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3. SARS-CoV-2 Mpro responds to oxidation by forming disulfide and NOS/SONOS bonds

Author

Reinke, Patrick Y. A., primary, Schubert, Robin, additional, Oberthür, Dominik, additional, Galchenkova, Marina, additional, Rahmani Mashhour, Aida, additional, Günther, Sebastian, additional, Chretien, Anaïs, additional, Round, Adam, additional, Seychell, Brandon Charles, additional, Norton-Baker, Brenna, additional, Kim, Chan, additional, Schmidt, Christina, additional, Koua, Faisal H. M., additional, Tolstikova, Alexandra, additional, Ewert, Wiebke, additional, Peña Murillo, Gisel Esperanza, additional, Mills, Grant, additional, Kirkwood, Henry, additional, Brognaro, Hévila, additional, Han, Huijong, additional, Koliyadu, Jayanath, additional, Schulz, Joachim, additional, Bielecki, Johan, additional, Lieske, Julia, additional, Maracke, Julia, additional, Knoska, Juraj, additional, Lorenzen, Kristina, additional, Brings, Lea, additional, Sikorski, Marcin, additional, Kloos, Marco, additional, Vakili, Mohammad, additional, Vagovic, Patrik, additional, Middendorf, Philipp, additional, de Wijn, Raphael, additional, Bean, Richard, additional, Letrun, Romain, additional, Han, Seonghyun, additional, Falke, Sven, additional, Geng, Tian, additional, Sato, Tokushi, additional, Srinivasan, Vasundara, additional, Kim, Yoonhee, additional, Yefanov, Oleksandr M., additional, Gelisio, Luca, additional, Beck, Tobias, additional, Doré, Andrew S., additional, Mancuso, Adrian P., additional, Betzel, Christian, additional, Bajt, Saša, additional, Redecke, Lars, additional, Chapman, Henry N., additional, Meents, Alke, additional, Turk, Dušan, additional, Hinrichs, Winfried, additional, and Lane, Thomas J., additional

Published
2024
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6. 3D atomic structure from a single X-ray free electron laser pulse

Author

Bortel, Gábor, primary, Tegze, Miklós, additional, Sikorski, Marcin, additional, Bean, Richard, additional, Bielecki, Johan, additional, Kim, Chan, additional, Koliyadu, Jayanath C. P., additional, Koua, Faisal H. M., additional, Ramilli, Marco, additional, Round, Adam, additional, Sato, Tokushi, additional, Zabelskii, Dmitrii, additional, and Faigel, Gyula, additional

Published
2024
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8. Study of metalation of thioredoxin by gold(I) therapeutic compounds using combined liquid chromatography/capillary electrophoresis with inductively coupled plasma/electrospray MS/MS detection

Author

Bernabeu De Maria, Mikel, primary, Matczuk, Magdalena, additional, Tesauro, Diego, additional, Saviano, Michele, additional, Sikorski, Jacek, additional, Chiappetta, Giovanni, additional, Godin, Simon, additional, Szpunar, Joanna, additional, Lobinski, Ryszard, additional, and Ronga, Luisa, additional

Published
2024
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9. EFR3A: a new raft domain organizing protein?

Author

Trybus, Magdalena, primary, Hryniewicz-Jankowska, Anita, additional, Wójtowicz, Karolina, additional, Trombik, Tomasz, additional, Czogalla, Aleksander, additional, and Sikorski, Aleksander F., additional

Published
2023
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10. Ongoing diversification of the global fish pathogen Piscirickettsia salmonis through genetic isolation and transposition bursts

Author

Schober, Isabel, primary, Bunk, Boyke, additional, Carril, Gabriela, additional, Freese, Heike M., additional, Ojeda, Nicolás, additional, Riedel, Thomas, additional, Meier-Kolthoff, Jan P., additional, Göker, Markus, additional, Spröer, Cathrin, additional, Flores-Herrera, Patricio A., additional, Nourdin-Galindo, Guillermo, additional, Gómez, Fernando, additional, Cárdenas, Constanza, additional, Vásquez-Ponce, Felipe, additional, Labra, Alvaro, additional, Figueroa, Jaime, additional, Olivares-Pacheco, Jorge, additional, Nübel, Ulrich, additional, Sikorski, Johannes, additional, Marshall, Sergio H., additional, and Overmann, Jörg, additional

Published
2023
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11. Form factor determination of biological molecules with X-ray free electron laser small-angle scattering (XFEL-SAS)

Author

Blanchet, Clement E., primary, Round, Adam, additional, Mertens, Haydyn D. T., additional, Ayyer, Kartik, additional, Graewert, Melissa, additional, Awel, Salah, additional, Franke, Daniel, additional, Dörner, Katerina, additional, Bajt, Saša, additional, Bean, Richard, additional, Custódio, Tânia F., additional, de Wijn, Raphael, additional, Juncheng, E., additional, Henkel, Alessandra, additional, Gruzinov, Andrey, additional, Jeffries, Cy M., additional, Kim, Yoonhee, additional, Kirkwood, Henry, additional, Kloos, Marco, additional, Knoška, Juraj, additional, Koliyadu, Jayanath, additional, Letrun, Romain, additional, Löw, Christian, additional, Makroczyova, Jana, additional, Mall, Abhishek, additional, Meijers, Rob, additional, Pena Murillo, Gisel Esperanza, additional, Oberthür, Dominik, additional, Round, Ekaterina, additional, Seuring, Carolin, additional, Sikorski, Marcin, additional, Vagovic, Patrik, additional, Valerio, Joana, additional, Wollweber, Tamme, additional, Zhuang, Yulong, additional, Schulz, Joachim, additional, Haas, Heinrich, additional, Chapman, Henry N., additional, Mancuso, Adrian P., additional, and Svergun, Dmitri, additional

Published
2023
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13. Tetramethylalloxazines as efficient singlet oxygen photosensitizers and potential redox-sensitive agents

Author

Golczak, Anna, primary, Prukała, Dorota, additional, Sikorska, Ewa, additional, Gierszewski, Mateusz, additional, Cherkas, Volodymyr, additional, Kwiatek, Dorota, additional, Kubiak, Adam, additional, Varma, Naisargi, additional, Pędziński, Tomasz, additional, Murphree, Shaun, additional, Cibulka, Radek, additional, Mrówczyńska, Lucyna, additional, Kolanowski, Jacek Lukasz, additional, and Sikorski, Marek, additional

Published
2023
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16. Social and moral psychology of COVID-19 across 69 countries

