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The goal of the present study was to examine associations between maternal use of power assertive parenting across different discipline contexts and children’s adjustment in a sample of low-income, racially diverse families. Drawing from social domain perspectives on parenting, we specifically examined discipline in response to child transgressions in conventional, moral, and prudential contexts. In turn, we tested how power assertive discipline within these domains may be differentially linked to children’s externalizing and internalizing symptomatology over time. Participants included 201 toddlers and their mothers who were assessed across two waves spaced two years apart. Results indicated that mothers were more likely to endorse power assertive parenting within prudential contexts compared to others. Longitudinal analyses revealed that power assertive discipline in the conventional domain was primarily associated with internalizing symptoms while the moral domain was associated with externalizing symptoms over time. Moreover, domains of caregiving were differentially associated with substantive constructs as opposed to sociodemographic constructs. The results are interpreted within social domain conceptualizations of socialization that underscore how distinct domains may differentially impact children’s socio-emotional adjustment.

Aim The decline of health and functional status as a result of old age makes it necessary to assess the Quality of Life (QoL) among older persons. There is, however, limited information in this regard from low and middle-income countries such as Nigeria. This study compares the QoL and associated factors among rural and urban community-dwelling older persons (≥ 60 years) in Oyo State, Nigeria. Subject and methods A cross-sectional, comparative community-based study was carried out using an interviewer-administered, semi-structured questionnaire. The QoL was determined using the World Health Organisation Quality of Life Brief Scale (WHOQOL-BREF). Data were analysed using Stata version 14 at p Results Overall, 1,180 (588 urban and 592 rural-dwelling) respondents were interviewed. Females constituted more than half of the respondents in both communities, accounting for over two thirds (69.2%) of the population. The mean QoL scores were similar in the psychological (54.2 ± 7.4) and environmental (54.7 ± 9.5) domains. However, the mean score for the physical domain was 69.2 ± 17.0 and 74.1 ± 12 for the social domain. There was no statistically significant difference between mean scores of the QoL in the two locations except in the environmental domain (p Conclusion The rural–urban differences in the mean quality of life scores in the environmental domain in the study and poorer scores in the psychological and environmental domains necessitate areas for targeted intervention and more in-depth research.

Background While bariatric surgery is an effective therapy for patients with severe obesity, not all patients benefit equally. An explanation might be that psychosocial risk factors hamper outcome. The study aimed to evaluate if biopsychosocial case complexity predicts evolution of BMI over 10 years after bariatric surgery. Methods Charts of patients (N = 236) of the Cohort of Obesity Lausanne (COOL) were retrospectively reviewed and rated with the INTERMED, a reliable and validated instrument, which assesses biopsychosocial case complexity and has been proven to predict outcome of medical treatments in different patient populations. The sample was stratified into BMI quartiles, computed from the patients’ baseline BMI. For each quartile, BMI evolution was analyzed using individual growth curve analysis. Results Growth curve analyses showed that in quartiles 1, 2, and 3, none of the INTERMED domain scores significantly predicted the BMI evolution after surgery. However, in the fourth quartile—including patients with the highest pre-surgical BMI—the social domain score of the INTERMED significantly predicted BMI evolution: patients with more social complexity showed higher increase in BMI. Conclusion Effectiveness of interventions targeted at social complexity, especially when patients suffer from severe obesity, may therefore be evaluated in future studies. Graphical abstract

The study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of group cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) in medicated adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with a multidimensional evaluation and follow-up to week 36. Ninety-eight adult ADHD were randomly allocated to the CBT combined with medication (CBT + M) group or the medication (M) only group. The primary endpoint was the ADHD-Rating Scale (ADHD-RS). Secondary endpoints included emotional symptoms, self-esteem, automatic thoughts, quality of life (QoL), and executive function (EF). The outcome measures were obtained at baseline (T1), after the 12-week CBT treatment (T2), and at two follow-up time points (week 24, T3, and week 36, T4). Compared to the M-only group, the patients in the CBT + M group showed an overall significantly greater reduction from baseline in ADHD core symptoms (ADHD-RS total score at T3, and inattention subscale at T2 and T3), depression and anxiety symptoms (T2-T4), state anxiety (T2 and T3) and trait anxiety (T2), automatic thoughts questionnaire at T3, and QoL (physical domain, psychological domain, and social domain, most significant at T3 and weakened at T4). These findings further confirmed the efficacy of CBT on multiple dimensions and verified improvements in automatic thinking in adult ADHD. The superiority of the combination treatment mainly manifested in reduced inattention, emotional symptoms, and maladaptive thoughts and improved QoL. Trial registration number ChiCTR1900021705 (March-05-2019).

