate the efficiency of subcritical ethanol extraction for recovering oil from coconut meal. Dried coconut meal with an oil content of 19.85% (w.b.) was treated with subcritical ethanol at various ethanol concentrations (80, 90, and 100% v/v), solvent to solid ratios (5:1, 8:1, 10:1, and 15:1 v/w), temperatures (80, 100, and 120 °C), and holding times (0, 15, 30, and 45 min) in a batch-type vessel. The highest oil recovery (81.49%), which was obtained from the extraction with 100% ethanol and solvent-solid ratio of 8:1 (v/w) at 100 °C for 45 min did not significantly differ from those obtained at 120 °C for 15–45 min. The chemical properties, including free fatty acid content, peroxide value, saponification value, unsaponifiable matter, and fatty acid profile of the oils conformed to the standard values for crude coconut oil. Gas chromatography showed the higher ratios of caprylic and capric acids in the subcritical ethanol-extracted oils than those in hexane extracted oil, approximately 1.05–1.4 times. Additionally, the total phenolic content and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical-scavenging activity of the oils extracted with the subcritical ethanol extraction were significantly higher (up to 3.5 and 6 times, respectively) than those of the oil Soxhlet-extracted with hexane. The present study showed that subcritical ethanol extraction is an effective method for extracting oil with good qualities and antioxidant properties from coconut meal.

Vegetable oils are subjected to heat treatments during processing and changes during storage. Thus, it is required, for usage as a food source, the evaluation of their thermo-oxidative stability and physicochemical characteristics. In this context, the objective of this paper was to evaluate the oil of catole coconut (Syagrus cearensis), aiming to characterize its identity and quality, as well as its antioxidant capacity and thermo-oxidative stability. The catole coconut was collected in the city of Lagoa Seca-PB, Brazil, its almonds were dried in a stove and the catole oil was obtained by cold pressing. The results of the physicochemical parameters complied with the current legislation, with average values ​​of 2.48 mg KOH g−1 oil for acid value, 0.14 meq peroxide kg−1 oil for peroxide value and 253 mg KOH g−1 oil for saponification value. Catole oil presented the profile of saturated fatty acids (84.42%), with the predominance of lauric acid (45.06%), besides major phenolic compounds such as salicylic acid [12.324 mg (100 g−1) of oil] and myricetin [1.405 mg (100 g−1) of oil]. The thermogravimetric profile remained stable to decomposition at temperatures up to around 240 °C and oxidative stability withstood at 110 °C for more than 48 h. Therefore, it was possible to identify and characterize this unexplored oilseed species of the Brazilian semiarid, diversifying its use in the food industry.

Madhuca latifolia Macbride (commonly known as Mahua) is an important multipurpose tree with great socioeconomic relevance. The post-harvest spoilage of fruits and seeds due to improper handling and filthy storage conditions is a major limitation to quality oil products. Therefore, a study was carried out to find the best storage medium and optimum duration to retain better oil content and other oil quality parameters. In order to evaluate the change in oil content and other quality parameters, the extracted and pre-treated mahua seeds were stored in 3 container bags (polythene, plastic and jute), kept under two storage environment (light and dark) and subjected to two air exposure (closed and open condition) were monitored at a monthly interval till 180 days. The oil content, saponification value and iodine value of the stored seeds were decreased with time while specific gravity, acid value and free fatty acid in the stored seeds increased. The oil content during storage was in order of polythene bag (44.09%) > cotton bag (42.78%) > plastic bag (33.89%). The closed plastic container exposed to light was the best storage method for retaining higher oil content. On the other hand, closed polythene bag kept in dark was the best storage method for retaining higher saponification value and this treatment combination is suggested to be good for soap industry.

In recent years, vegetable oils are seen as a safe alternative to mineral oil–based lubricants. In the present work, preliminary evaluation of the physicochemical, corrosion, thermal, rheological, and tribological properties of Cucurbita pepo L. oil (CPO) were carried out and compared with commercially available mineral oil, SAE 20W40, and other vegetable oils. The yield of CPO was found as 54.85% with iodine value, acid value, and saponification value of 105.52 ±0.12 gI2/100 g, 0.4 ±0.52 mg KOH/g, and 147.26 ±0.11 mg KOH/g respectively. Palmitic acid (13.98%), stearic acid (13.55%), oleic acid (19.53%), and linoleic acid (50.07%) were major fatty acids present in CPO. The pour and flash points of CPO were - 8±0.67 ° C and 323±0.11 ° C respectively. The viscosities of CPO were 55.39 cSt at 40°C and 11.15 cSt at 100°C. The viscosity index was 180. From the tribology tests, it was observed that the coefficient of friction and wear scar diameter of CPO (0.0459±0.0002 and 0.413±0.0389) were comparable to that of SAE 20 W40 (0.0506±0.0356 and 0.333±0.0202). The extreme pressure properties of CPO were found relatively inferior in comparison to SAE 20W40 due to the presence of commercial additive package in SAE 20W40; however, it was observed that tribological properties of CPO (coefficient of friction and wear scar diameter) were better than some of the commonly studied vegetable oils.

The aim of this study was to assess the physico-chemical characteristics and fatty acid profile of oil from termite (Macrotermes subhylanus), green and brown long-horned grasshopper (Ruspolia differens). The insects were harvested in Siaya county of Western Kenya from the wild during swarming seasons. Physico-chemical characteristics of insects oil and the effect of two traditional heat processing methods (frying and solar drying) on the fatty acid profile were determined using standard methods. The insects oil was a clear, golden or light yellow colored liquid at room temperature, with a low solidification temperature (8–12 °C) for M. subhylanus and10–15 °C for R. differens. M. subhylanus showed an iodine value of 83.51 g iodine/100 g oil, peroxide value 0.19 mEq/Kg, saponification value 160.61 mg KOH/Kg and 38.77 mg/100 ml of total cholesterol. R. differens showed an iodine value of 86.97 g iodine/100 g oil, peroxide value 0.13–0.14 mEq/Kg, saponification value 229.67–234.40 mg KOH/Kg and 27.51–31.40 mg/100 ml of total cholesterol. Oleic acid was the major fatty acid in all the fresh insect samples (M. subylanus 52.1%, green R. differens 43.2%, brown R. differens 37.1%) while palmitic acid was the second most abundant fatty acid. Total unsaturated fatty acids were proportionately more than the total saturated fatty acids. The level of saturated fatty acids increased from fresh insect samples to heat processed samples (fried, fresh-dried and fried-dried), while the level of unsaturated fatty acids decreased with processing though insignificantly. The insects have high quality oil that maybe exploited in processing of nutritional food products and they may therefore be heat processed domestically without adversely affecting the quality of the oils.