Author

Azevedo, Flavio, primary, Pavlović, Tomislav, additional, Rêgo, Gabriel G., additional, Ay, F. Ceren, additional, Gjoneska, Biljana, additional, Etienne, Tom W., additional, Ross, Robert M., additional, Schönegger, Philipp, additional, Riaño-Moreno, Julián C., additional, Cichocka, Aleksandra, additional, Capraro, Valerio, additional, Cian, Luca, additional, Longoni, Chiara, additional, Chan, Ho Fai, additional, Van Bavel, Jay J., additional, Sjåstad, Hallgeir, additional, Nezlek, John B., additional, Alfano, Mark, additional, Gelfand, Michele J., additional, Birtel, Michèle D., additional, Cislak, Aleksandra, additional, Lockwood, Patricia L., additional, Abts, Koen, additional, Agadullina, Elena, additional, Aruta, John Jamir Benzon, additional, Besharati, Sahba Nomvula, additional, Bor, Alexander, additional, Choma, Becky L., additional, Crabtree, Charles David, additional, Cunningham, William A., additional, De, Koustav, additional, Ejaz, Waqas, additional, Elbaek, Christian T., additional, Findor, Andrej, additional, Flichtentrei, Daniel, additional, Franc, Renata, additional, Gruber, June, additional, Gualda, Estrella, additional, Horiuchi, Yusaku, additional, Huynh, Toan Luu Duc, additional, Ibanez, Agustin, additional, Imran, Mostak Ahamed, additional, Israelashvili, Jacob, additional, Jasko, Katarzyna, additional, Kantorowicz, Jaroslaw, additional, Kantorowicz-Reznichenko, Elena, additional, Krouwel, André, additional, Laakasuo, Michael, additional, Lamm, Claus, additional, Leygue, Caroline, additional, Lin, Ming-Jen, additional, Mansoor, Mohammad Sabbir, additional, Marie, Antoine, additional, Mayiwar, Lewend, additional, Mazepus, Honorata, additional, McHugh, Cillian, additional, Minda, John Paul, additional, Mitkidis, Panagiotis, additional, Olsson, Andreas, additional, Otterbring, Tobias, additional, Packer, Dominic J., additional, Perry, Anat, additional, Petersen, Michael Bang, additional, Puthillam, Arathy, additional, Rothmund, Tobias, additional, Santamaría-García, Hernando, additional, Schmid, Petra C., additional, Stoyanov, Drozdstoy, additional, Tewari, Shruti, additional, Todosijević, Bojan, additional, Tsakiris, Manos, additional, Tung, Hans H., additional, Umbres, Radu G., additional, Vanags, Edmunds, additional, Vlasceanu, Madalina, additional, Vonasch, Andrew, additional, Yucel, Meltem, additional, Zhang, Yucheng, additional, Abad, Mohcine, additional, Adler, Eli, additional, Akrawi, Narin, additional, Mdarhri, Hamza Alaoui, additional, Amara, Hanane, additional, Amodio, David M., additional, Antazo, Benedict G., additional, Apps, Matthew, additional, Ba, Mouhamadou Hady, additional, Barbosa, Sergio, additional, Bastian, Brock, additional, Berg, Anton, additional, Bernal-Zárate, Maria P., additional, Bernstein, Michael, additional, Białek, Michał, additional, Bilancini, Ennio, additional, Bogatyreva, Natalia, additional, Boncinelli, Leonardo, additional, Booth, Jonathan E., additional, Borau, Sylvie, additional, Buchel, Ondrej, additional, Cameron, C. Daryl, additional, Carvalho, Chrissie F., additional, Celadin, Tatiana, additional, Cerami, Chiara, additional, Chalise, Hom Nath, additional, Cheng, Xiaojun, additional, Cockcroft, Kate, additional, Conway, Jane, additional, Córdoba-Delgado, Mateo Andres, additional, Crespi, Chiara, additional, Crouzevialle, Marie, additional, Cutler, Jo, additional, Cypryańska, Marzena, additional, Dabrowska, Justyna, additional, Daniels, Michael A., additional, Davis, Victoria H., additional, Dayley, Pamala N., additional, Delouvée, Sylvain, additional, Denkovski, Ognjan, additional, Dezecache, Guillaume, additional, Dhaliwal, Nathan A., additional, Diato, Alelie B., additional, Di Paolo, Roberto, additional, Drosinou, Marianna, additional, Dulleck, Uwe, additional, Ekmanis, Jānis, additional, Ertan, Arhan S., additional, Farhana, Hapsa Hossain, additional, Farkhari, Fahima, additional, Farmer, Harry, additional, Fenwick, Ali, additional, Fidanovski, Kristijan, additional, Flew, Terry, additional, Fraser, Shona, additional, Frempong, Raymond Boadi, additional, Fugelsang, Jonathan A., additional, Gale, Jessica, additional, Garcia-Navarro, E. Begoña, additional, Garladinne, Prasad, additional, Ghajjou, Oussama, additional, Gkinopoulos, Theofilos, additional, Gray, Kurt, additional, Griffin, Siobhán M., additional, Gronfeldt, Bjarki, additional, Gümren, Mert, additional, Gurung, Ranju Lama, additional, Halperin, Eran, additional, Harris, Elizabeth, additional, Herzon, Volo, additional, Hruška, Matej, additional, Huang, Guanxiong, additional, Hudecek, Matthias F. C., additional, Isler, Ozan, additional, Jangard, Simon, additional, Jorgensen, Frederik J., additional, Kachanoff, Frank, additional, Kahn, John, additional, Dangol, Apsara Katuwal, additional, Keudel, Oleksandra, additional, Koppel, Lina, additional, Koverola, Mika, additional, Kubin, Emily, additional, Kunnari, Anton, additional, Kutiyski, Yordan, additional, Laguna, Oscar Moreda, additional, Leota, Josh, additional, Lermer, Eva, additional, Levy, Jonathan, additional, Levy, Neil, additional, Li, Chunyun, additional, Long, Elizabeth U., additional, Maglić, Marina, additional, McCashin, Darragh, additional, Metcalf, Alexander L., additional, Mikloušić, Igor, additional, El Mimouni, Soulaimane, additional, Miura, Asako, additional, Molina-Paredes, Juliana, additional, Monroy-Fonseca, César, additional, Morales-Marente, Elena, additional, Moreau, David, additional, Muda, Rafał, additional, Myer, Annalisa, additional, Nash, Kyle, additional, Nesh-Nash, Tarik, additional, Nitschke, Jonas P., additional, Nurse, Matthew S., additional, Ohtsubo, Yohsuke, additional, de Mello, Victoria Oldemburgo, additional, O’Madagain, Cathal, additional, Onderco, Michal, additional, Palacios-Galvez, M. Soledad, additional, Palomöki, Jussi, additional, Pan, Yafeng, additional, Papp, Zsófia, additional, Pärnamets, Philip, additional, Paruzel-Czachura, Mariola, additional, Pavlović, Zoran, additional, Payán-Gómez, César, additional, Perander, Silva, additional, Pitman, Michael Mark, additional, Prasad, Rajib, additional, Pyrkosz-Pacyna, Joanna, additional, Rathje, Steve, additional, Raza, Ali, additional, Rhee, Kasey, additional, Robertson, Claire E., additional, Rodríguez-Pascual, Iván, additional, Saikkonen, Teemu, additional, Salvador-Ginez, Octavio, additional, Santi, Gaia C., additional, Santiago-Tovar, Natalia, additional, Savage, David, additional, Scheffer, Julian A., additional, Schultner, David T., additional, Schutte, Enid M., additional, Scott, Andy, additional, Sharma, Madhavi, additional, Sharma, Pujan, additional, Skali, Ahmed, additional, Stadelmann, David, additional, Stafford, Clara Alexandra, additional, Stanojević, Dragan, additional, Stefaniak, Anna, additional, Sternisko, Anni, additional, Stoica, Augustin, additional, Stoyanova, Kristina K., additional, Strickland, Brent, additional, Sundvall, Jukka, additional, Thomas, Jeffrey P., additional, Tinghög, Gustav, additional, Torgler, Benno, additional, Traast, Iris J., additional, Tucciarelli, Raffaele, additional, Tyrala, Michael, additional, Ungson, Nick D., additional, Uysal, Mete S., additional, Van Lange, Paul A. M., additional, van Prooijen, Jan-Willem, additional, van Rooy, Dirk, additional, Västfjäll, Daniel, additional, Verkoeijen, Peter, additional, Vieira, Joana B., additional, von Sikorski, Christian, additional, Walker, Alexander Cameron, additional, Watermeyer, Jennifer, additional, Wetter, Erik, additional, Whillans, Ashley, additional, White, Katherine, additional, Habib, Rishad, additional, Willardt, Robin, additional, Wohl, Michael J. A., additional, Wójcik, Adrian Dominik, additional, Wu, Kaidi, additional, Yamada, Yuki, additional, Yilmaz, Onurcan, additional, Yogeeswaran, Kumar, additional, Ziemer, Carolin-Theresa, additional, Zwaan, Rolf A., additional, Boggio, Paulo S., additional, and Sampaio, Waldir M., additional