To determine whether EORTC QLQ-C30/QLQ-OG25 and FACT-E compared longitudinally provide similar reflections of health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Eighty-six esophageal cancer patients treated with curative intent, scheduled to complete both questionnaires at baseline and post-treatment time points until 36 months. A generalized estimating equation model utilizing a Gaussian family compared instruments longitudinally. The two-one-sided-test (TOST) method assessed equivalence between the instruments. Trajectories for social domain and overall quality of life differed significantly between instruments. Also, FACT-G’s functional well-being post-treatment returns to baseline 3–6 months earlier than the EORTC QLQ-C30’s role functioning subscale, suggesting measurement of different components. Trajectories for physical and esophageal symptom subscales are similar and are deemed equivalent. Emotional domains are comparable and bear little resemblance to the physical domain trajectories indicating reflection of emotional experience rather than a physical proxy. EORTC QLQ-C30 subscales have a trajectory similar to its physical functioning scale except for the emotional and esophageal symptoms scales. Overall HRQOL in both instruments showed a consistent return to baseline/pre-treatment levels by 6 months post-treatment. Overall HRQOL recovers earlier after curative-intent treatment than previously reported despite persistence of physical symptoms, with a consistent return to pre-treatment levels by 6 months after treatment. This supports the concept that HRQOL is not primarily defined by physical function. Based on this longitudinal comparison, FACT-E provides a more multidimensional assessment of HRQOL. Curative intent treatment for esophageal cancer has adverse effects on HRQOL but despite intense treatment, overall HRQOL recovers within 6 months.

SamenvattingSinds de inwerkingtreding van de nieuwe Jeugdwet (2015) zijn verschillende lokale initiatieven ontstaan voor het realiseren van de transformatiedoelstellingen rond passende hulp. In de gemeenten Nijmegen en Renkum werden hiertoe een Specialistisch Ondersteuner Jeugdgezondheidszorg en een Gedragswetenschapper Jeugd ingezet. Deze initiatieven zijn opgestart om de signalering en verwijzing van psychosociale en gezinsproblematiek in de basiszorgvoorzieningen te verbeteren. Dit artikel beschrijft de resultaten van een evaluatieonderzoek dat in 2019 is afgerond.

Considering the negative impact that exclusion can have on individuals and society, psychology has invested in research in the area, from different theoretical perspectives. In the breadth of possibilities surrounding this area of knowledge, this article aimed to characterize the contributions of social domain theory (SDT) for the study of exclusion, through a systematic literature review based on the questions: what contributions to exclusion studies have been made by SDT and what methods are being used by researchers in this area for data collection and analysis? To respond, we searched for scientific articles on virtual platforms (SciELO, PePSIC, LILACS, and Capes Periodicals) and retrieved 19 articles after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results showed that the theory’s main contributions for the study were diversity of themes found, although sexism and racism were the main types of prejudice researched as motivations for exclusions; judgments about situations of exclusion were associated with differences due to sociodemographic variables, the characteristics of the exclusion, and the context; studies on the role of emotions in judgments were also identified. Regarding the method used by the SDT studies on exclusion, there was a prevalence of cross-sectional and quantitative studies conducted with children and adolescents of the USA. This review showed that, despite SDT being recent and the inexistence of national articles following the adopted criteria, SDT has invested in studies that seek to comprehend which individual and contextual factors influence the acceptance or rejection of a prejudiced attitude of exclusion.

Cement production is a major contributor to anthropogenic CO2 emissions and solid waste generation. This paper discusses some of the key issues as regards the slow progress in achieving environmental sustainability in the cement industry. Techniques such as carbon capture and storage (CCS), material substitution, alternative fuels and energy efficient technologies have been proposed as means of mitigating the negative environmental impact of cement production. It was observed that much progress has been made in the area of eco-friendly research innovations. These innovations (considered as disruptive by the mega co-operations) have had issues at the entrepreneurial stage. These so-called disruptive technologies have struggled to meet some performance requirements and satisfy funding evaluators thus are still difficult to fully commercialise. The systematisation of the environmental sustainability problem was discussed as a possible way forward both in the environmental, economic and social domain. Looking into the future, a greater emphasis on systematised decision-based approach could help breach the gap between on-paper plans and practical implementations to achieve environmental sustainability.

SamenvattingUtrecht Overvecht is een achterstandswijk met ruim 34.000 inwoners. Veel inwoners (18%) hebben een bijstandsuitkering en de ervaren gezondheid is laag. Professionals uit de eerstelijnszorg en het sociale domein werken samen in de wijkaanpak Krachtige basiszorg. Gezamenlijk bieden zij geïntegreerde persoonsgerichte zorg dicht bij huis voor mensen met een stapeling van medische en sociaal-maatschappelijke problemen. Professionals zijn enthousiast omdat zij betere zorg kunnen bieden door samenwerking, maar zien ook ruimte voor verbetering.