The desert locust (Schitocerca gregaria) swarms in numbers that decimate farmland, threatening an already vulnerable horn and Eastern region of Africa. The aim of this research was to assess the nutrient content and oil characteristics of the desert locust and for possible utilization as a food resource at industrial scale. The desert locusts were harvested from swarms in various regions of Kenya. Nutrient analysis was performed using standard protocols and physico-chemical characteristics of the extracted oil were evaluated. A 100 g sample contained 450Kcal energy, 46 g protein, 32 g fat and 4 g fibre. Calcium was the most abundant macro mineral (208.36 mg/100 g), iron was the most abundant trace mineral (4.83 mg/100 g) while α-tocopherol content of 267.47 µg/g was recorded. Oleic acid was the main fatty acid (30.78%) with total unsaturated fatty acids being 66.47% of the total fatty acids. The n-6:n-3 ratio of 2,4 was reported which indicated a significant nutritional quality of the locust oil. The locust oil had 0.94 specific gravity indicating potential industrial applications. Iodine value (75 g iodine/100 g oil), peroxide value (0.18 mEq/Kg) and saponification value (171 mg KOH/Kg) indicated an oil with relative stability and potential for industrial utilization in the food industry. As a result, locust control efforts could therefore include harvesting and consumption as part of the integrated management.

One of the reasons for “underutilization” of the tropical legume winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC.) is the presence of certain anti-nutrients in its seeds. This may be one of the impediments for the adoption and routine cultivation of this plant. The natural-variation of P. tetragonolobus manifests in its seed-coat colour. The present paper characterizes and evaluates the physico-chemical properties of the seed-oil extracted from white, light-brown, dark-brown seeds of P. tetragonolobus. The refined seed-oils of these lines are suitable and comparable with soybean seed-oil. Additionally, as compared to soybean oil, the oil of P. tetragonolobus is thermally stable due to the presence of saturated (21.2–22.7%), monounsaturated (39.3–40.2%) and polyunsaturated (37.0–38.2%) fatty acids. Variation in acid value (0.4 to 0.6 mg/g), free fatty acid (0.2–0.3%), saponification value (172.2–173.5 mg/g), iodine value (118.9–121.5 g/100 g), refractive index (1.44–1.48) and density (0.91–0.92) was reported upon analysis. Safety evaluation of this refined oil on 4-weeks feeding trial on albino mice revealed non-significant changes in terms of body weight, organ weight, haematological and serum biochemical changes. Furthermore, the seed-cake of P. tetragonolobus contained proteins to a range of (34.7–35.6%), carbohydrates (21.4–23.1%), polyphenols (0.45–0.49%), L-DOPA (0.35–0.38%) and phytic acid (0.18–0.2%). These values are closely comparable with the soybean seed-cake.

This study examined proximate composition, physicochemical analysis and mineral content of thevetia peruviana seed. The seeds (sun dried, oven dried and air dried) were ground into very fine powder. AOAC 2005 (Standard method) was used to analyse all the parameters used in the study. However, for mineral analysis, AOAC 2005 and Shumaila and Mahpara (Pak J Nutr 8(9):1456–1460, 2009) were used. The result of the proximate composition revealed that the moisture content was (4.59 ± 0.12, 2.78 ± 0.12 and 4.21 ± 0.12), ash content was (2.75 ± 0.12, 1.73 ± 0.07 and 1.22 ± 0.00), crude fibre content was (1.17 ± 0.00, 1.31 ± 0.00 and 1.42 ± 0.20), crude fat content was (66.84 ± 0.00, 66.67 ± 0.20 and 42.92 ± 0.00), crude protein content was (20.53 ± 0.12, 23.41 ± 0.12 and 24.72 ± 0.12), carbohydrate content was (28.04 ± 0.00, 4.10 ± 0.25 and 1.59 ± 0.00) and energy (597.504 ± 1.79 kcal/kg, 728.766 ± 1.19 kcal/kg and 725.430 ± 0.48 kcal/kg) for sun dried, oven dried and air dried seeds respectively. Meanwhile, the results for physicochemical analysis of the oven dried, air dried and sun dried samples were saponification value (mgKOH/g): 88.20 ± 0.00, 85.40 ± 0.00 and 77.00 ± 0.00, peroxide value (meq/kg): 6.00 ± 1.15, 1.53 ± 0.12 and 10.60 ± 0.12, acid value (mgKOH/g): 2.86 ± 0.06, 1.85 ± 0.12 and 2.85 ± 0.06, free fatty acid (% as oleic acid): 1.43 ± 0.12, 0.92 ± 0.12 and 0.83 ± 0.09, density (g/dm3): 0.91 ± 0.04, 0.87 ± 0.00 and 0.83 ± 0.01, specific-gravity:0.90 ± 0.12, 0.90 ± 0.00 and 0.87 ± 0.12, viscosity (pal/sec @25 °C): 24.99 ± 0.00, 20.48 ± 0.09 and 20.66 ± 0.00, iodine value (meq/kg): 13.51 ± 0.06, 11.59 ± 0.12 and 9.79 ± 0.06. The mineral contents of the sun dried, air dried and oven dried seed samples were in increasing order of K > Ca > Na > Mg > Zn > Fe > Cu > Pb > Ni. The study concluded that oven-dried sample of the seed of thevetia peruviana has greater effect on proximate composition than the other process.

Growing environmental concern and rapid consumption of poor biodegradable mineral oils have triggered the need for the development of eco-friendly biodegradable bio-based oils with low toxicity and excellent lubricating performance. The study aims to produce and evaluate the performance of date seed (Phoenix dactylifera L.) oil, which is abundantly available in the Middle East region, as an alternative bio-based lubricant. The optimum date seed oil (DSO) yield of 6% was achieved using solvent extraction of date seeds with particle size of 1 mm, hexane solvent to seed ratio of 6:1, and processing time of 18 hours. The physicochemical properties of the DSO were found such as its clear yellow color, density of 0.907 g/cm3, iodine value of 13.28 gl2/100 g, saponification value of 162.5 mg KOH/g, and acid value of 1.4 mg KOH/g. Moreover, fatty acid composition was analyzed employing quantitative gas chromatography (GC), and the oleic acid (41.1%), linoleic acid (21.4%), and palmitic acid (11.3%) were found to be the major unsaturated fatty acids. The pour and flash points were around -10 °C and 140 °C, respectively. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed that the produced DSO is thermally stable at up to 300 °C. The rheological properties such as viscosity (41.62 cSt at 40 °C and 8.13 cSt at 100 °C) and viscosity index 173 were also assessed. These properties along with tribological properties of the DSO were compared with other bio-based oils and commercial SAE20W40 mineral oil. Overall, the characteristics of the DSO showed good potential to be developed into a bio-based lubricant. Furthermore, its properties can be enhanced by adding suitable additives. The findings of this study will help in developing eco-friendly bio-based industrial lubricants.