Published
2023
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17. 5-Deazaalloxazine as photosensitizer of singlet oxygen and potential redox-sensitive agent

Author

Insińska-Rak, Małgorzata, primary, Golczak, Anna, additional, Gierszewski, Mateusz, additional, Anwar, Zubair, additional, Cherkas, Volodymyr, additional, Kwiatek, Dorota, additional, Sikorska, Ewa, additional, Khmelinskii, Igor, additional, Burdziński, Gotard, additional, Cibulka, Radek, additional, Mrówczyńska, Lucyna, additional, Kolanowski, Jacek Lukasz, additional, and Sikorski, Marek, additional

Published
2023
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18. Digital communication and virtual reality for extending the behavioural treatment of obesity – the patients’ perspective: results of an online survey in Germany

Author

Claudia Luck-Sikorski, Regine Hochrein, Nina Döllinger, Carolin Wienrich, Kathrin Gemesi, Sophie Holzmann, Christina Holzapfel, and Natascha-Alexandra Weinberger

Subjects
Health Policy, Health Informatics, Computer Science Applications
Abstract

Background CBT has been found effective for the treatment of EDs and obesity. However not all patients achieve clinically significant weight loss and weight regain is common. In this context, technology-based interventions can be used to enhance traditional CBT but are not yet widespread. This survey therefore explores the status quo of pathways of communication between patients and therapists, the use of digital applications for therapy as well as attitudes towards VR from the perspective of patients with obesity in Germany. Methods This cross-sectional online survey was conducted in October 2020. Participants were recruited digitally through social media, obesity associations and self-help groups. The standardized questionnaire included items concerning current treatment, paths of communication with their therapists, and attitudes toward VR. The descriptive analyses were performed with Stata. Results The 152 participants were mostly female (90%), had a mean age of 46.5 years (SD = 9.2) and an average BMI of 43.0 kg/m² (SD = 8.4). Face-to-face communication with their therapist was considered of high importance in current treatment (M = 4.30; SD = 0.86) and messenger apps were the most frequently used digital application for communication. Participants were mostly neutral regarding the inclusion of VR methods in obesity treatment (M = 3.27; SD = 1.19). Only one participant had already used VR glasses as part of treatment. Participants considered VR suitable for exercises promoting body image change (M = 3.40; SD = 1.02). Discussion Technological approaches in obesity therapy are not widespread. Face-to-face communication remains the most important setting for treatment. Participants had low familiarity with VR but a neutral to positive attitude toward the technology. Further studies are needed to provide a clearer picture of potential treatment barriers or educational needs and to facilitate the transfer of developed VR systems into clinical practice.

Published
2023

25. Epistemic Functions of Replicability in Experimental Sciences: Defending the Orthodox View

Author

Michał Sikorski and Mattia Andreoletti

Subjects
Multidisciplinary, History and Philosophy of Science
Abstract

Replicability is widely regarded as one of the defining features of science and its pursuit is one of the main postulates of meta-research, a discipline emerging in response to the replicability crisis. At the same time, replicability is typically treated with caution by philosophers of science. In this paper, we reassess the value of replicability from an epistemic perspective. We defend the orthodox view, according to which replications are always epistemically useful, against the more prudent view that claims that it is useful in very limited circumstances. Additionally, we argue that we can learn more about the original experiment and the limits of the discovered effect from replications at different levels. We hold that replicability is a crucial feature of experimental results and scientists should continue to strive to secure it.