Objectives This research innovatively analyzed the marital transitions (i.e., divorce and widowhood) of older Taiwanese parents, their sleep problems and spousal specific characteristics (i.e., separate bedrooms for sleep and marital relationships) as well as their social and family connections, all of which were simultaneously reflected in emotional and social domains of loneliness. Methods Data are from 1645 older parents from Northern Taiwan. Loneliness was assessed by a De Jong-Gierveld short scale with emotional and social domains. We conducted multivariate logistic regression to examine the associations of marital transitions and family/social connections regarding sleep problems and psychological well-being with loneliness in social and emotional domains. Besides sleep problems and individual socioeconomic status, we included data on couples’ sleeping arrangements and marital relationships. Results Social loneliness was significantly associated with being divorced (AOR = 1.80, 95% CI 1.13–2.86) and living alone (AOR = 1.50, 95% CI 1.02–2.23). In contrast, strong family cohesion and frequent weekly contact with friends were associated with lower social loneliness. Married parents who slept in separate bedrooms were more likely than bed-sharing couples to feel emotional and social loneliness, despite adjusting for their sleep problems. Furthermore, satisfactory spousal relationships significantly decreased the magnitude of associations in the social domain. Discussion Our findings support significant associations between loneliness in later life and major marital transitions, family and social connections and sleep problems which differ in social and emotional domains. Independent of relationship satisfaction, separate bedrooms relate to higher risks of emotional loneliness in older adults.

This article assesses the changes in local-level ‘immigrant policies’ and the ‘politics of culture’ in the small town Salt, Catalonia. Following a series of conflicts, the local administration implemented policies aimed at curbing the negative consequences of ‘the crisis’ and increasing diversification. The article shows how although these policies were in their essence a continuation of earlier trends, they constitute a double movement in the field of the management of the poor, racialised, urban populations, operating both in the social domain, with policies aimed at strengthening the ‘social cohesion’, and the repressive one, through policing and zero-tolerance policies aimed at calming discontent and unrest. Consequently, relying on data collected throughout a long-term fieldwork study, the article contributes to the literature on zero-tolerance policies with its critical approach to recent immigrant policies. It shows how we might be seeing a new social policy trend in which repressive measures are paired with ‘soft policies’, such as civil bylaws, which indirectly target the migrant population, and integration policies and charitable projects, which often favours group-focused attention rather than universal public service. This way, the local administration handles conflicts, product of the social inequalities, via the employment of apparently universal and non-discriminatory social policies which, however, end up affecting unequally.

Prenatal organophosphate pesticide (OP) exposure was reported to negatively affect childhood neurodevelopment. Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is a key enzyme in the metabolism of OPs and may affect an individual's susceptibility to OP exposure. However, little is known about its role in the associations of prenatal OP exposure and childhood neurodevelopment. We measured dimethylphosphate (DM), diethylphosphate (DE), and total dialkylphosphate (DAP) metabolites in maternal urine (n = 436) as well as PON1-108C/T and PON1192Q/R genotypes in maternal blood (n = 244). We assessed the modifying effects of maternal PON1-108C/T and PON1192Q/R genotypes on relationships between prenatal OP exposure and developmental quotients (DQs) in 24-month-old children in Shandong, China (n = 172). Among children of mothers carrying PON1-108CC, a tenfold increase in prenatal DMs was associated with a 5.72-point decrease in social domain DQ scores. Among children of mothers carrying PON1192QQ, a tenfold increase in prenatal DMs and DAPs were associated with a 7.68- and 7.67-point decrease in gross motor domain DQ scores, respectively. Among children of mothers carrying PON1192QQ, a tenfold increase in prenatal DMs, DEs, and DAPs were associated with a 7.52-, 9.07-, and 9.60-point decrease in social domain DQ scores, respectively. Maternal PON1 genotype might modify the associations between prenatal OP exposure and children's neurodevelopment at 24 months of age.