Fish oils are well-known sources of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), widely used in the food industry as nutritional supplements, as well as in the pharmaceutical industry. In this present study, ray fish Himantura marginata (Blackedge whipray) were collected from Nagapattinam fishing harbour, and oil from the livers was extracted by the BUME method. The percentage of oil yield was recorded as 83 ± 2.8 from the above method. The proximate composition such as total protein (26.51 ± 0.34%), crude fat (7.58 ± 0.16%), moisture (7.08 ± 0.13%) and ash content (8.63 ± 0.45%) was calculated by standard AOAC method. The physical properties were recorded as follows: specific gravity at 28 ℃, 1.03 ± 0.02 g cm−3; refractive index, 1.430; saponification value, 176.90 ± 1.24 mg KOH/g oil; iodine value, 148.79 ± 2.07 mg I2/100 g; density, 0.927 ± 0.06 g/mL; carotenes, 3.68 mg/100 g oil; α-tocopherol 9.34 mg/100 g oil; and colour, yellowish. Fatty acid profiling of the liver oil was performed by using gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID); it exhibited 22 different types of fatty acids including saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The elemental analysis of liver oil was performed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and the values are analysed in triplicate.

Background Anu Taila is an ancient medicated oil Ayurvedic preparation that is commonly used for nasya karma. It contains more than 25 herbs and goat milk as per the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI). It strengthens the neck, shoulder, and chest muscles and improves the capacity of sense organs. It delays the aging process and reduces hair fall. Recent studies showed that it is also useful in COVID-19. In the current study, an attempt to develop quality control protocols and evaluate the standardization parameters like refractive index, iodine value, saponification value, peroxide value, acid value, rancidity, HPTLC fingerprint profile along with major bioactive compound and quantification of Berberine chloride, Negundoside, and Marmelosin by HPLC. Establishing quality protocol and standard parameters like physicochemical parameters and estimation of bioactive compounds of this preparation is significant for quality control. Results In this study, HPTLC identifies bioactive chemical compounds like Berberine chloride, Marmelosin, Negundoside, glycyrrhizin, and para hydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA), Lupeol, Embelin, and Solasodine, which were present in the Anu Taila formulation. HPLC was used to estimate the bioactive marker compounds Negundoside, Berberine chloride, and Marmelosin were present in the Anu Taila formulation. The quantitative evaluation of Berberine chloride (0.0013%), Marmelosin (0.0366%), Negundoside (0.0086%) is present in Anu Taila formulation. Conclusion The study reveals that sufficient quality control parameters were followed during the preparation of the formulation. Physicochemical analysis was carried out as per the guidelines of Ayurvedic Pharmacopeia of India. HPTLC and HPLC profiles generated in this particular study can be considered as a preliminary tool ascertaining the authenticity of Anu Taila.

In this study, the possibility of culturing Dunaliella salina in stickwater (SW) as the main effluent of fishmeal plants was evaluated. D. salina was grown in different media obtained by replacing standard Guillard medium (F/2) with SW at 0% (control), 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% ratios. The cell density, pigment contents, proximate composition, saponification value, and fatty acids (FAs) profiles were measured for 14 days. SW was collected from a kilka fishmeal factory in northern Iran, and the characteristics indicated high concentrations of nitrate (242.00 mg L-1) and phosphate (11.13 mg L-1). A significant increase in the cell density was observed in 14 days when 75% SW was used. Moreover, SW significantly affected the pigment contents. The highest contents of chlorophylls, total carotenoids, and β-carotene (3.64 μg mL-1) were calculated in 75% SW. According to the algal proximate composition, the highest and lowest contents of lipid were accumulated in 75% and 100% SW, respectively (p < 0.05). The highest level of saturated FAs was observed in 75% SW compared with the others (p < 0.05). In conclusion, replacing F/2 with SW indicated the capability of D. salina to grow in a treated medium with 75% SW substitution as a bioremediator.

This experimental study was framed with an objective to optimize the nutrients ((dairy industry wastewater (DIWW), nitrate (NO3−), and phosphate (PO4−3)) using response surface methodology (RSM) with Chlorella to investigate biomass and lipid with FAME content. Quality of obtained bio-oil was also indexed on scale of fuel quality parameters. Three variables were tested with 20 interactions between these variables, and their affects were statistically studied using central composite design. Biomass and lipid concentration with FAME content varied between 0.59 to 1.54 g L−1, 19.81 to 34.54%, and 69.32 to 82.78%, respectively, for different combinations of operating variables. Interactive effects of combined nutrients were also studied in combination, and the best biomass and lipid productivity was noticed with NO3− + PO4−3 in comparison to others, whereas the best FAME content (85.23%) was observed with DIWW + NO3. FTIR analysis showed variation in the spectra with different selected combinations with 1.7-fold increase in the lipid content in respect to control. Qualitative assessment of parameters ranges in between 0.74 and 1.01 mg KOH/g for acid value (AV), 152.34–187.24 mg KOH/g for saponification value (SV), 135.39–143.95-mg I2/100 g oil for iodine value (IN), whereas cetane value (CN) was found in between 43.06 and 50.31 and higher heating values (HHVs)) almost 45 MJ kg−1. Crude bio-oil’s quality was compared with the fuel quality index (FQI), where S4 quality sample (59.12) was found significantly compatible with the commercial biodiesel.

Culture medium composition and an efficient lipid extraction process have the largest impact on the cost of industrial production of microbial single-cell oil (SCO). In this study, SCO from the yeast Rhodosporidium thoruloides grown in sugarcane medium was successfully produced in a 1 m3 bioreactor. Biomass was concentrated by sedimentation and the acid-hydrolysed cells were extracted using a recurrent extraction (RE) and a newly-proposed wet extraction (WE) process. RE consisted of Soxhlet extraction of dry hydrolysed biomass with different solvents: hexane, chloroform and chloroform/methanol (2:1). The WE process consisted of the extraction of wet hydrolysed biomass with the same solvents. The highest lipid yields (m/m) were achieved by hexane in RE and chloroform in WE. The chloroform WE extract presented similar density, saponification number, iodine value, moisture and acid value as that from RE with hexane, but much lower peroxide content. The fatty acid methyl ester compositions of WE and RE extracts were also very similar. An energy–cost analysis showed that WE used only 13% of the energy used in RE. Moreover, an energy conservation analysis showed that approx. 65% of the energy from molasses was effectively transformed into microbial lipids. The low energy requirement, the high efficiency and the characteristics of the resulting bio-oil achieved by WE evidence the potential of the proposed methodology for use on an industrial scale.

The physical characteristics such as specific gravity, solidification point, saponification value, iodine, and acid value of liver oil were analyzed, and it has showed good characters similar to fish oil. The heavy metal was found in permissible limit, ash, and moisture was recorded in moderate level, protein, and carbohydrate were found as trace amount; the bad cholesterol was noticed lower and good cholesterol was high than fish oil. Ten fatty acids were recorded, the oleic acid, ω-3, EPA, DHA, and α- linolenic acid were recorded maximum level. The essential and non-essential amino acids were estimated and the fat soluble vitamins (A and E) were noticed higher level. The minerals Zn and Fe were found moderate level. The liver oil has showed antibacterial effect against 7 bacterial strains. The six antioxidant activities of liver oil have showed concentration depended. The Sepioteuthis lessoniana liver oil has showed against A549 cell lines.