Published
2023

26. Insight into the LED-assisted deposition of platinum nanoparticles on the titania surface: understanding the effect of LEDs

Author

Adam, Kubiak, Naisargi, Varma, and Marek, Sikorski

Subjects
Multidisciplinary
Abstract

This paper proposes a novel LED-assisted deposition of platinum nanoparticles on the titania surface. For the first time, this process was supported by a UV-LED solution. We used two light sources with different wavelengths (λmax = 365 and 395 nm), and power (P = 1, 5, and 10 W) because the photodeposition process based on LEDs has not been defined. The TiO2–Pt material was discovered to be nano-crystalline anatase particles with nano-platinum particles deposited on the surface of titanium dioxide. Furthermore, the luminescence intensity decreased when Pt was added to TiO2, indicating that charge carrier recombination was reduced. The spectra matching of the photocatalyst and LED reactor was performed for the first time in this work. We proposed a convenient LED reactor that focused light in the range of 350–450 nm, allowing us to effectively use photo-oxidative properties of TiO2–Pt materials in the process of removing 4-chlorophenol. In the presented work, the LED light source plays a dual role. They first induce the platinum photodeposition process, before becoming an important component of tailored photoreactors, which is an important innovative aspect of this research.

Published
2022

28. An item response theory and Rasch analysis of the NUDKS: a data literacy scale

Author

R. J. De Ayala, Beth Doll, J. Sikorski, and Pamela S. Trantham

Subjects
Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management, Measure (data warehouse), Rasch model, Scale (social sciences), Item response theory, ComputingMilieux_COMPUTERSANDEDUCATION, Mathematics education, Data literacy, Psychology, Education
Abstract

There is an extensive need for school systems to reliably assess the data literacy and data use skills of their educators. To address this need, the current study seeks to refine the NU Data Knowledge Scale (NUDKS) for assessing teacher data literacy for classroom data. A data-based decision-making framework provides the theoretical underpinnings for the instrument. The study’s objective is to refine the NUDKS such that items are located at various points along the data literacy continuum. In this fashion, the NUDKS should be able to measure teacher data literacy throughout the data literacy continuum. To this end, item response theory is used to provide the estimates of the items’ locations and teacher data literacy. Analyses revealed that the NUDKS conformed to the Rasch model. To facilitate the future use of the NUDKS, concordance tables were created to provide a quick determination of teacher data literacy.

Published
2021

29. The wide variety of reasons for feeling guilty in adults: findings from a large cross-sectional web-based survey

Author

Tobias Luck and Claudia Luck-Sikorski

Subjects
Adult, Male, Internet, Cross-Sectional Studies, Emotions, Guilt, Humans, Female, General Medicine, Middle Aged, Child, Social Behavior, General Psychology
Abstract

Background Experiencing some sort of guilt is a common phenomenon in adulthood. As feeling guilty is usually unpleasant and may even lead to further negative psychological consequences like depression, the aim of this study was to provide comprehensive information on the reasons for such feelings in adults. Methods A cross-sectional web-based survey was conducted between May 2019 and April 2020, collecting qualitative information on reasons for feeling guilty in n = 604 adults (mean/SD age = 45.3/16.4 years; n = 346/57.3% women, n = 255/42.2% men and n = 3/0.5% adults without identification with a particular gender). Stated reasons were inductively classified into (super-)/categories, and information on frequency and percentage (total, gender- and age-specific) for each of these (super-)/categories was provided. Results Participants altogether stated 1515 reasons for feeling guilty that were classified into 12 supercategories and 49 categories. “Telling lies/withholding truth/information” followed by “Not spending (enough) time with family (members)/Not taking (enough) care of family (members)/not being there for family (members)” were the most frequent categories of reasons for feeling guilty in the sample. Guilt feelings explicitly referring to “religious beliefs” or a “subjectively perceived more general responsibility’” (e.g., for society, humankind, problems of the world), by contrast, were of minor importance. Male and female participants as well as participants of different ages showed similarities but also several differences in stated reasons for feeling guilty. Female participants, for example, more often experienced feelings of guilt related to family members, children and to some kind of general responsibility for the wellbeing of others, whereas male participants felt guilty more often because of some kind of misconduct/mistakes being made or because of difficulties in marriage/relationship. Conclusions Adults can feel guilty for a wide variety of different reasons. Most reasons seem to be rather concrete (e.g., related to concrete negative self-attributions/flaws or to concrete social situations with concrete individuals). There also seem to be some age- and gender-related differences in reasons for feeling guilty.

Published
2022

30. BNT162b2 vaccine induces neutralizing antibodies and poly-specific T cells in humans

Author

John L. Perez, Isabel Vogler, Evelyna Derhovanessian, Gábor Boros, David A. Cooper, Camila R. Fontes-Garfias, Kristen E. Pascal, Armin Schultz, Alexander Muik, Martin Bexon, Pei Yong Shi, Peter Koch, Ann Kathrin Eller, Verena Lörks, Mark Cutler, Daniel Maurus, Ludwig Heesen, Philip R. Dormitzer, Ugur Sahin, Kathrin U. Jansen, Manuel Tonigold, Jan Grützner, Azita J. Mahiny, Corinna Rosenbaum, Stefanie Bolte, Mathias Vormehr, Marie Cristine Kühnle, Sybille Baumann, Asaf Poran, Alexander Ulges, Alexandra Kemmer-Brück, Christos A. Kyratsous, Dirk Becker, Özlem Türeci, Alina Baum, Sebastian Brachtendorf, Lena M. Kranz, Carsten Boesler, Rolf Hilker, Tania Palanche, Julian Sikorski, Nicole Bidmon, Ulrich Luxemburger, David J. Langer, Jesse Z. Dong, Gábor Szabó, Jasmin Quandt, Katalin Karikó, and Jonas Reinholz

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Interleukin 2, Multidisciplinary, Biology, Major histocompatibility complex, Virology, Immunoglobulin G, Epitope, 03 medical and health sciences, 030104 developmental biology, 0302 clinical medicine, Immune system, biology.protein, medicine, Interferon gamma, 030212 general & internal medicine, Antibody, CD8, medicine.drug
Abstract

BNT162b2, a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) formulated nucleoside-modified messenger RNA (mRNA) that encodes the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike glycoprotein (S) stabilized in the prefusion conformation, has demonstrated 95% efficacy in preventing coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19)1. Here we extend our previous phase 1/2 trial report2 and present BNT162b2 prime/boost induced immune response data from a second phase 1/2 trial in healthy adults (18-55 years of age). BNT162b2 elicited strong antibody responses, with SARS-CoV-2 serum 50% neutralizing geometric mean titers up to 3.3-fold above those observed in COVID-19 human convalescent samples (HCS) one week post-boost. BNT162b2-elicited sera neutralized 22 pseudoviruses bearing SARS-CoV-2 S variants. Most participants had a strong IFNγ- or IL-2-positive CD8+ and CD4+ T helper type 1 (TH1) T cell response, detectable throughout the full observation period of nine weeks following the boost. pMHC multimer technology identified several BNT162b2-induced epitopes that were presented by frequent MHC alleles and conserved in mutant strains. One week post-boost, epitope-specific CD8+ T cells of the early differentiated effector-memory phenotype comprised 0.02-2.92% of total circulating CD8+ T cells and were detectable (0.01-0.28%) eight weeks later. In summary, BNT162b2 elicits an adaptive humoral and poly-specific cellular immune response against epitopes conserved in a broad range of variants at well tolerated doses.

