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Purpose Antibody assays against SARS-CoV-2 are used in sero-epidemiological studies to estimate the proportion of a population with past infection. IgG antibodies against the spike protein (S-IgG) allow no distinction between infection and vaccination. We evaluated the role of anti-nucleocapsid-IgG (N-IgG) to identify individuals with infection more than one year past infection. Methods S- and N-IgG were determined using the Euroimmun enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in two groups: a randomly selected sample from the population of Stuttgart, Germany, and individuals with PCR-proven SARS-CoV-2 infection. Participants were five years or older. Demographics and comorbidities were registered from participants above 17 years. Results Between June 15, 2021 and July 14, 2021, 454 individuals from the random sample participated, as well as 217 individuals with past SARS-CoV-2 infection. Mean time from positive PCR test result to antibody testing was 458.7 days (standard deviation 14.6 days) in the past infection group. In unvaccinated individuals, the seroconversion rate for S-IgG was 25.5% in the random sample and 75% in the past infection group (P = P = Conclusion N-IgG is not a reliable marker for SARS-CoV-2 infection after more than one year. In future, other diagnostic tests are needed to identify individuals with past natural infection.

Type 2 diabetes can occur without any symptoms, and health problems associated with the disease are serious. Screening tests allowing an early diagnosis are desirable. However, optimal screening tests for diabetes in obese youth are discussed controversially. We performed an observational multicenter analysis including 4848 (2668 female) overweight and obese children aged 7 to 17 years without previously known diabetes. Using HbA1c and OGTT as diagnostic criteria, 2.4% (n = 115, 55 female) could be classified as having diabetes. Within this group, 68.7% had HbA1c levels ≥48 mmol/mol (≥6.5%). FPG ≥126 mg/dl (≥7.0 mmol/l) and/or 2-h glucose levels ≥200 mg/dl (≥11.1 mmol/l) were found in 46.1%. Out of the 115 cases fulfilling the OGTT and/or HbA1c criteria for diabetes, diabetes was confirmed in 43.5%. For FPG, the ROC analysis revealed an optimal threshold of 98 mg/dl (5.4 mmol/l) (sensitivity 70%, specificity 88%). For HbA1c, the best cut-off value was 42 mmol/mol (6.0%) (sensitivity 94%, specificity 93%).HbA1c seems to be more reliable than OGTT for diabetes screening in overweight and obese children and adolescents. The optimal HbA1c threshold for identifying patients with diabetes was found to be 42 mmol/mol (6.0%). What is Known: • The prevalence of obesity is increasing and health problems related to type 2 DM can be serious. However, an optimal screening test for diabetes in obese youth seems to be controversial in the literature. What is New: • In our study, the ROC analysis revealed for FPG an optimal threshold of 98 mg/dl (5.4 mmol/l, sensitivity 70%, specificity 88%) and for HbA1c a best cut-off value of 42 mmol/mol (6.0%, sensitivity 94%, specificity 93%) to detect diabetes. Thus, in overweight and obese children and adolescents, HbA1c seems to be a more reliable screening tool than OGTT.

To test the feasibility of fat-selective GRE imaging using a spectral-spatial excitation technique for determination of intrahepatic lipid content (IHL) in obese adolescents.Fat-selective MR imaging (1.5 T) was applied to record a single axial slice through a representative liver region within a single breath-hold. The sequence uses six equidistant slice-selective excitation pulses with binomial amplitude ratios to achieve high selectivity for lipid signals after appropriate shimming. IHL(MRI) content was quantified using signal intensity of adjacent subcutaneous adipose tissue. As the gold standard for IHL quantification, single-voxel stimulated echo magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) was applied. IHL(MRS) was quantified using the water peak as a reference.Forty-five MR examinations could be performed, and IHL(MRS) content ranged from 0.7% to 19.1%. Results from MRS and fat-selective imaging correlated well with Spearman coefficients between r = 0.78 and r = 0.86. There were no relevant regional differences in IHL within the liver parenchyma (p0.6359). Fat-selective imaging was able to reliably identify patients with IHL content above 5% with positive/negative likelihood ratio of 11.8 and 0.05, respectively.Fat-selective MR imaging provides both a reliable and a convenient method of rapidly quantifying IHL content in obese adolescents.

Zielsetzung. Anhand der Inzidenzerhebungen in Baden-Wurttemberg zwischen 1987 und 1998 wurde eine Schatzung der Pravalenz des Diabetes mellitus fur 0- bis 14-Jahrige in Deutschland vorgenommen.

Eine weltweite Zunahme des Diabetes mellitus Typ 1 im Kindesalter wird beobachtet. Fur Deutschland waren bis vor wenigen Jahren kaum Daten zur Haufigkeit des Diabetes bekannt. Das Baden-Wurttemberger Inzidenzregister ist dem internationalen Register-Netzwerk EURODIAB angegliedert und bietet neben anderen Erfassungseinheiten derzeit die umfangreichste Datensammlung zu Diabetes-Neuerkrankungen bei Kindern in Deutschland. Die mittlere geschlechts- und altersstandardisierte Inzidenz des Diabetes mellitus bei Kindern zwischen 0 und 14 Jahren errechnet sich aus diesem Datenpool fur die Jahre 1987–1998 mit 12,9/100.000/Jahr (95% CI 12,4–13,4). Im genannten Zeitraum wurde ein Inzidenzanstieg von 47% beobachtet. Dies entspricht einem jahrlichen Anstieg von 3,6%. Die Pravalenz fur 0- bis 14-Jahrige liegt bei 0,08–0,09%, die Pravalenz der unter 20-Jahrigen bei 0,13–0,15% [18]. Die Prognose fur das Jahr 2020 ergibt einen erheblichen Anstieg der Neuerkrankungsrate mit einer Verdoppelung der Inzidenzrate innerhalb von 20 Jahren auf 24,7/100.000/Jahr.