In this paper, we report extraction of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) from cashew nut shell waste (CNSW) and further use of residues for generation of activated carbon for removal of heavy metals and methylene blue (MB). Solvent extraction yielded 24.6 ± 0.4%, 38.2 ± 0.4% and 40.1 ± 0.9% for petroleum ether, hexane and ethanol respectively. Phytochemical screening showed presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, saponins, phenols, tannins, flavonoids, amino acids, terpenoids, proteins, steroids, glycosides and carboxylic acids. The CNSL had a pH of 3.2, viscosity (104.6 ± 1.8 mPa s), moisture (6.5%), ash (1.6 ± 0.1%), refractive index (1.52 ± 0.001), specific density (0.9561 ± 0.0002 g/cm3), acid value (118.7 ± 9.2 mg KOH/g), free fatty acid value (60.1 ± 4.7%), saponification number (138.1 ± 3.2 mg KOH/g) and iodine value (188.1 ± 2.3 mgI 2/100 g). The average percentage removal of Cu (II), Pb (II), Cd (II) and Zn (II) was 99.4 ± 0.5, 95.4 ± 1.5, 99.5 ± 0.1, 98.4 ± 0.1%, and removal efficiency of MB at 50, 150, 250 and 350 mg/L was 99.63, 97.66, 96.48 and 94.81%, respectively. Equilibrium data were best described by the Freundlich isotherm model. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity was 12.1 mg/g. The adsorption kinetics conformed to pseudo-second-order model. ∆G° was negative and a ∆H° of + 22.76 kJ/mol indicated that adsorption was endothermic. The ΔS° (+ 0.086 kJ/mol/K) showed that there was spontaneous interaction of the solution and adsorbate. These results show that CNSW is a potential bioresource for CNSL production for use in the paints, varnishes, surface coatings, agrochemicals and ethnomedicine industries. Residual shells can be exploited as fuels or converted to activated carbon for use as low-cost filters in water purification.

A novel strategy of using microalgaeChlorella vulgarisfor simultaneous bio-treatment of petrochemical wastewater and lipid production was developed in the present study. Phycoremediation was carried out in 30 days. The profile of fatty acids was identified, and the specifications of biodiesel including saponification value, iodine value, cetane number, long-chain saturated factor, cold filter plugging point, cloud point, allylic position equivalent and bis-allylic position equivalent were predicted by BiodieselAnalyzer® software. Besides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were determined in both wastewater samples and produced lipid. The observed data showed that biodiesel fromC. vulgariswas superior to petrodiesel in terms of suitability in diesel engines. Moreover, contamination of petrochemical wastewater can influence the expression of a variety of genes in algae. To investigate the effectiveness of contamination on the expression of lipid synthesis as well as three photosynthesis genes, a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay was used to quantify transcript levels ofPsaB(photosystem I reaction center protein subunit B),psbC(an integral membrane protein component of photosystem II), andrbcL(a large subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase). Furthermore, the gene expression level ofaccD(acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase carboxyl transferase subunit beta, chloroplastic) was studied to discover the effect of wastewater on lipid production. The results showed that when diluted petrochemical wastewater (50%) was used as a media forC. vulgariscultivation, these genes expression significantly increased. For 50% diluted wastewater, the maximum removal of BOD, COD, total nitrogen, and total phosphor has been 30.36%, 10.89%, 69.89%, and 92.59%, respectively.

In this work, proximate analysis of nettle seeds varieties of Urtica dioica and Urtica pilulifera grown in Iran and physico-chemical properties and bioactive contents of the related seed oils were assessed. The results indicated that the seeds of U. dioica and U. pilulifera were rich sources of oil (34.1% and 29.5%), protein (21.8% and 22%) and fiber (30.2% and 29.3%). Also, significant differences (p

The ash, moisture, protein and carbohydrate content of the extracted oil were estimated as 4, 7, 4 and 1% respectively. The Vitamins A and E was found to be 59.14 and 17.4 mg/100 g. Nine fatty acids were found and the Linoleic acid, DHA and EPA were recorded as higher. The specific gravity, solidification point, refractive index, saponification value, iodine value and acid value were also calculated and found as 1.056, 1.2 °C, 1.465 µ, 50.5, 20.4 mg and 0.075 mg KOH/g. The antioxidant activity that includes total antioxidant activity, DPPH & Hydroxyl radical scavenging assay, reducing power and ferrous ion chelating activity of liver oil was studied by following standard methods and results of all the assays was found increasing with increase in concentration. Further purification of liver oil and studying its antioxidant property in animal model shall form the basis for its use as a potent alternate natural antioxidant and nutrition supplements.

Seeds of Crotalaria pallida, belongs to the family Fabaceae, of the order Leguminosae are evaluated for its oil quality of. Physical properties like color, density and specific gravity of the oil are determined. Unsaturated and saturated fatty acid content are 24.03 and 75.78%, respectively. Physico-chemical properties of oil evaluated as, acid value (22.00 ± 0.25), saponification value (170.00 ± 1.50) and iodine value (84.00 ± 2.30). The oil yield is 4.3%. Critical assessment of oil quality made through gas chromatography followed by GC–MS. Arachidic acid (37.99%) and palmitic acid (32.48%) are found as most abundant saturated fatty acids, whereas, linolaidic acid (10.47%) is the predominant unsaturated fatty acid. Pharmacological examination assures its effectiveness against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. This is the first attempt for exploration of seed oil from C. pallida.

This paper deals with the analysis of seed and seed oil of Linum usitatissimum of Tunisian origin in terms of physicochemical properties, fatty acid, sterol and triacylglycerol compositions, thermal characteristics UV/Vis, DSC profile, IR and NMR spectroscopic analysis. Some of these properties were compared to those of linseed and linseed oil from other countries. The contents of moisture, ash, protein, and carbohydrates in the seeds were 3.60, 3.17, 14 and 48.16%, respectively. The physicochemical properties of LOT included: acid value (0.9 mg KOH/g of oil), iodine value (142.12 g/100 g of oil), peroxide value (3.5 meqO2/kg) and saponification number (200.5). Linolenic acid (58.59%), oleic acid (16.67%), linoleic acid (15.50%) and palmitic acid (5.44%) were the major fatty acids in LOT. The dominant polyunsaturated triacylglycerols found in LOT are LnLnLn, LnLLn, LnOLn, LnLnP (Ln: Linolenic; L: Linoleic; O: Oleic and P: Palmitic acids). The main sterol found in LOT was β-sitosterol (51.31%). The DSC melting curve reveals that the melting point of LOT is −32.96 °C and the melting enthalpy is 22.79 J/g. This study has shown that L. usitatissimum seed and seed oil from Tunisia is useful in different fields such as nutrition, cosmetic by its richness in linoleic acid (ω-3) and paint products due to its rapid drying as well as pharmaceutical area.