Published
2021

31. The mineralosphere—interactive zone of microbial colonization and carbon use in grassland soils

Author

Sven Marhan, Johannes Rousk, Heike Haslwimmer, Margarida Soares, Johannes Sikorski, Ellen Kandeler, Jörg Overmann, Runa S. Boeddinghaus, Aurelia Gebala, Thilo Rennert, and Selma Vieira

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, biology, Chemistry, Microorganism, Verrucomicrobia, Planctomycetes, Soil Science, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Armatimonadetes, biology.organism_classification, Microbiology, 03 medical and health sciences, 030104 developmental biology, Chloroflexi (class), Microbial population biology, Botany, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Gemmatimonadetes, Agronomy and Crop Science, Bacteria
Abstract

To improve our understanding of early microbial colonization of pristine minerals and their group-specific C utilization, we exposed minerals (illite/goethite/quartz) amended with artificial root exudates (ARE, glucose, and citric acid) in grassland soils for a period of 24 weeks. FTIR spectra indicated that mineral-associated ARE were used within the first 2 weeks of exposure and were replaced by other carbohydrates derived from living or dead cells as well as soil-borne C sources transported into the mineralosphere after heavy rain events. Fungi and Gram-positive bacteria incorporated ARE-derived C more rapidly than Gram-negative bacteria. Gram-negative bacteria presumably profited indirectly from the ARE by cross-feeding on mineral-associated necromass of fungi and Gram-positive bacteria. The Gram-negative bacterial phyla Verrucomicrobia, Planctomycetes, Gemmatimonadetes, Armatimonadetes, and Chloroflexi showed a positive correlation with Gram-negative PLFA abundances. After 24 weeks of exposure in the grassland soils, abundances of soil microorganisms in the mineralosphere reached only 3.1% of the population density in soil. In conclusion, both bacteria and fungi slowly colonize new surfaces such as pristine minerals, but quickly assimilate artificial root exudates, creating an active microbial community in the mineralosphere.

Published
2021

33. Megahertz pulse trains enable multi-hit serial femtosecond crystallography experiments at X-ray free electron lasers

Author

Holmes, Susannah, primary, Kirkwood, Henry J., additional, Bean, Richard, additional, Giewekemeyer, Klaus, additional, Martin, Andrew V., additional, Hadian-Jazi, Marjan, additional, Wiedorn, Max O., additional, Oberthür, Dominik, additional, Marman, Hugh, additional, Adriano, Luigi, additional, Al-Qudami, Nasser, additional, Bajt, Saša, additional, Barák, Imrich, additional, Bari, Sadia, additional, Bielecki, Johan, additional, Brockhauser, Sandor, additional, Coleman, Mathew A., additional, Cruz-Mazo, Francisco, additional, Danilevski, Cyril, additional, Dörner, Katerina, additional, Gañán-Calvo, Alfonso M., additional, Graceffa, Rita, additional, Fanghor, Hans, additional, Heymann, Michael, additional, Frank, Matthias, additional, Kaukher, Alexander, additional, Kim, Yoonhee, additional, Kobe, Bostjan, additional, Knoška, Juraj, additional, Laurus, Torsten, additional, Letrun, Romain, additional, Maia, Luis, additional, Messerschmidt, Marc, additional, Metz, Markus, additional, Michelat, Thomas, additional, Mills, Grant, additional, Molodtsov, Serguei, additional, Monteiro, Diana C. F., additional, Morgan, Andrew J., additional, Münnich, Astrid, additional, Peña Murillo, Gisel E., additional, Previtali, Gianpietro, additional, Round, Adam, additional, Sato, Tokushi, additional, Schubert, Robin, additional, Schulz, Joachim, additional, Shelby, Megan, additional, Seuring, Carolin, additional, Sellberg, Jonas A., additional, Sikorski, Marcin, additional, Silenzi, Alessandro, additional, Stern, Stephan, additional, Sztuk-Dambietz, Jola, additional, Szuba, Janusz, additional, Trebbin, Martin, additional, Vagovic, Patrick, additional, Ve, Thomas, additional, Weinhausen, Britta, additional, Wrona, Krzysztof, additional, Xavier, Paul Lourdu, additional, Xu, Chen, additional, Yefanov, Oleksandr, additional, Nugent, Keith A., additional, Chapman, Henry N., additional, Mancuso, Adrian P., additional, Barty, Anton, additional, Abbey, Brian, additional, and Darmanin, Connie, additional

Published
2022
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34. Stigmatisierung und Diskriminierung von Patient*innen mit Adipositas

Author

Claudia Luck-Sikorski and Marie Bernard

Subjects
Gynecology, 050103 clinical psychology, 03 medical and health sciences, Clinical Psychology, medicine.medical_specialty, 0302 clinical medicine, business.industry, 05 social sciences, medicine, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, business, 030227 psychiatry
Abstract

Adipositas ist eine stigmatisierte Erkrankung. Patient*innen werden durch die Allgemeinbevolkerung, aber auch im Gesundheitssystem abgewertet und benachteiligt. Zusammenfassung der Literatur zu Folgen von Stigmatisierung und Diskriminierung von Patient*innen mit Adipositas und Erganzung durch Ergebnisse einer aktuellen Untersuchung bei Frauen mit Adipositas. Literaturrecherche, deskriptive und inferenzstatistische Analysen in einer bevolkerungsreprasentativen Stichprobe von n = 500 Frauen mit Adipositas. Stigmatisierung und Diskriminierung betreffen haufig Frauen mit Adipositas. Diese Erfahrungen sind mit negativen Konsequenzen assoziiert, die wiederum zur Aufrechterhaltung der Erkrankung beitragen konnen. Patientinnen konnen Vorurteile zudem internalisieren. Je hoher das Gewicht der Betroffenen, desto haufiger berichten diese uber gewichtsbedingte Stigmatisierung, auch im Gesundheitssystem. Die Selbsteinschatzung des Gewichts ist v. a. bei Frauen mit Adipositas des Schweregrads I (Body-Mass-Index [BMI] 30–34,9 kg/m2) nicht akkurat. Die erhohte Pravalenz psychischer Storungen bei Patient*innen mit Adipositas wird auch durch Stigmaerfahrungen vermittelt. Stigmatisierung und das folgende internalisierte Stigma sollten auch im Rahmen von Psychotherapie sensibel adressiert werden.