BACKGROUND: Healthcare systems nationwide are implementing intensive outpatient care programs to optimize care for high-need patients; however, little is known about these patients’ personal goals and factors associated with goal progress. OBJECTIVE: To describe high-need patients’ goals, and to identify factors associated with their goal progress DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study PARTICIPANTS: A total of 113 high-need patients participated in a single-site Veterans Affairs intensive outpatient care program. MAIN MEASURES: Two independent reviewers examined patients’ goals recorded in the electronic health record, categorized each goal into one of three domains (medical, behavioral, or social), and determined whether patients attained goal progress during program participation. Logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with goal progress. RESULTS: The majority (n = 72, 64%) of the 113 patients attained goal progress. Among the 100 (88%) patients with at least one identified goal, 58 set goal(s) in the medical domain; 60 in the behavioral domain; and 52 in the social domain. Within each respective domain, 41 (71%) attained medical goal progress; 34 (57%) attained behavioral goal progress; and 32 (62%) attained social goal progress. Patients with mental health condition(s) (aOR 0.3; 95% CI 0.1–0.9; p = 0.03) and those living alone (aOR 0.4; 95% CI 0.1–1.0; p = 0.05) were less likely to attain goal progress. Those with mental health condition(s) and those who were living alone were least likely to attain goal progress (interaction aOR 0.1 compared to those with neither characteristic; 95% CI 0.0-0.7; p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Among high-need patients participating in an intensive outpatient care program, patient goals were fairly evenly distributed across medical, behavioral, and social domains. Notably, individuals living alone with mental health conditions were least likely to attain progress. Future care coordination interventions might incorporate strategies to address this gap, e.g., broader integration of behavioral and social service components. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s11606-019-05010-w) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Sinds de nieuwe Jeugdwet in werking is getreden zijn gemeenten verantwoordelijk voor alle vormen van jeugdhulp. Dit betekent dat zij zorg moeten dragen voor tijdige signalering en behandeling van psychische problematiek bij kinderen. Huisartsen en jeugdartsen zijn bij psychische klachten van kinderen vaak het eerste aanspreekpunt. Op basis van de ervaringen met het nieuwe stelsel blijkt dat de samenwerking in het sociale domein (school, jeugd-ggz, sociaal wijkteam, huisarts, enzovoort) niet optimaal is en dat er zorgen zijn over de vraag of kinderen de passende zorg geboden wordt die ze nodig hebben. Om artsen te helpen een sterke poortwachtersrol te vervullen, nemen steeds meer gemeenten het initiatief (jeugd)artsen te laten ondersteunen door een specialist op het gebied van jeugd(-ggz) aan te stellen. Door middel van deze initiatieven wordt kennis over psychische problemen vanuit specialistische zorg ingezet in de basiszorg. Dit artikel geeft een overzicht van verschillende pilots, waarbij een specialist op het gebied van jeugd is aangesteld om de uitvoeringspraktijk van de (jeugd)gezondheidszorg te versterken en integraal de juiste zorg te kunnen bieden. Semigestructureerde interviews met contactpersonen van de betrokken organisaties werden ingezet en gevonden documentatie werd gebruikt om de pilots te beschrijven en de ervaringen in kaart te brengen. Een overzicht van zeven initiatieven biedt hulpverleners en beleidsmakers de mogelijkheid om van elkaar te leren en de samenwerking binnen het sociale domein te versterken.

The Dutch Child and Youth Act has been in force since 2015, in which responsibilities for youth care were transferred to municipalities. The legislation contains two kinds of aims. Firstly, the aims for safeguarding the quality of youth care, and the safety and legal status of clients. And secondly, aims with the intention of bringing about a transformation in youth care in that made to measure assistance is offered, and that there ismore coherence and space for professionals to operate in. The first evaluation of the legislation entailed an analysis of the status of these aims, including studies into the perspectives of clients, municipalities and the care system. Aim In this article we report on the most significant findings. The general conclusion is that with regard to a number of important aspects, the execution of the legislation is not (yet) moving in the direction of the aims in mind when it was created. For example, it is not always easy for clients to gain access to assistance, and there is (still) no visible reduction in specialist youth care. Furthermore, the intended cooperation between youth care providers themselves, and with the wider social domain, has yet to be reached. We have made some recommendations, which will hopefully improve accessibility to the right care. (aut. ref.)

Scholars have suggested that emotions are evolved adaptations that increase fitness by adjusting the response of the individual to the specific situation. Thus, the particular emotion experienced by an individual should be dependent on whether the situation is a threat/opportunity, in the physical/social domain, and if the outcome is a success/failure. Nesse and Ellsworth (2009) created a model around this idea that predicts which emotions should arise in these particular situations. The current study empirically tested this model using the virtual simulation program Second Life. 50 (44 female, 6 male, Mage = 21.10 years, Age range: 18–30 years) participants’ avatars were placed in socially and physically threatening and opportunistic situations; further, participants were randomly assigned to succeed or fail at each task. After completing each task, participants rated the degree to which they experienced the emotions predicted by the model to arise in these situations. Results found the social opportunity, physical threat, and social threat conditions matched those emotions predicted by the model.