Phytonutrients retained palm olein (PRPOL) was prepared and blended into butterfat at different ratios. The physicochemical characteristics and the phytonutrient composition of blends, as well as its utilization in the preparation of functional chocolate spread were evaluated. The results showed that the redness, yellowness, slip melting point, free fatty acids, peroxide value, iodine value, unsaponifiable matter, diacylglycerol and monoacylglycerol increased while lightness, saponification value, and triacylglycerol significantly decreased upon incorporation of increased quantities of PRPOL into butterfat. The incorporation affected short chain, medium chain and long chain fatty acids content along with variation in the palmitic, stearic, oleic acids content of the blends as compared to butterfat alone. Improvement in carotenoids (6–27 fold), phytotosterols (3–15 fold), tocopherols and tocotrienols (4–17 fold), and squalene (1–6 fold) in blends was observed upon incorporation of PRPOL. Cholesterol level in the blends was reduced (10–50 %) as compared to the butterfat. The blends showed an intermediate solid fat content of PRPOL and butterfat. Moreover, radical scavenging activity of the blends increased with increase in PRPOL quantity. Prepared chocolate spreads showed similar fat, moisture, colour components (L*, a* and b*) and better emulsion stability. The hardness of the spreads was increased upon increasing quantity of PRPOL. The sensory evaluation showed that chocolate prepared by replacing butterfat with 20 % PRPOL had acceptable sensory attributes.

Seinat seed oil was blended with peanut oil for the enhancement of stability and chemical characteristics of the blend. The physicochemical properties (relative density, refractive index, free fatty acids, saponification value, iodine value and peroxide value) of seinat seed and peanut oil blends in ratios 95:5, 85:15, 30:70 and 50:50 proportions were evaluated, as well as oxidative stability index, deferential scanning calorimetric (DSC) characteristics and tocopherols content. Results of oil blend showed that there was no negative effect by the addition of seinat seed oil to peanut oil and also had decreased percentages of all saturated fatty acids except stearic acid, conversely, increased the levels of unsaturated fatty acids. As for the sensory evaluation, the panelist results showed that seinat seed oil blends had no significant differences (p

Oil content and fatty acid composition were studied in developing seeds of Pongamia, at intervals of 30 days starting from 45 days after anthesis up to 255 days after anthesis. The oil content increased from 15.96 to 36.93 % as the seed matured. A significant variation in fatty acid composition of the oil was detected during seed development. Proportion of all fatty acids except oleic acid decreased during seed development. Palmitic acid (16:0) content decreased from 22.4 to 10.37 %, while stearic acid (18:0) content decreased from 9.43 to 4.26 %. Linolenic acid (18:3) content decreased from 11.95 to 2.24 %. A sharp increase in linoleic acid content from 28.8 to 41.49 % was observed at stage 2 which decreased afterwards to 17.72 % at maturity. A steady increase in oleic acid (18:1) content from 27.69 to 61.34 % was observed. The saponification number and iodine value decreased, while cetane number increased during seed development.

The physicochemical characteristics, fatty acid, tocopherol, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, and 1H NMR profiles of Citrullus lanatus and Acanthosicyos horridus melon seed oils were determined and compared among different extraction methods (cold pressing, traditional, and Soxhlet). The oil content was 40.2 ± 3.45 and 37.8 ± 7.26% for C. lanatus and A. horridus, respectively. Significant differences (p

The objective of this study is to evaluate the chemical compounds present in the Malabar tamarind seed oil. The oil was extracted from the seeds of Malabar tamarind fruits collected from NBPGR Regional station, Thrissur. The seeds yielded 46.5 % of oil. Parameters such as the peroxide value, iodine value, saponification value, and acid value of the extracted Malabar tamarind seed oil were determined. These values were used to predict the quality of fatty acid methyl esters present in the oil. UV absorption spectroscopy of the oil showed hypsochromic shift, and the maximum absorbance was at 269 nm. The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrum revealed the presence of olefin hydrogen and carbonyl group of ester compounds in the oil sample. The evaluation of the chemical compounds in the oil using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) revealed that, a total of five fatty acid methyl esters were present in the oil sample. Among the five fatty acid esters present in the Malabar tamarind seed oil, Methyl 16-methyl heptadecanoate (54.57 %) was found to be the predominant compound. This study also supports the presence of olefins in the long chain fatty acids from Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) data. There is a significant correlation between the properties and the characteristic profile of the oil sample. This study is the first report that shows Malabar tamarind as a promising source of oil seeds.

We investigated the physicochemical properties, chemical composition, stability and antioxidant activity from seed oil of Salicornia herbaciea grown in Korea. The density, refractive index, acid value, peroxide value, iodine value, saponification value, and unsaponifiable matter of oil were 0.91mg/mL, 1.48 at 20 °C, 1.89mg KOH/g oil, 10.20 mEq/kg oil, 1.08 g I/g oil, 216.21 mg KOH/g oil, and 2.60%, respectively. The major fatty acids were linoleic acid (43.73%), oleic acid (19.81%), arachidic acid (13.52%), and palmitic acid (11.84%), respectively. The oil contained high levels of α-tocopherol (249.2 mg/kg oil), followed by δ-tocopherol (89.3 mg/kg), and γ-tocopherol (75.6 mg/kg oil). The oil was found to have high levels of β-sitosterol (94.5mg/kg oil) and stigmasterol (65.7mg/kg oil), respectively. The total phenol, chlorophyll and β-carotene content of oil was 15.2, 94.5, and 8.2 mg/kg oil, respectively. The oil had good oxidative stability during 60 days of storage in a dark area at 50 °C. The maximum degradation rates of the oil were observed at 242.3 °C (9.5%/min), 382.6 °C (5.2%/min), and 440.7 °C (1.3%/min), respectively, where the rate of the weight decrease increased to a maximum up to this point. The ABTS radical scavenging activity of the oil was increased from 50.2 to 71.8% when the oil concentration extracted by methanol was increased from 100 to 300 μg/mL. This study suggests that S. herbaciea seed oil has potential use in functional foods, cosmetics or pharmaceuticals.

Tomato seeds represent a large waste by-product from the processing of tomatoes into products such as tomato juice, sauce and paste. One potential use for these seeds is as a source of vegetable oil. In this study, the seed oil of tomato obtained from Jordan Valley was extracted and analyzed to determine its physicochemical properties. The characteristics (iodine value, acid value, refractive index and saponification value) of the oils were determined. Tomato oil has an iodine value of 123, a refractive index of 1.467, a saponification value of 192, and an acid value of 2.3. Our alkyd resins results showed that the extracted tomato seed oil can be qualified to be used in the synthesize of alkyd resin. Three grades of tomato-based alkyd resins modified by varying the percentage of tomato seed oil contents were prepared according to the alcoholysis-polyesterification process. Fourier transform infrared, proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry were employed to identify the structure of the resulting resins.