Published
2020

35. Body appreciation and appearance evaluation in individuals with obesity compared to individuals with normal-weight: findings from a representative German population sample

Author

Claudia Luck-Sikorski and Natascha-Alexandra Weinberger

Subjects
Male, 050103 clinical psychology, Adolescent, Body appreciation, Appearance evaluation, 050109 social psychology, Body Mass Index, Lower body, German population, Negatively associated, Negative body image, medicine, Adults, Humans, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Obesity, business.industry, 05 social sciences, medicine.disease, Mental health, Psychiatry and Mental health, Clinical Psychology, Body image, Facet (psychology), Normal weight, Case-Control Studies, Original Article, Female, business, Clinical psychology
Abstract

Purpose Body image has been identified as an important factor in mental health in individuals with obesity. Previous studies have focused on negative body image and research of positive body image—particularly in obesity—is still in its infancy. The current study explored the positive body image facet body appreciation and the negative facet appearance evaluation in different BMI groups as well as men and women. Methods A total of 1003 participants of the general German public above the age of 18 years completed measures on body appreciation and appearance evaluation. Results Significantly lower body appreciation was observed in male participants with obesity compared to normal-weight participants. In women, the BMI groups did not differ significantly in body appreciation. BMI was negatively associated with appearance evaluation in both genders. While men and women did not differ in body appreciation, men reported lower appearance evaluation scores compared to women. Conclusion The present study is one of few that investigated positive body image in individuals with obesity compared to individuals with normal weight. The findings underscore the potential of body appreciation as a resource in treatment of body image concerns in individuals with obesity. Further implications for future research are discussed. Level of evidence III, case–control analytic study.

Published
2020

36. COVID-19 therapies: do we see substantial progress?

Author

Lucyna Matusewicz, Marlena Golec, Aleksander Czogalla, Kazimierz Kuliczkowski, Adam Konka, Joanna Zembala-John, and Aleksander F. Sikorski

Subjects
SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, Humans, Cell Biology, Molecular Biology, Biochemistry
Abstract

The appearance of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its spread all over the world is the cause of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which has recently resulted in almost 400 million confirmed cases and 6 million deaths, not to mention unknown long-term or persistent side effects in convalescent individuals. In this short review, we discuss approaches to treat COVID-19 that are based on current knowledge of the mechanisms of viral cell receptor recognition, virus–host membrane fusion, and inhibition of viral RNA and viral assembly. Despite enormous progress in antiviral therapy and prevention, new effective therapies are still in great demand.

Published
2022

37. Broiler behavior differs from males to females when under different light wavelengths

Author

Sandro José Paixão, Angélica Signor Mendes, Marco Antonio Possenti, Rosana Reffatti Sikorski, Marcos Martinez do Vale, Cléverson de Souza, Bruno Evangelista Guimarães, Daniella Jorge de Moura, Irenilza de Alencar Nääs, and Isadora Bischoff Nunes

Subjects
Male, Random Allocation, Light, Food Animals, Research Design, Animals, Humans, Female, Animal Science and Zoology, Chickens
Abstract

It is well established that different light wavelengths affect broiler behavior. The present study aims to evaluate the effect of four light wavelengths on broiler behavior from 1 to 42 days of age. Birds were housed at a stocking density of 13 birds/m

Published
2022

39. A multi-million image Serial Femtosecond Crystallography dataset collected at the European XFEL

Author

Kirkwood, Henry J., de Wijn, Raphael, Mills, Grant, Letrun, Romain, Kloos, Marco, Vakili, Mohammad, Karnevskiy, Mikhail, Ahmed, Karim, Bean, Richard J., Bielecki, Johan, Dall’Antonia, Fabio, Kim, Yoonhee, Kim, Chan, Koliyadu, Jayanath, Round, Adam, Sato, Tokushi, Sikorski, Marcin, Vagovič, Patrik, Sztuk-Dambietz, Jolanta, and Mancuso, Adrian P.

Subjects
Statistics and Probability, Library and Information Sciences, Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty, Uncategorized, Computer Science Applications, Education, Information Systems
Abstract

Serial femtosecond crystallography is a rapidly developing method for determining the structure of biomolecules for samples which have proven challenging with conventional X-ray crystallography, such as for membrane proteins and microcrystals, or for time-resolved studies. The European XFEL, the first high repetition rate hard X-ray free electron laser, provides the ability to record diffraction data at more than an order of magnitude faster than previously achievable, putting increased demand on sample delivery and data processing. This work describes a publicly available serial femtosecond crystallography dataset collected at the SPB/SFX instrument at the European XFEL. This dataset contains information suitable for algorithmic development for detector calibration, image classification and structure determination, as well as testing and training for future users of the European XFEL and other XFELs.

Published
2022

42. Broiler behavior differs from males to females when under different light wavelengths

Author

José Paixão, Sandro, primary, Mendes, Angélica Signor, additional, Possenti, Marco Antonio, additional, Sikorski, Rosana Reffatti, additional, do Vale, Marcos Martinez, additional, de Souza, Cléverson, additional, Guimarães, Bruno Evangelista, additional, de Moura, Daniella Jorge, additional, de Alencar Nääs, Irenilza, additional, and Nunes, Isadora Bischoff, additional

Published
2022
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46. Author Correction: National identity predicts public health support during a global pandemic