This study is aimed to gain insights into adolescents’ classroom peer climate by examining descriptive and status norms of academic and social behaviors. Descriptive norm was assessed as the average score for each behavior and status norm was assessed using the correlation between each behavior and social status within each classroom. Expanded sets of academic and social behaviors (i.e., academic engagement, disruptive, overt and relational aggressive, bullying, and prosocial behavior) and three different social status of admired, popularity, and leader were examined. The sample was from 28 elementary school classrooms in South Korea (N = 736 at w1 and N = 677 at w2; 13 fifth and 13 sixth grade classrooms). Results indicated that descriptive norms for disruptive, relational aggressive, and bullying behavior became more positive over time across the school year. Status norms displayed distinct pattern for each social status. Although admired was associated with academic engagement and prosocial behavior, popularity and leader were associated with both positive and negative behaviors in both academic and social domain. Further, when adolescents increased their level of behaviors that are perceived to be important (i.e., associated with positive status norms) in their classrooms, they gained elevated social status over time across the school year.

Background In children physical activity has been shown to be associated with health-related quality of life (HRQoL). This study further explores this association for specific characteristics of sports participation, namely membership of a sports club, frequency of sports participation, performing individual versus team sports, performing indoor versus outdoor sports, while differentiating between specific dimensions in the physical, psychological and social domain of HRQoL. Methods Cross-sectional data were collected from Dutch primary school children aged 10 to 12 years. They completed the Movement and Sports Monitor Questionnaire Youth aged 8 to 12 years (MSMQ) and the KIDSCREEN-52, an HRQoL questionnaire for children and adolescents. The data were examined using linear multilevel analyses because of the clustering of children in schools. Results The questionnaires were completed by 1876 children (response rate 81.3%). Membership of a sports club, moderate or high frequency of sports participation, and performing outdoor sports were all significantly associated with better HRQoL. These associations were largely found in the physical domain of HRQoL, to a lesser degree in the social domain, and to a limited extent in the psychological domain. Conclusion The association between sports participation and HRQoL in children depends on both characteristics of sports participation and the domain of life that is concerned. These differences offer starting points for developing tailor-made sports programs for children. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12955-019-1124-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The goal of this study was to use novel approaches that do not require the use of arbitrary cut-points (i.e., latent profile/transition analysis) to evaluate the prevalence and stability of the positive illusory bias (PIB) in young adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Participants were 326 middle-school students diagnosed with ADHD (Mage = 12.26 years, 71% male, 77% Caucasian). The Self-Perception Profile for Children (SPPC) was completed by participants and their parents at baseline and again 12 and 18 months later. Cross-sectional results revealed four subgroups based on SPPC responses. Only a small subset (18.4%) of youth with ADHD exhibited a global PIB, across the behavioral, scholastic, and social domains, with an additional 29% displaying a PIB in the scholastic domain only. Additionally, average parent/adolescent-rated competence within each subgroup was in line with an objective measure of scholastic competence (i.e., grades). When examined longitudinally, only a PIB in the social domain was stable across the 18-month study period and only for half of the sample. These findings suggest that the PIB is not ubiquitous in youth with ADHD, with many young adolescents rating themselves accurately relative to their parents and their grades. Further, when stability across time is considered, the PIB may be specific to social functioning, as opposed to a global, cross-domain phenomenon. Implications for the future measurement of the PIB are discussed.

Most vertebrate species are bisexual. But as well as the sexual behavior, same-sex mating-like behavior sometimes occurs. Recently, the same-sex mounting reported from chelonians was reviewed. The potential causes for such behavior that were hypothesized, such as dearth of correct mates or expression of dominance, are of the social domain. On further consideration, it may be instructive to view animals more holistically. We propose here two additional hypothetical causes: intersex gonads, on which we present new data, and misleading body size, on which we speculate from recent literature. We also revisit the effect of the sex ratio on the frequency of same-sex mounting.

This study focused on field trips to natural environments where the teacher plays a secondary role alongside a professional guide. We investigated teachers’ and field trip guides’ views of the teacher’s role, the teacher’s actual function on the field trip, and the relationship between them. We observed field trips, interviewed teachers and guides, and administered questionnaires. We found different levels of teacher involvement, ranging from mainly supervising and giving technical help, to high involvement especially in the cognitive domain and sometimes in the social domain. Analysis of students’ self-reported outcomes showed that the more students believe their teachers are involved, the higher the self-reported learning outcomes.

An extensive body of research has explored the effects of parental monitoring on adolescent outcomes, but studies consistently find substantial discrepancies between parent and adolescent reports of different monitoring behaviors. Little research has examined whether parents and adolescents are more or less discrepant when reporting on parents’ rules or solicitation for different adolescent problem and health risk behaviors and few studies have explored potential explanatory variables to explicate individual variability in parent-adolescent discrepant reporting. To address this gap in the literature, the current study examined discrepancies in mother-adolescent reports of family rules and solicitation across five distinct adolescent behaviors: personal behaviors and four different risk behaviors (alcohol-related, cyber, over- and under-eating). Participants were 143 mother-adolescent dyads (Adolescent M age = 14.42, SD = 1.73, range = 12–18, 81 % white, 60 % female). Mean-level discrepancies between maternal and adolescent reports significantly differed by category of adolescent behavior and also varied as a function of reported parental monitoring behavior (rules vs. solicitation). Discrepancies in mother-adolescent reports of behavior-specific rules and solicitation were positively associated with discrepancies in mother and adolescent judgments of the harmfulness of the activities. The results demonstrate that discrepancies in mother-adolescent reports of family process differ by category of adolescent behavior and may be undergirded by differences in mother and adolescent informational assumptions about the potential harm involved with different activities.