The chemical and qualitative characteristics of P. khinjuk hull oil (PKHO), P. atlantica hull oil (PAHO), and Sesamum indicume L. cv. Dezful seed oil (SISO) were compared. The high values of wax and tocopherol compounds and low values of the saponification number of PKHO were interesting. PKHO was also unique due to its high content of tocotrienols (92.6% of total tocol compounds). Oxidation stability data showed that PKHO was the most stable oil against lipid oxidation, followed by PAHO and SISO. The conjugated diene hydroperoxides increase during heat treatment (8 h) at 170°C for PKHO, PAHO, and SISO and were 18.41, 25.28, and 300.66%, respectively. Moreover, the carbonyl value was significantly increased at the lowest speed for PKHO, followed by PAHO and SISO. During heat treatment, there was no difference between PKHO and PAHO concerning total polar compounds, whereas the parameter showed a linear increase for SISO. The antioxidative activity of PKHO at low concentration (0.0099%) in olive oil was also almost equal to that of TBHQ (100 ppm).

Forty-nine wild oil plants which are abundant in the Tsinling and Zhongtiao Mountains were investigated and screened as raw material for biodiesel production. The oil content was tested and found to be greatly variable, ranging from 10 to 62.8 %. Fatty acid profiles of their vegetable oils were analyzed, and their acid value, saponification number, and iodine value were found to range from 1.6 to 61.3 mg KOH/g, 128.6 to 225.9 mg KOH/g, and 54.3 to 120.9 g I2/100 g, respectively. Cetane number, kinematic viscosity, specific gravity, high heating values, and cold filter plugging point of the 49 vegetable-oil methyl esters (MEs) were empirically calculated and were found to vary from 38.8 to 66.6, 2.9 to 4.2 mm2/s, 841.4 to 883.8 kg/m3, 39.0 to 47.5 kJ/g, and −14.3 to 13.2 °C, respectively. Almost half (25 species) of all the sampled resources were found to be suitable for biodiesel production since the profiles of their vegetable-oil MEs met the major specifications of Chinese and European Union biodiesel standards, GB/T20828 and EN-14214, respectively. Grey relational analysis was used during the optimum-species screening process. The difference between the individual species and the artificial designed ideal species (the best biodiesel plant type in this paper) was calculated and evaluated with the help of grey relational grade, which varied from 0.467 to 0.686. Finally, the selected plants, Prunus salicina Linn. and Amygdalus davidiana (C.) C. de Vos, were considered as the optimal feedstock for biodiesel production.

Rubber seed oil (RSO) and its sodium soap were pyrolysed in a batch reactor to obtain low molar mass organic substances. The pyrolitic oil of RSO was redistilled and the distillates were characterized by GC-MS and FTIR. Density, acid value, saponification value and ester values were also measured according to the ASTM standard methods. A similar analysis was done for samples taken out at different time intervals from the reaction mixture. Industrially important low molar mass alkanes, alkenes, aromatics, cyclic compounds and carboxylic acids were identified in the pyrolysis process of rubber seed oil. However, pyrolysis of the sodium soap of rubber seed oil gave a mixture of hydrocarbons in the range of C14-C17 and hence it has more applications as a fuel.

Oil was extracted from the seed of Treculia africana using hexane. The oil was characterized and used in the production of biodiesel. Biodiesel was produced from the seed oil of T. africana using a two-step reaction system. The first step was a pretreatment which involved the use of 2 % sulfuric acid in methanol, and secondly, transesterification reaction using KOH as catalyst. Saponification value of the oil was 201.70 ± 0.20 mg KOH/g, free fatty acid was 8.20 ± 0.50 %, while iodine value was 118.20 ± 0.50 g iodine/100 g. The most dominant fatty acid was C18:2 (44 %). The result of the method applied showed a conversion which has ester content above 98 %, flash point of 131 ± 1.30 °C, and phosphorus content below 1 ppm in the biodiesel. The biodiesel produced exhibited properties that were in agreement with the European standard (EN 14214). This study showed that the high free fatty acid content of T. africana seed oil can be reduced in a one-step pretreatment of esterification reaction using H2SO4 as catalyst.

We describe production of methyl and ethyl esters derived from baru oil (Dipteryx alata Vog.). Water and alcohols are removed from the biodiesel obtained by simple distillation. We study the acidity, density, iodine number, viscosity, water content, peroxide number, external appearance, and saponification number of the oil, its methyl and ethyl esters (biodiesels) and their blends (B5, B10, B15, B20, and B30) with commercial diesel fuel.

Crude press muds a sugar industry waste were collected from four sugar mills of Bangladesh. Crude press mud as well as its water soluble and water insoluble portion and extracted wax were studied for its proximate analysis, physico-chemical properties, elemental and wax composition. The proximate analysis of crude press mud showed the presence of moisture (67.95–76.53), nitrogen (1.63–2.29), ash (19.28–30.76), sugar (12.10–13.29) and crude wax (6.70–11.01). Acid value (26.95–27.68), saponification value (102.59–103.01) and iodine value (6.72–6.82) were also studied of the extracted wax. The GLC analysis showed linolenic (45.54%), oleic (27.28%) and palmitic acid (23.59%) were the predominant acids in the crude wax. The XRF spectrometric analysis of the elemental composition showed the presence of Ca (21.30–29.97%), Si (9.53–9.94%), P (8.40–9.52%), S (3.77–7.36%) and K (2.51–4.08%) in crude press mud, Ca (19.83–31.93%), K (8.76–13.52%), S (7.93–16.02%) and Mg (4.14–7.75%) in water soluble portion press mud and Ca (21.77–30.68%), K (1.62–3.41%), S (3.49–7.09%), P (9.0–11.31%), Al (2.40–2.93) and Si (10.50–10.54%) in water in-soluble portion press mud. The Fourier transform infrared analysis, Thermo gravimetric, Derivative thermo gravimetric and differential thermal analysis of press mud were also carried out. These analyses may find the suitability to enrich the micronutrients in restoring the soil composition and also find possibility to use in agriculture, horticulture and aquaculture based industries. Moreover, press mud wax may have an alternative use of carnauba wax.

The changes occurring in rice bran oil and its blend with sunflower oil during repeated frying cycles of dried and moist potato chips were monitored. The parameters assessed were: Colour, Refractive Index, SpecificGravity, Oryzanol Value, Free fatty acid, Iodine Value, Peroxide value, anisidine value, Saponification Value, trans fats and fatty acid composition. No significant changes (p≤0.05) were observed in the refractive index and specific gravity of rice bran oil, sunflower oil and their model blend. The colour of blended oil was lesser than RBO and the intensity of color increased after each frying cycle during the deep fat frying of moistened and dried potato chips. The oryzanol content and iodine value decreased with the frying cycles. The decrease in oryzanol value during the frying operation was more prominent in rice bran oil as compared to the blended oils. The increase in p-anisidine value was more in rice bran oil as compared to blended oil. No significant changes (P

Cold pressed and hexane extracted moringa seed oils (CPMSO and HEMSO) were evaluated for their physico-chemical and stability characteristics. The iodine value, saponification value and unsaponifiable matter of CPMSO and HEMSO were found to be 67.8 and 68.5 g I2 / 100 g oil, 190.4 and 191.2 mg KOH / g oil and 0.59 and 0.65%, respectively. The total tocopherols of CPMSO and HEMSO were found to be 95.5 and 90.2 mg/Kg. The fatty acid composition of CPMSO and HEMSO showed oleic acid as the major fatty acid (78–79%). The oxidative, thermal and frying stabilities of the CPMSO were compared with commercial raw and refined groundnut oil (GNO and RGNO). The CPMSO was of adequate thermal stability and better oxidative stability as it showed 79% lesser peroxide formation than GNO. The frying stability of CPMSO was better as it showed lower increase in free fatty acid (28%), peroxide value (10 meq O2/Kg) and color (25%) than RGNO (48%, 22 meq O2/kg and 52%, respectively) after frying.