Author

Van Bavel, Jay J., primary, Cichocka, Aleksandra, additional, Capraro, Valerio, additional, Sjåstad, Hallgeir, additional, Nezlek, John B., additional, Pavlović, Tomislav, additional, Alfano, Mark, additional, Gelfand, Michele J., additional, Azevedo, Flavio, additional, Birtel, Michèle D., additional, Cislak, Aleksandra, additional, Lockwood, Patricia L., additional, Ross, Robert Malcolm, additional, Abts, Koen, additional, Agadullina, Elena, additional, Aruta, John Jamir Benzon, additional, Besharati, Sahba Nomvula, additional, Bor, Alexander, additional, Choma, Becky L., additional, Crabtree, Charles David, additional, Cunningham, William A., additional, De, Koustav, additional, Ejaz, Waqas, additional, Elbaek, Christian T., additional, Findor, Andrej, additional, Flichtentrei, Daniel, additional, Franc, Renata, additional, Gjoneska, Biljana, additional, Gruber, June, additional, Gualda, Estrella, additional, Horiuchi, Yusaku, additional, Huynh, Toan Luu Duc, additional, Ibanez, Agustin, additional, Imran, Mostak Ahamed, additional, Israelashvili, Jacob, additional, Jasko, Katarzyna, additional, Kantorowicz, Jaroslaw, additional, Kantorowicz-Reznichenko, Elena, additional, Krouwel, André, additional, Laakasuo, Michael, additional, Lamm, Claus, additional, Leygue, Caroline, additional, Lin, Ming-Jen, additional, Mansoor, Mohammad Sabbir, additional, Marie, Antoine, additional, Mayiwar, Lewend, additional, Mazepus, Honorata, additional, McHugh, Cillian, additional, Minda, John Paul, additional, Mitkidis, Panagiotis, additional, Olsson, Andreas, additional, Otterbring, Tobias, additional, Packer, Dominic J., additional, Perry, Anat, additional, Petersen, Michael Bang, additional, Puthillam, Arathy, additional, Riaño-Moreno, Julián C., additional, Rothmund, Tobias, additional, Santamaría-García, Hernando, additional, Schmid, Petra C., additional, Stoyanov, Drozdstoy, additional, Tewari, Shruti, additional, Todosijević, Bojan, additional, Tsakiris, Manos, additional, Tung, Hans H., additional, Umbreș, Radu G., additional, Vanags, Edmunds, additional, Vlasceanu, Madalina, additional, Vonasch, Andrew, additional, Yucel, Meltem, additional, Zhang, Yucheng, additional, Abad, Mohcine, additional, Adler, Eli, additional, Akrawi, Narin, additional, Mdarhri, Hamza Alaoui, additional, Amara, Hanane, additional, Amodio, David M., additional, Antazo, Benedict G., additional, Apps, Matthew, additional, Ay, F. Ceren, additional, Ba, Mouhamadou Hady, additional, Barbosa, Sergio, additional, Bastian, Brock, additional, Berg, Anton, additional, Bernal-Zárate, Maria P., additional, Bernstein, Michael, additional, Białek, Michał, additional, Bilancini, Ennio, additional, Bogatyreva, Natalia, additional, Boncinelli, Leonardo, additional, Booth, Jonathan E., additional, Borau, Sylvie, additional, Buchel, Ondrej, additional, Cameron, C. Daryl, additional, Carvalho, Chrissie F., additional, Celadin, Tatiana, additional, Cerami, Chiara, additional, Chalise, Hom Nath, additional, Cheng, Xiaojun, additional, Cian, Luca, additional, Cockcroft, Kate, additional, Conway, Jane, additional, Córdoba-Delgado, Mateo Andres, additional, Crespi, Chiara, additional, Crouzevialle, Marie, additional, Cutler, Jo, additional, Cypryańska, Marzena, additional, Dabrowska, Justyna, additional, Daniels, Michael A., additional, Davis, Victoria H., additional, Dayley, Pamala N., additional, Delouvee, Sylvain, additional, Denkovski, Ognjan, additional, Dezecache, Guillaume, additional, Dhaliwal, Nathan A., additional, Diato, Alelie B., additional, Di Paolo, Roberto, additional, Drosinou, Marianna, additional, Dulleck, Uwe, additional, Ekmanis, Jānis, additional, Ertan, Arhan S., additional, Etienne, Tom W., additional, Farhana, Hapsa Hossain, additional, Farkhari, Fahima, additional, Farmer, Harry, additional, Fenwick, Ali, additional, Fidanovski, Kristijan, additional, Flew, Terry, additional, Fraser, Shona, additional, Frempong, Raymond Boadi, additional, Fugelsang, Jonathan A., additional, Gale, Jessica, additional, Garcia-Navarro, E. Begoña, additional, Garladinne, Prasad, additional, Ghajjou, Oussama, additional, Gkinopoulos, Theofilos, additional, Gray, Kurt, additional, Griffin, Siobhán M., additional, Gronfeldt, Bjarki, additional, Gümren, Mert, additional, Gurung, Ranju Lama, additional, Halperin, Eran, additional, Harris, Elizabeth, additional, Herzon, Volo, additional, Hruška, Matej, additional, Huang, Guanxiong, additional, Hudecek, Matthias F. C., additional, Isler, Ozan, additional, Jangard, Simon, additional, Jørgensen, Frederik J., additional, Kachanoff, Frank, additional, Kahn, John, additional, Dangol, Apsara Katuwal, additional, Keudel, Oleksandra, additional, Koppel, Lina, additional, Koverola, Mika, additional, Kubin, Emily, additional, Kunnari, Anton, additional, Kutiyski, Yordan, additional, Laguna, Oscar, additional, Leota, Josh, additional, Lermer, Eva, additional, Levy, Jonathan, additional, Levy, Neil, additional, Li, Chunyun, additional, Long, Elizabeth U., additional, Longoni, Chiara, additional, Maglić, Marina, additional, McCashin, Darragh, additional, Metcalf, Alexander L., additional, Mikloušić, Igor, additional, El Mimouni, Soulaimane, additional, Miura, Asako, additional, Molina-Paredes, Juliana, additional, Monroy-Fonseca, César, additional, Morales-Marente, Elena, additional, Moreau, David, additional, Muda, Rafał, additional, Myer, Annalisa, additional, Nash, Kyle, additional, Nesh-Nash, Tarik, additional, Nitschke, Jonas P., additional, Nurse, Matthew S., additional, Ohtsubo, Yohsuke, additional, Oldemburgo de Mello, Victoria, additional, O’Madagain, Cathal, additional, Onderco, Michal, additional, Palacios-Galvez, M. Soledad, additional, Palomäki, Jussi, additional, Pan, Yafeng, additional, Papp, Zsófia, additional, Pärnamets, Philip, additional, Paruzel-Czachura, Mariola, additional, Pavlović, Zoran, additional, Payán-Gómez, César, additional, Perander, Silva, additional, Pitman, Michael Mark, additional, Prasad, Rajib, additional, Pyrkosz-Pacyna, Joanna, additional, Rathje, Steve, additional, Raza, Ali, additional, Rêgo, Gabriel G., additional, Rhee, Kasey, additional, Robertson, Claire E., additional, Rodríguez-Pascual, Iván, additional, Saikkonen, Teemu, additional, Salvador-Ginez, Octavio, additional, Sampaio, Waldir M., additional, Santi, Gaia C., additional, Santiago-Tovar, Natalia, additional, Savage, David, additional, Scheffer, Julian A., additional, Schönegger, Philipp, additional, Schultner, David T., additional, Schutte, Enid M., additional, Scott, Andy, additional, Sharma, Madhavi, additional, Sharma, Pujan, additional, Skali, Ahmed, additional, Stadelmann, David, additional, Stafford, Clara Alexandra, additional, Stanojević, Dragan, additional, Stefaniak, Anna, additional, Sternisko, Anni, additional, Stoica, Augustin, additional, Stoyanova, Kristina K., additional, Strickland, Brent, additional, Sundvall, Jukka, additional, Thomas, Jeffrey P., additional, Tinghög, Gustav, additional, Torgler, Benno, additional, Traast, Iris J., additional, Tucciarelli, Raffaele, additional, Tyrala, Michael, additional, Ungson, Nick D., additional, Uysal, Mete S., additional, Van Lange, Paul A. M., additional, van Prooijen, Jan-Willem, additional, van Rooy, Dirk, additional, Västfjäll, Daniel, additional, Verkoeijen, Peter, additional, Vieira, Joana B., additional, von Sikorski, Christian, additional, Walker, Alexander Cameron, additional, Watermeyer, Jennifer, additional, Wetter, Erik, additional, Whillans, Ashley, additional, Willardt, Robin, additional, Wohl, Michael J. A., additional, Wójcik, Adrian Dominik, additional, Wu, Kaidi, additional, Yamada, Yuki, additional, Yilmaz, Onurcan, additional, Yogeeswaran, Kumar, additional, Ziemer, Carolin-Theresa, additional, Zwaan, Rolf A., additional, and Boggio, Paulo S., additional