Although MeHg is a confirmed neurotoxin at sufficiently high dosages, the effect of prenatal low-level Hg exposure on infant neurodevelopment is still unknown. Four hundred ten mother-infant pairs were recruited in rural northern China from September 2010 to September 2012. We investigated maternal diet during pregnancy, collected maternal and umbilical blood samples, and tested infant neurodevelopment using Gesell developmental schedules (GDS) at the age of 1 year old. The geometric means (GM) of Hg exposure in maternal and umbilical blood were 0.72 and 1.2 μg/L, respectively. Positive associations between Hg levels and the frequency of total fish consumption were found (Spearman's correlation, r = 0.09 for maternal Hg, r = 0.14 for umbilical Hg, p

In this paper I offer a unified causal account of natural kinds. Using as a startingpointthewidelyheldviewthatnaturalkindtermsorpredicatesareprojectible, I argue that the ontological bases of their projectibility are the causal properties and relations associated with the natural kinds themselves. Natural kinds are not just con- catenations of properties but ordered hierarchies of properties, whose instances are related to one another as causes and effects in recurrent causal processes. The result- ing account of natural kinds as clusters of core causal properties that give rise to clusters of derivative properties enables us to distinguish genuine natural kinds from non-natural kinds. For instance, it enables us to say why some of the purely conven- tional categories derived from the social domain do not correspond to natural kinds, though other social categories may.

The last two decades have witnessed a rapid growth of published data on the cognitive and behavioral functioning of children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). The main of aim of this paper is to review cognitive and behavioral data on FASD using a causal modeling framework originally proposed by Morton and Frith [1, 2], according to which data pertinent to a neurodevelopmental disorder can be organized at three levels: neurobiology, cognition, and behavior. In this review, we confine ourselves to reviewing the studies of cognitive abilities and behavior in children with FASD. The studies of cognitive functions can be further divided into two groups: those of elementary functions (e.g., reflexive orienting responses) and those of complex functions (e.g., language, memory). There is evidence that children with FASD are slower at reflective orienting responses and exhibit deficits in associative learning. The pattern of results emerging from the studies of complex cognitive functions is that the FASD group shows performance decrements with increased task complexity. At the behavioral level, children with prenatal alcohol exposure are rated as showing deficient adaptive skills, particularly in the social domain. These children have also been observed to show deficits in executive functioning with notable behavioral and emotional regulatory problems. A broad range of risk factors including the alcohol’s teratogenicity seem to interactively contribute to these cognitive and behavioral problems.

Climate change will impact on ecological, social, and economic elements of fisheries; however, the three are seldom considered in an integrated fashion. We develop a fishery-level assessment of economic resilience to climate change for the Tasmanian rock lobster fishery, a linked social–ecological system. We outline the main climate change forcing influences that link climate change to the fishery via changes in lobster abundance, distribution, and phenology. Using a bottom-up approach, we identify twelve economic attributes strongly related to the fisheries’ economic resilience to climate change. Resilience attributes are grouped according to the level of the economic domain (business, sectoral, and governance). Attributes are then evaluated to determine the overall economic resilience of the rock lobster fishery in the context of the specific nature of predicted climate change effects. We identify areas of low resilience in the economic sub-system for this fishery. Evaluating the economic resilience of regional fisheries using this integrated, interdisciplinary framework provides a practical, parsimonious, and conceptually sound basis for undertaking comprehensive and contextually tailored assessments of climate change impacts and economic vulnerability. The framework can be extended to include a broader range of climate change impacts and the social domain of the human sub-system.

Although self-criticism has been implicated in both depression and social anxiety, it has been assessed as a global construct. We therefore constructed the Social Self-Criticism Scale (SSCS), which consists of items tapping self-criticism in the social domain. Initially assessing both social and non-social domains, principal component analyses revealed a social domain (i.e., social self-criticism) distinct from self-criticism in non-social domains. Social self-criticism predicted depressive and social anxiety symptoms over and above (1) our non-social self-criticism subscale, (2) the extensively used self-criticism factor of the Depressive Experiences Questionnaire (DEQ). Findings encourage disentangling global versus specific domains of affective vulnerability.