A new transmission-based Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic method for the direct determination of free fatty acids (FFA) in edible oils has been developed using the developed spectral reconstitution (SR) technique. Conventional neat-oil and SR calibrations were devised by spiking hexanoic acid into FFA-free canola oil and measuring the response to added FFA at 1,712 cm(-1) referenced to a baseline at 1,600 cm(-1)(1,712 cm(-1)/1,600 cm(-1)). To compensate for the known oil dependency of such calibration equations resulting from variation of the triacylglycerol ester (C═O) absorption with differences in oil saponification number (SN), a correction equation was devised by recording the spectra of blends of two FFA-free oils (canola and coconut) differing substantially in SN and correlating the intensity of the ester (C═O) absorption at the FFA measurement location with the intensity of the first overtone of this vibration, measured at 3,471 cm(-1)/3,427 cm(-1). Further examination of the spectra of the oil blends by generalized 2D correlation spectroscopy revealed an additional strong correlation with an absorption in the near-infrared (NIR) combination band region, which led to the development of a second correction equation based on the absorbance at 4,258 cm(-1)/4,235 cm(-1). The NIR-based correction equation yielded superior results and was shown to completely eliminate biases due to variations in oil SN, thereby making a single FFA calibration generally applicable to oils, regardless of SN. FTIR methodology incorporating this correction equation and employing the SR technique has been automated.

In this study, the friction of eight kinds of poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel (PVA-H) samples has been studied under various load and velocity conditions to elucidate the effects of PVA factors such as the degree of polymerization (DP) and the saponification value (SV) on the tribological behavior of PVA-H. Results showed the variations of the friction properties due to the PVA factors in the two friction conditions found for the hydrogels: elastic friction and hydrodynamic lubrication. In the elastic friction, the larger frictions were induced by the higher values of DP and SV. In the hydrodynamic lubrication, on the other hand, PVA-Hs with lower SV showed larger friction. The results can then be used to adjust the parameters of PVA-H in order to get given friction properties, for instance for the friction between catheter or scalpel and PVA-H, which can be used as a biomodel material of artery or oral mucosa, for the training of surgeons.

rich in essential polyunsaturated fatty acids. It is a source of oleic acid (47.7%) and linoleic acid (29.3) [10] and is rich in minor and noble compounds like tocopherols, polyphenols, sterols, carotenoids, xanthophyls, squalene [11], and saponins [12]. Many scientific studies have reported that the oil has many pharmacological effects, such as antioxidant [13], antiproliferative [14], cardioprotective [15], and hypolipemiant [16] activities. The aim of this present work was to determinate the composition of fatty acids and triacylglycerols of oils obtained from seeds of trees growing in two different regions of Algeria (Tindouf and Mostaganem) and to assess its physical and chemical parameters. The results will furthermore be important as an indication of the potential nutrient and economic utility of argan oil of Algeria as a new source of edible lipids. Table 1 presents the physical and chemical characteristics of argan oil of the two regions. The physical characteristics, density, refractive index, and absorbance in UV at 232 and 270 nm for argan oil of the two regions (Mostaganem and Tindouf) are comparable and compatible to the values reported by Moroccan standard (MS: 08.50.90) [10]. These values are consistent with those described in the MS (08.50.90) for which the values of the density for argan oil generally vary between 0.906–0.919 (at 20°) and for refractive index (at 20°) between (1.463–1.472) [10]. The absorbance in ultraviolet provides information on the quality of oils. The absorption at 232 and 270 nm is due to the presence of conjugated diene and triene systems. The degree of oxidation of the oil is reflected in its specific extinction at 232 and 270 nm. In fact, oils of good quality contain very few products of oxidation. Argan oil showed few absorbance at 232 and 270 nm. The chemical parameters of oil are as follow: the free fatty acids (FFA) value is 0.11–0.12%, this rate is much lower than the upper limit value (15%) established by the Moroccan standard (MS: 08.50.90) [10]. It means, we can confirm that our oils are virgin and not be altered. The iodine value (97.02 and 101.45) was due to its high content of unsaturated fatty acids (Table 1). The peroxide value (2.65 and 2.60 meqO 2 /kg oil) was below the limit of 20 meq of oxygen/kg of oil, showing the relative stability to oxidation of these oils. The saponification value (190.79 and 188.55) was lower; all these values agree with MS (08.50.90) [10]. The major fatty acids present in argan oil were oleic, linoleic, palmitic, and stearic acids (Table 2). Oleic and linoleic acid were the main unsaturated fatty acids in argan oil (MS: 08.50.90) [10]; 79.88% of the compounds identified in argan oil are unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), and 20.12% are saturated fatty acids. The oleic acid content reached 50.30% for argan oil from Tindouf and 45.02% for Mostaganem. The oil of Tindouf contains 28.99% linoleic acid, while that of Mostaganem contains 36.80%. These results concurred with those reported by [17].

Cadmium incorporated seed oil (castor/soya oil) based polyesteramide resins were synthesized by condensation polymerization between N, N1-bis-2-hydroxy-ethyl castor/soya oil fatty amide, Cd (OH)2 and sebasic acid. The physico-chemical characteristics like acid value, hydroxyl value, saponification value, iodine value, specific gravity, and viscosity were determined. The thermal behaviour of the polymers was analyzed by using thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. The biological activities of the polymers were tested in vitro against a number of pathogenic fungi and bacteria to assess their inhibiting potential. The polymers exhibited good antifungal and antibacterial activities.

It was shown that the individual requirements in the active standard for used petroleum products, especially for the water content, do not correspond to the real working conditions of used lubricant (UL) collectors and the real processing schemes for used lubricants in the Russian Federation. The inexpediency of using UL collectors at local installations for preparing the lubricants for processing, particularly for reducing their water content, is noted. A classification was developed for UL that reflects the requirements of the processing technology and the realities of the collectors’ work. The saponification number was proposed as an index of the presence of residues of alloying additives and products of aging.

The cetane number is an indicator of ignition quality and thus of fuel quality in the realm of diesel engines. It is conceptually similar to the octane number used for gasoline. Generally, a compound that has a high octane number tends to have a low cetane number and vice versa. The cetane number of a diesel fuel is related to the ignition delay time. In our work the first approach is a statistical one the accuracy of which depends upon the data obtained from various papers and literature sources, as all equations used were based on this data. During prediction using more than one equation is a good approach, as it provides the accuracy as well as the relative error. The second approach is also a statistical one, but its value depends upon the saponification number and iodine value. Therefore the accuracy of this equation may be higher, since we can collect the data for saponification numbers and iodine values from literature, without needing to calculate them. Using the saponification number and iodine value we can select an optimal biodiesel as generally a good biodiesel is selected using these three values. Thus the second approach allows us the freedom to select a biodiesel.