Published
2022
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49. COVID-19 vaccine BNT162b1 elicits human antibody and TH1 T cell responses

Author

Rolf Hilker, Jasmin Quandt, Boris Fischer, Jan Grützner, Kena A. Swanson, Sebastian Brachtendorf, Julian Sikorski, Mark Cutler, Kristen E. Pascal, Alexandra Kemmer-Brück, Lena M. Kranz, Dirk Becker, Katalin Karikó, Philip R. Dormitzer, Corinna Rosenbaum, Ulrich Luxemburger, Tania Palanche, Ugur Sahin, Camila R. Fontes-Garfias, Özlem Türeci, David A. Cooper, Armin Schultz, Alexander Muik, Ingrid L. Scully, Marie Cristine Kühnle, Jakob Loschko, Pei Yong Shi, Warren Kalina, Daniel Maurus, Verena Lörks, David J. Langer, Stefanie Bolte, Isabel Vogler, Mathias Vormehr, Christos A. Kyratsous, Carsten Boesler, Ann Kathrin Eller, Martin Bexon, Alina Baum, John L. Perez, Kathrin U. Jansen, and Evelyna Derhovanessian

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Multidisciplinary, biology, business.industry, medicine.medical_treatment, T cell, Vaccine trial, Vaccination, 03 medical and health sciences, 030104 developmental biology, 0302 clinical medicine, Immune system, Cytokine, medicine.anatomical_structure, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Immunology, biology.protein, Medicine, Respiratory system, Antibody, business, CD8
Abstract

An effective vaccine is needed to halt the spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. Recently, we reported safety, tolerability and antibody response data from an ongoing placebo-controlled, observer-blinded phase I/II coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine trial with BNT162b1, a lipid nanoparticle-formulated nucleoside-modified mRNA that encodes the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein1. Here we present antibody and T cell responses after vaccination with BNT162b1 from a second, non-randomized open-label phase I/II trial in healthy adults, 18–55 years of age. Two doses of 1–50 μg of BNT162b1 elicited robust CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses and strong antibody responses, with RBD-binding IgG concentrations clearly above those seen in serum from a cohort of individuals who had recovered from COVID-19. Geometric mean titres of SARS-CoV-2 serum-neutralizing antibodies on day 43 were 0.7-fold (1-μg dose) to 3.5-fold (50-μg dose) those of the recovered individuals. Immune sera broadly neutralized pseudoviruses with diverse SARS-CoV-2 spike variants. Most participants had T helper type 1 (TH1)-skewed T cell immune responses with RBD-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cell expansion. Interferon-γ was produced by a large fraction of RBD-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells. The robust RBD-specific antibody, T cell and favourable cytokine responses induced by the BNT162b1 mRNA vaccine suggest that it has the potential to protect against COVID-19 through multiple beneficial mechanisms. In a phase I/II dose-escalation clinical trial, the mRNA COVID-19 vaccine BNT162b1 elicits specific T cell and antibody responses that suggest it has protective potential.

Published
2020

50. Monoclonal Antibody-Based Therapies for Myasthenia Gravis

Author

Henry J. Kaminski, Mohanad AlGaeed, Patricia Sikorski, and Sawsan Alabbad

Subjects
medicine.drug_class, Neuromuscular Junction, Neuromuscular transmission, Review Article, Receptors, Nicotinic, Monoclonal antibody, Neuromuscular junction, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Myasthenia Gravis, medicine, Humans, Pharmacology (medical), Autoantibodies, Acetylcholine receptor, 030203 arthritis & rheumatology, Pharmacology, biology, business.industry, Autoantibody, General Medicine, Eculizumab, medicine.disease, Myasthenia gravis, medicine.anatomical_structure, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Immunology, biology.protein, Antibody, business, Biotechnology, medicine.drug
Abstract

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune, neuromuscular disorder that produces disabling weakness through a compromise of neuromuscular transmission. The disease fulfills strict criteria of an antibody-mediated disease. Close to 90% of patients have antibodies directed towards the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) on the post-synaptic surface of skeletal muscle and another 5% to the muscle-specific kinase, which is involved in concentrating the AChR to the muscle surface of the neuromuscular junction. Conventional treatments of intravenous immunoglobulin and plasma exchange reduce autoantibody levels to produce their therapeutic effect, while prednisone and immunosuppressives do so by moderating autoantibody production. None of these treatments were specifically developed for MG and have a range of adverse effects. The extensive advances in monoclonal antibody technology allowing specific modulation of biological pathways has led to a tremendous increase in the potential treatment options. For MG, monoclonal antibody therapeutics target the effector mechanism of complement inhibition and the reduction of antibody levels by FcRn inhibition. Antibodies directed against CD20 and signaling pathways, which support lymphocyte activity, have been used to reduce autoantibody production. Thus far, only eculizumab, an antibody against C5, has reached the clinic. We review the present status of monoclonal antibody-based treatments for MG that have entered human testing and offer the promise to transform treatment of MG.

Published
2020

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