The purpose of this study is twofold. First, it aims to examine whether the impairment in peer functioning and social-cognitive deficits (i.e., hostile attribution bias, social comprehension, social problem-solving) found in elementary school aged children with ADHD also occur in adolescence. Second, it aims to provide evidence for a predictive relationship between these social-cognitive deficits and an adolescent’s functional impairment in the social domain. To address these aims, several social-cognitive tasks were administered to a small sample of young adolescents with ADHD (N = 27) and a comparison sample without an ADHD diagnosis (N = 18). Parent report of functional impairment and peer sociometric data were also gathered. Comparisons of both parent and peer report of adolescent social functioning suggest that individuals with ADHD continue to experience difficulties with peers into the adolescent years and data from the social-cognitive tasks show evidence of social comprehension and problem-solving deficits. Further analyses indicated a significant link between functional impairment and social cognition. Findings herein are discussed in the context of both the developmental changes that arise during adolescence and consideration of the importance of social cognition for understanding the impaired social functioning experienced by adolescents with ADHD.

The focus in this paper is on the social domain of quality of life, and more particularly loneliness. The empirical literature on older adult loneliness is reviewed, thereby challenging three often-held assumptions that figure prominently in public debates on loneliness. The first assumption that loneliness is a problem specifically for older people finds only partial support. Loneliness is common only among the very old. The second assumption is that people in individualistic societies are most lonely. Contrary to this belief, findings show that older adults in northern European countries tend to be less lonely than those in the more familialistic southern European countries. The scarce data on Central and Eastern Europe suggest a high prevalence of older adult loneliness in those countries. The third assumption that loneliness has increased over the past decades finds no support. Loneliness levels have decreased, albeit slightly. The review notes the persistence of ageist attitudes, and underscores the importance of considering people’s frame of reference and normative orientation in analyses of loneliness.

Economics and social sciences in general have a long tradition of using theories, models, concepts, and so forth borrowed from the natural sciences to describe and explain the properties and behaviours of economic and social entities. However, unwarranted application of theoretical elements from the natural sciences in the economic/social domain can have adverse consequences for organisations, their employees and society in general. Focusing on biology and organisation studies, we discuss the general problems that may arise when theoretical elements from natural science are applied in the economic/social domain. We examine one particular case, the organisational ecology research programme, and we argue that organisational ecology rests on the metaphorical, rather than literal, use of the notion of evolution. We conclude by showing how the use of the evolutionary metaphor in organisation theory can have adverse consequences for both managerial practice and society in general.

The purpose of this study was to examine the predictive factors of quality of life for inpatients with depressive disorders. Eighty-three patients (mean age 44; 73% female) with depressive disorders were recruited from the psychosomatic ward of a medical center in the northern part of Taiwan. The predictive models of this study were established by encompassing three constructs: clinical variables, demographics, and perceived competence. The outcome variables of this study included an overall quality of life score and four domains' scores of the World Health Organization Quality of Life-brief version (WHOQOL-BREF). Stepwise regression analysis was used to identify significant factors related to the outcome variables. The results showed that there were five distinct models for the various domains of the quality of life. The predictive variables of the final model for overall quality of life included: the Beck Anxiety Inventory, the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure-satisfaction, and the Occupational Self Assessment-self. For the physical domain of the quality of life model, the adjusted Beck Depression Inventory-II, the Beck Anxiety Inventory, and the Activity of Daily Living Inventory were the significant predictors. In the psychological domain, the adjusted Beck Depression Inventory-II and age were the predictive factors. The adjusted Beck Depression Inventory-II, the Beck Anxiety Inventory and the Occupational Self Assessment-environment were the predictors for the social domain of quality of life. Finally, the adjusted Beck Depression Inventory-II, age, and the Occupational Self Assessment-environment were the predictors for the environmental domain of quality of life. The significance of the perceived competence variables in the quality of life of patients with depression indicates that occupational therapy intervention is warranted.

A wide range of instruments have been used in health-related quality of life (HRQL) assessment of patients with coronary artery disease. The MacNew heart disease health-related quality of life questionnaire (MacNew) is a disease-specific measure of HRQL, that has been found to have both good discriminative and evaluative properties. The objective of the present study was to translate the MacNew for a Dutch population, and assess its reliability and validity. Three hundred and thirty-nine cardiac patients, admitted to the hospital after a cardiac event, participated in the study. Questionnaires were filled out at baseline, at 3 months, and at 12 months. A clinically relevant three-factor solution, reflecting an emotional, physical, and social domain of HRQL, allowed us to explain 55% of variance. Angina pectoris was consistently found to be significantly associated with worse HRQL. The pattern of correlations between the subscales of the MacNew on the one hand, and between the subscales of the MacNew and two other, related questionnaires on the other hand, indicated only modest convergent and discriminant validity. The internal consistency was found to be fair to (very) good (ranging between 0.78 and 0.95). Finally, the Dutch MacNew was demonstrated to be substantially more responsive than two other instruments measuring physical and psychological well-being.

Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird der Frage nachgegangen, in welchen Zusammenhangen Freundschaften zwischen deutschen und nicht-deutschen Jugendlichen entstehen. Die zentrale Vermutung ist, dass eine hohe Distanz zu Erwachsenen solche Freundschaften begunstigt, indem verstarkt Sozialraume aufgesucht werden, in denen andersethnische Jugendliche die Abkehr von der Herkunftskultur erleichtern. Ferner wird postuliert, dass diese erhohte Sozialraumorientierung interethnische Kontakte begunstigt, die ihrerseits wiederum die Wahrscheinlichkeit interethnischer Freundschaften erhohen wird. Die Entstehung interethnischer Freundschaften wird in das theoretische Konzept des Moving (Sozialraumorientierung), Meeting (Kontakt) und Mating (Freundschaft) von Verbrugge (vgl. 1974) eingebettet. Auf jeder der drei Ebenen wird sodann der Versuch unternommen, Pradiktoren zu identifizieren. die das Moving, Meeting und Mating begunstigen. Es wird ein theoretisches Modell vorgeschlagen, welches als Heuristik Entstehungszusammenhange interethnischer Freundschaften erklaren soll und einer ersten empirischen Uberprufung unterzogen wird. Auf der Basis einer Pilotstudie sollen getrennt fur deutsche und turkische Hauptschuler Gemeinsamkeiten und Differenzen bei der Entstehung solcher Freundschaften aufgezeigt und im Anschluss kritisch diskutiert werden. Developmental contexts of interethnic friendships in adolescence This contribution focuses on contexts which promote the development of friendships between German and foreign adolescents. It is based on the assumption that high youth centrism and the associated distance to adults have a positive impact on these kinds of friendships, since such social spaces enable foreign youth to turn their backs on their own culture. It is further proposed that this increased orientation toward social spaces outside of the family promotes the likelihood of interethnic contact and accordingly of interethnic friendships. A theoretical approach, first developed by Verbrugge (1974), will be presented, which describes the development of interethnic friendships in the sequence of social domain activity („moving“), interethnic contacts („meeting“) and interethnic friendships („mating“). At each stage of this sequence, predictors will be sought which identify moving, meeting and mating. A heuristic model will be suggested, which can explain the developmental contexts of interethnic friendships and this will be tested using empirical data. On the basis of a pilot study, which will analyze German and Turkish pupils in one school type (Hauptschule), the differences and similarities in the development of such friendships will be demonstrated and critically discussed.

The data presented here pertain to 850 Turkish and 860 Moroccan women aged 17–49 currently living in Belgium, and interviewed in 1991–93 by native female interviewers. The two surveys cover short migration histories, family formation variables pertaining to nuptiality, endogamy, fertility, contraception, utility of children, gender relation attitudes, residential characteristics, education and female labour force participation, linguistic abilities and opinions concerning religion and politics. A marked heterogeneity is noticed with respect to these variables, with obvious contrasts between first and second generation, but equally striking contrasts between the second generation and the recently “imported brides” who belong to the same age group as the second generation. Furthermore, heteropraxis shows up in the sense that the tempo of the changes are markedly different depending on social domain.

Transition and transformation of the caring for youth: a rough diamond Due to shortcomings in the care system the responsibility and the finances for youth support and help are transferred from the central government to the 408 municipalities in the Netherlands. From 2015 on the municipalities have to create comprehensive policy on general preventive youth policy, youth health care and youth care. There are a lot of uncertainties about the future. The 408 municipalities have to provide enough youth help, in quality and quantity. They have to decide on the involvement of the Child Care and Protection Board. The municipalities have not experience in this field. Therefore deliberate decision-making is essential. Vermeiren poses the question: will children get the care they need, if a municipality decides which support and care they van get? Knorth en Reijneveld have their doubts about the competence of youth professionals because their lack in experience and training. There are worries about the early phases in the system. Dove, Heller and Feron suggest an approach in which symptoms are treated as seriously as a diagnosis. Strijthagen advocates to appoint the Youth Health Care as the liaisons officers in the social domain. There are a lot of questions. Therefore Witte pleads to strengthen cooperation of research and practice institutions in research. And Zandbergen shows how co-creation with parents and youths lead to innovative ideas. Dannenberg points to the policy freedom the municipalities need to be able to provide in the specific needs of a child. Transition and transformation of the caring for youth cannot be realized by a blue print. It requests a development approach. As a rough diamond it has to be carefully cut.