Antimicrobial properties of some newly prepared oil based organotin polymers by the condensation reaction between fatty amide diol (N,N′-bis(2-hydroxyethyl) castoroil fatty amide) obtained from castoroil and organotin dihydroxides (dibutyltin dihydroxide, dimethyltin dihydroxide and diphenyltin dihydroxide) have been studied by employing both Gram-positive (Lactobacillus, Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas fluorescens, E. coli) bacteria. The structural studies of these three polymers were carried out by FTIR, 1HNMR and 13 CNMR spectroscopic techniques. Standard laboratory methods were used to study the physiochemical characteristics like acid value, hydroxyl value, saponification value, iodine value, specific gravity and viscosity. A comparative study of the thermal stability was analysed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). All three polymers have been found fairly active against the tested bacterial species.

Over the past 20 years, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy has evolved to become an important tool for quantitative analysis, and its application to edible oil analysis has been an active area of research. This paper reviews the evolutionary development of methodology for FTIR analysis of edible oils in our laboratory, focusing on strategies and techniques used to quantitate a variety of common edible oil quality control parameters, such as free fatty acid content, iodine value, saponification number, peroxide value, solid fat index, trans content, moisture content, anisidine value, etc., as well as conceptual, instrumental, and software/automation innovations originating in related work on lubricant analysis. In our initial development of FTIR methods for edible oil analysis, the calibration approaches employed were mainly based on partial-least-squares regression using either molecular model systems or process samples. Subsequently, the concept of signal transduction was developed as a means of facilitating the routine implementation of some of these FTIR methods and was also considered for the analytically related lubricant sector. However, the viscosity, complexity, and matrix variability of in-service lubricants required new approaches, while the high sample volumes common to the field made automation a prerequisite. These issues were addressed through the use of signal transduction in combination with dilution as well as extraction techniques to facilitate automation while maintaining quantitation. A related concept, termed spectral reconstitution, was initially developed to speed up the qualitative condition monitoring of in-service lubricants. Spectral reconstitution was subsequently successfully applied to trans analysis in edible oils and was shown to provide a generalized means for high-volume FTIR transmission analysis of viscous oils. This technique has since been adapted to quantitative peroxide value and free fatty acid analysis, allowing for throughputs of up to 120 samples per hour. These developments represent the integration of analytical methodologies for the edible oil and lubricant sectors, with potential for extension to the fuel sector as triacylglycerols become a feedstock for biodiesel.

Proximate composition and physicochemical analyses were carried out on the seed, pulp and extracted oil of sour sop (Annona muricata). The results showed that the seed contained 8.5% moisture, 2.4% crude protein, 13.6% ash, 8.0% crude fiber, 20.5% fat and 47.0% carbohydrate. The seed also contained 0.2% water soluble ash, 0.79% titratable acidity and 17.0 mg calcium/100 g. The pulp was found to contain 81% moisture, 3.43% titratable acidity and 24.5% non-reducing sugar. Selected physicochemical characteristics included refractive indices of 1.335 for the seed and 1.356 for the pulp, specific gravities of 1.250 for the seed and 1.023 for the pulp, pH values of 8.34 for the seed and 4.56 for the pulp, and soluble solids contents of 1.5 degrees Brix for the seed and 15 degrees Brix for the pulp. The extracted oil (20.5% yield) had a 60.43% unsaponifiable value, 23.54 KOH/g acid value, 100.98 KOH/g saponification value, 1.1 KOH/g peroxide value, 1.464 refractive index, 5.77 pH, 69.5 degrees Brix sosluble solids and 0.2900 specific gravity.

Still there is no scientific report about the proximate analysis of seeds and characteristics of oil produced from brebra seed. Objective of this study was to determine proximate and antinutritional characteristics of seeds as well as the physicochemical characteristics of brebra seed oil. Crude oil, protein, fiber, ash, moisture and carbohydrate content of brebra were 48.5 ± 0.99%, 29.7 ± 0.23%, 2.41 ± 0.12%, 3.24 ± 0%, 4.24 ± 0.04% and11.92 ± 0.2%, respectively. Seed has concentrated energy (6.0298 Kcal/gm). The respective tannin, oxalate and phytic acid value were 84.3 ± 0.89 mg/100 gm, 20.97 ± 0.36 mg/100 gm and 291.62 ± 0.87 mg/100 gm, respectively. Cyanide was not detected in the sample. Seed contains high concentration of phosphorus (1062.1 ± 0.3 mg/100 g), potassium (281 ± 0.1 mg/100 g), magnesium (112.38 ± 0.1 mg/g), sodium (93.26 ± 0.1 mg/g) and calcium (61.55 ± 0.01 mg/g). The oil was analyzed for specific gravity at 20°C, viscosity at 40°C, refractive index at 40°C, acid value, saponification value, iodine value, peroxide value and ester value. Their respective values were 0.942, 40.59 mm(2)/s, 1.473, 0.39 mg KOH/g, 174.95 mg KOH/g, 104.48 gI2/100 g, 6.88 and 174.56 mg KOH/g. Unsaturated fatty acids accounts (80.7%), of which 48.2% and 27.7% were linolcic and linolenic, respectively, which make suitable for production of biodiesel. Seed has higher nutrient composition, low antinutritional elements and high calorie value compared to some legumes.

Fatty acid contents at different stages of maturity and physicochemical characteristics of oil extracted from mature seeds of four safflower cultivars (S208, S400, S541, and S303) were studied. Results indicated that for all cultivars both saturated and unsaturated fatty acid contents fluctuated with seed growth and development. Palmitic acid content decreased up to day 20 after which it started to increase for the S400, S541, and S303 cultivars, while for S208 it progressively decreased. Stearic acid fluctuated with seed growth and development. Oleic acid showed slight changes with seed growth and development, while linoleic acid decreased with seed growth and development for the S400, S541, and S303 cultivars while for S208 after day 30, it started to increase significantly. For all cultivars, glyceride contents varied among the cultivars with maximum values of 97.70, 2.80 and 0.20 for tri-, di- and monoglycerides, respectively. Physicochemical investigation of mature seed oils showed that the color, density, refractive index, free fatty acids, peroxide value, saponification value and unsaponifiable matter were similar for all cultivars while viscosity, iodine value, and acetone insoluble matter varied among the cultivars.

Synthesis conditions of terpene-phenol-aldehyde resin with a high softening point were studied based on the reactions amongα-pinene, phenol, and formaldehyde. A suitable catalyst system and the best processing conditions were obtained by laboratory experiments. The influence of the raw materials ratios, reaction temperature, reaction time, and catalyst dose on the softening point, yield, and color of the synthesized resin was examined. The physical and chemical characteristics of the resin were determined: softening point ≥140°C (ball and ring method); color value ≤7 (Gardner); acid value (KOH mg/g)